transcription, translation and replication

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snoRNA stand for what?

"small nucleolar RNA"

how many different kinds of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are there?

20

miRNA are ____________ nucleotides long

20-30

how many kind of codons are there that can signify the end of a coding region?

3

mRNA nees to read the ________ _______ of the coding strand

5' cap

mRNA process needs a ____ _____________ ____ added to the beginning of the strand before it leaves the nucleus

5' methyl guanacine cap

what three modifications need to happen to mRNA before it leaved the nucleus?

5' methylguanacine cap, poly A tail, splicing together of exons and splicing out of introns

what does the picture on the right represent?

50s ribosomal subunit

how many different tRNA's are there? hint: in most cells there are 31-40 tRNAS. can get by with a minimum of 31 tRNA's

61

when a bacterial cell divides it keeps its immune system made by ___________ after viruses infected the parents cell

CRISPR

what does Cas9 stand for?

CRISPR associated system

gRNA is held by _________ while it looks for a match

Cas9

What does CRISPR stand for?

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

deletion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

DNA

insertion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

DNA

transition is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

DNA

transversion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

DNA

what Enzyme is responsible for replication?

DNA polymerase

Both the "Transversion" and "Transition" mutation are known as ____________ __________ types

DNA substitution

every time a ribosome translocates to the next codon to make another amino acid, it uses energy in the form of _________

GTP

is it the RNA or the proteins that catalyze the peptide bond formation of the amnio acid sequence?

RNA

what does the purple color on the picture represent on the ribosome?

RNA

the small ribosomal subunit is made of _____________ and ____________

RNA and proteins

what does RISC stand for>

RNA induced silencing complex

transcription factors will sit down on a promoter and mark the area until a _________ __________comes by and binds to it

RNA polymerase

what enzyme is responsible for transcription?

RNA polymerase

miRNA starts out as a 70 nucleotide piece before it it cut down by ____________________ so it can participate in the process of interference

RNA polymerase II

what is the enzyme that transcribes mRNA into a protein?

RNA polymerase II

describe the "deletion" type of mutation

a base is deleted that was there before

cancer is disease that has to do with Transcription. what would cause a cell to divide uncontrollably regarding transcription

a mutation in the promoter, usually the GC box

describe the "insertion" type of mutation

a new base is added that wasn't there before

describe a nonsense mutation

a previous codon that produces an amino acid gets changed for a stop codon

what does palindrome repeat mean?

a section of DNA or RNA that reads the same way forwards and back ex: taco cat or kayak

Wobble

a single tRNA anticodon recognizes more than one codon because of non-standard base pairing

describe the "Transversion" type of mutation

a type of mutation where one pyrimidine is substituted for a purine or vise versa

describe the "transition" type of mutation

a type of mutation where one pyrimidine is substituted for another pyrimidine or one purine is substituted for another purine

snRNA and miRNA change DNA expression ___________ ___________

after transcription

what does A-site mean?

alanyl site

evidence for the triplet code was found through experimentation that involved changing a base and seeing if the __________ _________ came out different from the wild type

amino acid

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase reads the __________ of tRNA to make sure its at the right tRNA

anticodon

what is the name for the three nucleotide sequence seen at the end of the adaptor molecule known as tRNA

anticodon

where does translation start?

at the initiation codon

CRISPR is a naturally occurring system in ____________

bacteria

the picture shows naturally occurring CRISPR and cRNA in a _____________

bacterial cell

what is the name for a virus that infects a bacterial cell?

bacterial phage

lncRNA changes DNA expression ___________ __________

before transcription

siRNA is not directly part of a gene transcript, it is known as a _____________ of a gene transcript

byproduct

describe a missense mutation

change in codon causes change in amino acid

describe a neutral mutation

change in codon, but new amino acid has same property as "normal" ex: hyrodphobic amino acid exchanged for another hydrophobic amino acid

describe a silent mutation

change in codon, but no change in amino acid (due to redundancy in code) ex: change in the DNA level that is not seen in protein level

when tRNA is given their amino acids they are considered ____________

charged

RISC takes siRNA and creates _______________ to prevent it from being read hint: this means that RISC breaks the siRNA

cleavage

mRNA reads the ____________ strand

coding

the DNA strand that runs 5' to 3' is called the _____________ strand

coding

there is a word you should link of when you read this phrase "change in a base then changes the Amino acid that is made from that protein"

colinearity

once the gRNA finds its match, Cas9 then makes a _________

cut

What does Cas9 do?

cuts DNA

Cas9 can be modified to ________ DNA sections instead of cut it

dye

gRNA finds the target gene that you want to _________

edit

once the two ribosomal subunits are joined together, it then begins to translate. what stage is this?

elongation stage

is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic promoter?

eukaryotic promoter

the RNA that makes up a small prokaryotic subunit is a different sequence in a lot of places compared to a _______________ __________

eukaryotic small subunit

if a gene is wrapped tightly around a histone, then it cannot be _______________

expressed

an insertion of a base in the DNA sequence would cause a ____________ __________ __________

frame shift mutation

what type of RNA do we use. for CRISPR to work?

gRNA

there are actually ____________ that make miRNA

genes

the blue line coming out of the top of the ribosome is the ___________ __________ _________

growing polypeptide chain

what does gRNA stand for?

guide RNA

describe a frameshift mutation

happens as a result of insertion or deletion mutation at DNA level. it pushes all bases off by however many bases got inserted or deleted

what makes DNA pack loosely around a histone?

histonease causes lysine tails to loosen from negatively charged DNA

DNA wraps around proteins called ____________

histones

where are snRNA's found?

in spliceosomes in the nucleus

where does translation take place?

in the cytoplasm or on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum

where are snoRNA's found?

in the nucleolus

Where does transcription take place?

in the nucleus

where do spliceosome complexes do their job? what part of the cell?

in the nucleus

where does mRNA processing occur?

in the nucleus

where does replication take place?

in the nucleus

in that stage does the small ribosomal subunit binds first and then a large ribosomal subunit joins it?

initiation stage

frameshift mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level

insertion/deletion

siRNA and miRNA are both involved in a process called _____________

interference

an snRNA can mark the beginning of an _____________ and splice it out through spliceosome complexes

intron

snRNA has a complementary sequence of the beginning of an __________ of an mRNA and snips it out through spliceosomes

intron

what does an anticodon do?

it determines what amino acid gets added by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

how does the mRNA protect itself in the cytoplasm until it finds a ribosomes?

it folds into a circle where the poly A tail interacts with the 5' cap

Since DNA polymerase can only add onto the 3' end, how do bases get added on to the right side of the picture showing the 5' end?

it synthesizes down the strand instead of up the strand in pieces

RISC picks up double stranded miRNA and __________ one strand and gets rid of the other one

keep

________ is the one that inactivates the extra X chromosome in females by causing the histones to grip tightly to the DNA

lncRNA

What does lncRNAs stand for?

long noncoding RNAs

siRNA are _____________ than miRNA

longer

the longer the ribosome is on the transcript, the ____________ the protein is going to be

longer

in order for a genet be expressed it has to ____________ from around the histone

loosen

when acetyl groups are added it causes the lysine tails of histones to __________ its grip in the DNA

loosen

histone proteins have long positively charged ___________ tails

lysine

what is the 5' to 3' strand?

mRNA

what so splicesosome complexes remove introns from?

mRNA

what type of RNA does snRNA splice?

mRNA

there are three type of RNA polymerases in eukaryotes that are needed for transcription. what are they?

mRNA, tRNA,and r,RNA

50% of our genes are regulated by ___________

miRNA

__________ regulate expression of a gene

miRNA

What does miRNA stand for?

microRNA

does the nucleolus have a membrane?

no

is this strand of mRNA linear after it enters the cytoplasm?

no, the poly A tail interacts with the 5' cap and it makes a circle

what is the other name for "wobble"

non-standard base pairing

Cas9 is a __________ ________

nuclease enzyme

mRNA needs the splicing out of introns and the splicing together of eons before it leaves the________________

nucleus

where does transcription begin on the DNA strand?

on the promoter

how many amino acids can one aminoacyl tRNA synthetase make?

one

what is the Ribozyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids?

pepitdly transferase

after the vita DNA enters the CRISPER region, it then gets chopped up into little ______________ by nucleases

pieces

mRNA processing needs a ____________ ___ _________ added to the end of the strand before it leaves the nucleus

poly A tail

the age or longevity of the mRNA is associated with the length of the __________ ___ _________

poly A tail

is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic promoter?

prokaryotic promoter

a mutation in the DNA level could result in a mutation at the _________ level

protein

exon region will be coded into a ___________

protein

frameshift is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

protein

if you mutate a certain base, it can change the ___________ that is made

protein

missense is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

protein

neutral is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

protein

nonsense is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

protein

silent is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level

protein

mRNA is known as the _____________ ____________ RNA

protein coding

mRNA is used to make ________________

proteins

what does the turquoise color on the picture represent on the ribosome?

proteins

snoRNA splices __________ to get it to the final form

rRNA

what type of RNA does snoRNA splice?

rRNA

since ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus nucleolus that means that there are a lot of ___________ in addition to snoRNA

rRNA, but it still needs to be spliced

a little section of the viral genome is put into the CRISPR region of the bacteria DNA so it can ___________ the virus next time and fight it hint: works as a vaccine

recognize

the tRNA mimic known as a ____________ _________ has no amino acid codon and tells the ribosome that translation is done.

release factor

in one case of DNA repair after CRISPR, cas9 can make a cut and a homologous repair is made which then __________ the mutated gene with another non mutated gene after the cell is flooded with the new non mutated genes this has been tested and successful in the case of sickle cell anemia

replacesCRIS

what is the name for the process in which DNA is being copied into another DNA molecule?

replication

a longer poly A tail means there is a lot of time for ______________ to translate it before mRNA gets degraded

ribosomes

what molecule is responsible for translation

ribosomes

what happens in the nucleolus

ribosomes are synthesized

peptide transferase is known as a _________________

ribozyme

peptide transferase is located at the ___________ of the subunit

ribozyme

Long non-coding RNA acts as a _____________ to recruit chromatin modifying complexes and thus regulate transcription

scaffold

prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal subunits do they same job but they have differences in their ______________

sequence

Redundancy

several codons for same amino acid

what does siRNA stand for?

short interfering RNA

what do the black squares represent

short palindromic repeats

after introns are splice out, the congregate to form _______________

siRNA

what do transcription factors do?

sit on a promoter and mark it so RNA polymerase can find it and bind to it

what does lncRNA do?

sits down on the chromosome and causes changes to happen to the DNA around it, making it more accessible to gene regulation

what does snRNA stand for?

small nuclear RNA

this 16S rRNA would be used o make up the __________ _________ of a ribosome in a prokaryote

small subunit

what do snRNA's do?

splice the introns out of mRNA

introns have to be ________ __________

spliced out

exons have to be __________ _________

spliced together

what to snRNA's form?

spliceosome complexes

the longer the poly A tail, the more __________the mRNA is

stable

the shorter the poly A tail the less __________ the mRNA is

stable

missense mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level

substitution

neutral mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level

substitution

nonsense mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level

substitution

silent mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level

substitution

in 1958 crick proposed that there was and adaptor molecule that helped transcribed RNA into protein. what is the name for that adaptor molecule?

tRNA

the picture represent a molecule called ___________

tRNA

what do they white, red, and yellow strands represent on the ribosome?

tRNA

what does gRNA do for CRISPR

tells it where to go in the genome

RNA POLYMERASE reads the ______________ strand of DNA and builds a copy

template

the DNA strand that runs 3' to 5' is called the ____________ strand

template

when the stop codon is reacher the ribosome dissociated from the mRNA due to the tRNA mimic called a release factor. what is the name for this stage?

termination stage

what does the small ribosomal subunit recognize in order to bind to the mRNA

the 5' cap and 5' UTR

where on this picture, is the beginning of the gene a.k.a the transcription start site?

the green box

where on this picture, is the promoter?

the pink box

what does RNA polymerase have to recognize in order to start transcription?

the promoter

what is the name for the regulatory region that decides whether a gene is expressed or not

the promoter

some drugs can inhibit ribosomal activity and protein synthesis of prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. how is this possible

the sequences of ribosomes in eukaryotes is different enough so that they are inhibited by the drugs

what does the picture represent?

the structure of a 16S rRNA

what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters have in common

they both have a TATA box

what do DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase have in common?

they can only add to a free 3' hydroxyl

some of the amino acids are the same color on this genetic code chart why?

they share similar properties

when acetyl groups are not added it causes the lysine tails of histones to __________ its grip in the DNA

tighten

the coding sequence of the DNA has the exact same sequence as the ___________ in mRNA

transcript

what is the name for the process in which DNA is copied into an RNA molecule?

transcription

what process is going on in this photo?

transcription

what is the name for the "helpers" in transcription?

transcription factors

what is the name for the orange and green molecules in the picture?

transcription factors

what is the name for the process in which an RNA molecule is converted into a protein?

translation

in one case of DNA repair after CRISPR, cas9 can make a cut and then a sloppy repair is made which then __________ _______ the gene

turns off

in what direction does this process occur on the 3' end? up the strand or down the strand?

up the strand in one continuous piece

eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes are extremely conserved in their function but vary in their ______________

vary

CRISPR is how a bacteria cell profits itself from ______________

viruses

knowning that some amino acids share similar properties can help you understand what?

what kind of mutation that can occur when they are switched out

fork replication

what kind of replication is happening here?

translocation

when the ribosome moves to the next codon

what word does this phrase make you recognize regarding tRNA -Guanine can recognize U -Inosine (I) in anticodon can recognize U, A, and C in codon

wobble

what does this model represent. look at the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon

wobble or non-standard base pairing

what does this model represent. look at the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon hint: this one involves inosine

wobble or non-standard base pairing


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