transcription, translation and replication
snoRNA stand for what?
"small nucleolar RNA"
how many different kinds of aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are there?
20
miRNA are ____________ nucleotides long
20-30
how many kind of codons are there that can signify the end of a coding region?
3
mRNA nees to read the ________ _______ of the coding strand
5' cap
mRNA process needs a ____ _____________ ____ added to the beginning of the strand before it leaves the nucleus
5' methyl guanacine cap
what three modifications need to happen to mRNA before it leaved the nucleus?
5' methylguanacine cap, poly A tail, splicing together of exons and splicing out of introns
what does the picture on the right represent?
50s ribosomal subunit
how many different tRNA's are there? hint: in most cells there are 31-40 tRNAS. can get by with a minimum of 31 tRNA's
61
when a bacterial cell divides it keeps its immune system made by ___________ after viruses infected the parents cell
CRISPR
what does Cas9 stand for?
CRISPR associated system
gRNA is held by _________ while it looks for a match
Cas9
What does CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
deletion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
DNA
insertion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
DNA
transition is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
DNA
transversion is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
DNA
what Enzyme is responsible for replication?
DNA polymerase
Both the "Transversion" and "Transition" mutation are known as ____________ __________ types
DNA substitution
every time a ribosome translocates to the next codon to make another amino acid, it uses energy in the form of _________
GTP
is it the RNA or the proteins that catalyze the peptide bond formation of the amnio acid sequence?
RNA
what does the purple color on the picture represent on the ribosome?
RNA
the small ribosomal subunit is made of _____________ and ____________
RNA and proteins
what does RISC stand for>
RNA induced silencing complex
transcription factors will sit down on a promoter and mark the area until a _________ __________comes by and binds to it
RNA polymerase
what enzyme is responsible for transcription?
RNA polymerase
miRNA starts out as a 70 nucleotide piece before it it cut down by ____________________ so it can participate in the process of interference
RNA polymerase II
what is the enzyme that transcribes mRNA into a protein?
RNA polymerase II
describe the "deletion" type of mutation
a base is deleted that was there before
cancer is disease that has to do with Transcription. what would cause a cell to divide uncontrollably regarding transcription
a mutation in the promoter, usually the GC box
describe the "insertion" type of mutation
a new base is added that wasn't there before
describe a nonsense mutation
a previous codon that produces an amino acid gets changed for a stop codon
what does palindrome repeat mean?
a section of DNA or RNA that reads the same way forwards and back ex: taco cat or kayak
Wobble
a single tRNA anticodon recognizes more than one codon because of non-standard base pairing
describe the "Transversion" type of mutation
a type of mutation where one pyrimidine is substituted for a purine or vise versa
describe the "transition" type of mutation
a type of mutation where one pyrimidine is substituted for another pyrimidine or one purine is substituted for another purine
snRNA and miRNA change DNA expression ___________ ___________
after transcription
what does A-site mean?
alanyl site
evidence for the triplet code was found through experimentation that involved changing a base and seeing if the __________ _________ came out different from the wild type
amino acid
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase reads the __________ of tRNA to make sure its at the right tRNA
anticodon
what is the name for the three nucleotide sequence seen at the end of the adaptor molecule known as tRNA
anticodon
where does translation start?
at the initiation codon
CRISPR is a naturally occurring system in ____________
bacteria
the picture shows naturally occurring CRISPR and cRNA in a _____________
bacterial cell
what is the name for a virus that infects a bacterial cell?
bacterial phage
lncRNA changes DNA expression ___________ __________
before transcription
siRNA is not directly part of a gene transcript, it is known as a _____________ of a gene transcript
byproduct
describe a missense mutation
change in codon causes change in amino acid
describe a neutral mutation
change in codon, but new amino acid has same property as "normal" ex: hyrodphobic amino acid exchanged for another hydrophobic amino acid
describe a silent mutation
change in codon, but no change in amino acid (due to redundancy in code) ex: change in the DNA level that is not seen in protein level
when tRNA is given their amino acids they are considered ____________
charged
RISC takes siRNA and creates _______________ to prevent it from being read hint: this means that RISC breaks the siRNA
cleavage
mRNA reads the ____________ strand
coding
the DNA strand that runs 5' to 3' is called the _____________ strand
coding
there is a word you should link of when you read this phrase "change in a base then changes the Amino acid that is made from that protein"
colinearity
once the gRNA finds its match, Cas9 then makes a _________
cut
What does Cas9 do?
cuts DNA
Cas9 can be modified to ________ DNA sections instead of cut it
dye
gRNA finds the target gene that you want to _________
edit
once the two ribosomal subunits are joined together, it then begins to translate. what stage is this?
elongation stage
is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic promoter?
eukaryotic promoter
the RNA that makes up a small prokaryotic subunit is a different sequence in a lot of places compared to a _______________ __________
eukaryotic small subunit
if a gene is wrapped tightly around a histone, then it cannot be _______________
expressed
an insertion of a base in the DNA sequence would cause a ____________ __________ __________
frame shift mutation
what type of RNA do we use. for CRISPR to work?
gRNA
there are actually ____________ that make miRNA
genes
the blue line coming out of the top of the ribosome is the ___________ __________ _________
growing polypeptide chain
what does gRNA stand for?
guide RNA
describe a frameshift mutation
happens as a result of insertion or deletion mutation at DNA level. it pushes all bases off by however many bases got inserted or deleted
what makes DNA pack loosely around a histone?
histonease causes lysine tails to loosen from negatively charged DNA
DNA wraps around proteins called ____________
histones
where are snRNA's found?
in spliceosomes in the nucleus
where does translation take place?
in the cytoplasm or on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum
where are snoRNA's found?
in the nucleolus
Where does transcription take place?
in the nucleus
where do spliceosome complexes do their job? what part of the cell?
in the nucleus
where does mRNA processing occur?
in the nucleus
where does replication take place?
in the nucleus
in that stage does the small ribosomal subunit binds first and then a large ribosomal subunit joins it?
initiation stage
frameshift mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level
insertion/deletion
siRNA and miRNA are both involved in a process called _____________
interference
an snRNA can mark the beginning of an _____________ and splice it out through spliceosome complexes
intron
snRNA has a complementary sequence of the beginning of an __________ of an mRNA and snips it out through spliceosomes
intron
what does an anticodon do?
it determines what amino acid gets added by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
how does the mRNA protect itself in the cytoplasm until it finds a ribosomes?
it folds into a circle where the poly A tail interacts with the 5' cap
Since DNA polymerase can only add onto the 3' end, how do bases get added on to the right side of the picture showing the 5' end?
it synthesizes down the strand instead of up the strand in pieces
RISC picks up double stranded miRNA and __________ one strand and gets rid of the other one
keep
________ is the one that inactivates the extra X chromosome in females by causing the histones to grip tightly to the DNA
lncRNA
What does lncRNAs stand for?
long noncoding RNAs
siRNA are _____________ than miRNA
longer
the longer the ribosome is on the transcript, the ____________ the protein is going to be
longer
in order for a genet be expressed it has to ____________ from around the histone
loosen
when acetyl groups are added it causes the lysine tails of histones to __________ its grip in the DNA
loosen
histone proteins have long positively charged ___________ tails
lysine
what is the 5' to 3' strand?
mRNA
what so splicesosome complexes remove introns from?
mRNA
what type of RNA does snRNA splice?
mRNA
there are three type of RNA polymerases in eukaryotes that are needed for transcription. what are they?
mRNA, tRNA,and r,RNA
50% of our genes are regulated by ___________
miRNA
__________ regulate expression of a gene
miRNA
What does miRNA stand for?
microRNA
does the nucleolus have a membrane?
no
is this strand of mRNA linear after it enters the cytoplasm?
no, the poly A tail interacts with the 5' cap and it makes a circle
what is the other name for "wobble"
non-standard base pairing
Cas9 is a __________ ________
nuclease enzyme
mRNA needs the splicing out of introns and the splicing together of eons before it leaves the________________
nucleus
where does transcription begin on the DNA strand?
on the promoter
how many amino acids can one aminoacyl tRNA synthetase make?
one
what is the Ribozyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids?
pepitdly transferase
after the vita DNA enters the CRISPER region, it then gets chopped up into little ______________ by nucleases
pieces
mRNA processing needs a ____________ ___ _________ added to the end of the strand before it leaves the nucleus
poly A tail
the age or longevity of the mRNA is associated with the length of the __________ ___ _________
poly A tail
is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic promoter?
prokaryotic promoter
a mutation in the DNA level could result in a mutation at the _________ level
protein
exon region will be coded into a ___________
protein
frameshift is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
protein
if you mutate a certain base, it can change the ___________ that is made
protein
missense is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
protein
neutral is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
protein
nonsense is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
protein
silent is a type of mutation that happens at the ________ level
protein
mRNA is known as the _____________ ____________ RNA
protein coding
mRNA is used to make ________________
proteins
what does the turquoise color on the picture represent on the ribosome?
proteins
snoRNA splices __________ to get it to the final form
rRNA
what type of RNA does snoRNA splice?
rRNA
since ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus nucleolus that means that there are a lot of ___________ in addition to snoRNA
rRNA, but it still needs to be spliced
a little section of the viral genome is put into the CRISPR region of the bacteria DNA so it can ___________ the virus next time and fight it hint: works as a vaccine
recognize
the tRNA mimic known as a ____________ _________ has no amino acid codon and tells the ribosome that translation is done.
release factor
in one case of DNA repair after CRISPR, cas9 can make a cut and a homologous repair is made which then __________ the mutated gene with another non mutated gene after the cell is flooded with the new non mutated genes this has been tested and successful in the case of sickle cell anemia
replacesCRIS
what is the name for the process in which DNA is being copied into another DNA molecule?
replication
a longer poly A tail means there is a lot of time for ______________ to translate it before mRNA gets degraded
ribosomes
what molecule is responsible for translation
ribosomes
what happens in the nucleolus
ribosomes are synthesized
peptide transferase is known as a _________________
ribozyme
peptide transferase is located at the ___________ of the subunit
ribozyme
Long non-coding RNA acts as a _____________ to recruit chromatin modifying complexes and thus regulate transcription
scaffold
prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal subunits do they same job but they have differences in their ______________
sequence
Redundancy
several codons for same amino acid
what does siRNA stand for?
short interfering RNA
what do the black squares represent
short palindromic repeats
after introns are splice out, the congregate to form _______________
siRNA
what do transcription factors do?
sit on a promoter and mark it so RNA polymerase can find it and bind to it
what does lncRNA do?
sits down on the chromosome and causes changes to happen to the DNA around it, making it more accessible to gene regulation
what does snRNA stand for?
small nuclear RNA
this 16S rRNA would be used o make up the __________ _________ of a ribosome in a prokaryote
small subunit
what do snRNA's do?
splice the introns out of mRNA
introns have to be ________ __________
spliced out
exons have to be __________ _________
spliced together
what to snRNA's form?
spliceosome complexes
the longer the poly A tail, the more __________the mRNA is
stable
the shorter the poly A tail the less __________ the mRNA is
stable
missense mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level
substitution
neutral mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level
substitution
nonsense mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level
substitution
silent mutation at protein level happens a result of ______________ mutations at DNA level
substitution
in 1958 crick proposed that there was and adaptor molecule that helped transcribed RNA into protein. what is the name for that adaptor molecule?
tRNA
the picture represent a molecule called ___________
tRNA
what do they white, red, and yellow strands represent on the ribosome?
tRNA
what does gRNA do for CRISPR
tells it where to go in the genome
RNA POLYMERASE reads the ______________ strand of DNA and builds a copy
template
the DNA strand that runs 3' to 5' is called the ____________ strand
template
when the stop codon is reacher the ribosome dissociated from the mRNA due to the tRNA mimic called a release factor. what is the name for this stage?
termination stage
what does the small ribosomal subunit recognize in order to bind to the mRNA
the 5' cap and 5' UTR
where on this picture, is the beginning of the gene a.k.a the transcription start site?
the green box
where on this picture, is the promoter?
the pink box
what does RNA polymerase have to recognize in order to start transcription?
the promoter
what is the name for the regulatory region that decides whether a gene is expressed or not
the promoter
some drugs can inhibit ribosomal activity and protein synthesis of prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. how is this possible
the sequences of ribosomes in eukaryotes is different enough so that they are inhibited by the drugs
what does the picture represent?
the structure of a 16S rRNA
what do prokaryotic and eukaryotic promoters have in common
they both have a TATA box
what do DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase have in common?
they can only add to a free 3' hydroxyl
some of the amino acids are the same color on this genetic code chart why?
they share similar properties
when acetyl groups are not added it causes the lysine tails of histones to __________ its grip in the DNA
tighten
the coding sequence of the DNA has the exact same sequence as the ___________ in mRNA
transcript
what is the name for the process in which DNA is copied into an RNA molecule?
transcription
what process is going on in this photo?
transcription
what is the name for the "helpers" in transcription?
transcription factors
what is the name for the orange and green molecules in the picture?
transcription factors
what is the name for the process in which an RNA molecule is converted into a protein?
translation
in one case of DNA repair after CRISPR, cas9 can make a cut and then a sloppy repair is made which then __________ _______ the gene
turns off
in what direction does this process occur on the 3' end? up the strand or down the strand?
up the strand in one continuous piece
eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes are extremely conserved in their function but vary in their ______________
vary
CRISPR is how a bacteria cell profits itself from ______________
viruses
knowning that some amino acids share similar properties can help you understand what?
what kind of mutation that can occur when they are switched out
fork replication
what kind of replication is happening here?
translocation
when the ribosome moves to the next codon
what word does this phrase make you recognize regarding tRNA -Guanine can recognize U -Inosine (I) in anticodon can recognize U, A, and C in codon
wobble
what does this model represent. look at the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon
wobble or non-standard base pairing
what does this model represent. look at the tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon hint: this one involves inosine
wobble or non-standard base pairing