Praxis Multiple Subjects 5001 - Full Study Guide

Volume of a cone

1/3πr²h

Potential energy

Energy that is stored and held in readiness

Ring of Fire

In Pacific ocean

Density

Mass divided by volume -grams/mililiter

Sound and light

Speed of light is faster than the speed of sound -nearly 900,000 times faster than sound

expository writing

a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform. technical speech, research report

Acid

compound 0-7 neutral=7

War of 1812

fought between U.S. and United Kingdom; resulted in no boundary change

Plastids

found in photosynthetic organisms only Chloroplasts-green in color

Algebraic expression

group of numbers, symbols, and variables that express an operation ex)6+b or 6n+6

Great Plains

mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

Anti-Federalism

opposition toward a strong federal government and ratification of the constitution; supporters included James Winthrop, Patrick Henry, and George Mason

herbivore

plant eaters

Scientific Method

posing a question, forming a hypothesis, doing the test, observing and recording, drawing a conclusion

weathering

process of change -chemical or physical

increase fluency

provide opportunities for the nonfluent student to read self-selected easy books to a younger student

Popular Sovereighnty

right of people to make political decisions for themselves.

Political Map

shows units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc.

changes of states

solids, liquids, or gas

meiosis

stars with single cell and ends with four haploid cells

endoplasmic

synthesize proteins

The Stamp Act

tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, almanacs, and playing cards

Karl Marx

"Father of Communism" - 19th century German Philosopher Marxism the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce the commodity

Ronald Reagan

"Great Communicator" Republican; conservative economic policies; replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils"

Guided Reading

"Reading By" Teacher teaches reading strategies and skills in a small homogeneous group. Students take the reigns in reading, but get help. Read on instructional level.

Shared Reading

"Reading With" Kids join in reading the story; choral reading. Everyone can see the words. Big books are ideal. Projector/document camera also works.

Dipthong

"oi" and "ow"

concept of print

"understand print contains meaning, directionality, concept of a word, letter knowlege, phoenomic awareness, literacy language (author, title, etc)"

Marshal Plan (1948)

$12 billion to rebuild western Europe and help defence Marsh=Rebuild West

WIDA Levels

1) Entering - does not understand/speak english 2) Beginning/Production - if all of the following criteria are met: -understand and speaks conversational and academic English with hesitancy -the pupil is at a pre-emergent or emergent level of reading and writing below grade level 3) Developing/Intermediate - if all of the following criteria are met: -decreased hesitancy than level 2 with understand and speaking conversational and academic English -Post-emergent, and developing reading comprehension and writing skills -can demonstrate academic knowledge with assistance 4) Expanding/Advanced Intermediate if all of these following criteria are met -understand and speaks conversational English without difficulty but understands and speaks academic English with some hesitancy -continues to acquire reading and writing skills in content areas needed to achieve grade level expectations with assistance 5) Bridging/Advanced if all the following criteria are met: -understands and speaks conversational and academic English well -pupil is near proficient in reading, writing and content area skills to meet grade level expectations -requires occasional support 6) English Proficient/Formerly limited if all the following criteria are met: -pupil was formerly limited English proficient and is now fully English proficient -pupil reads, writes, speaks and comprehends English within academic classroom settings 7) English Proficient/Never Limited Fully-English proficient: -student was never classified as limited English proficient

Constitutional Compromises

1. Bill of Rights: first 10 amendments to the constitution 2. Great (Connecticut) Compromise: combined Virginia plan and New Jersey plan creating two chambers in Congress: the Senate (based on equal representation) and the House of Representatives (based on population 3. 3/5 Compromise: every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 people in terms of voting 4. Slave Trade Compromise: agreement to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the US. 5. Commerce Compromise: Congress was forbidden the power to tax the export of goods from any state

Immigration (1800s)

1. Ireland: potato famine and the loss of land from the British 2. Germany: severe economic depression and religious intolerance

Japanese Surrender

1. Japanese rejected the unconditional surrender to the U.S. 2. August 6-plane called the ENOLA GAY dropped an atomic bomb on HIROSHIMA. 3. August 9-second atomic bomb was dropped on NAGASAKI 4. Aug 14-Japan surrendered (formal surrender Sep. 2)

Major Battles of Revolutionary War

1. Lexington and Concord 2. Bunker Hill 3. Saratoga-British army surrendered and France joined conflict 5. Yorktown

JP Morgan

1. U.S. government looked to the firm for help with the depression of 1895 2. company assisted in thwarting the 1907 financial crisis 3. helped consolidate railroad industry in the East 4. formed the United States Steel Corporation (1901)

judicial branch

1. administration of justice (interpreting laws) (e.g. U.S. Supreme Court)

Authoritarian

1. central power is in a single or collective executive 2. legislative and judicial bodies have little input (e.g. Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, and China)

Unitary

1. centralized govt. holds most/all power and authority 2. separate states do not exist 3. local and national govt. exists but nothing in between 4. govt. can abolish all other forms of gov within the country (e.g. Japan and France)

Major Ideas in Articles of Confederation

1. congress could request (not require) states to pay taxes 2. no regulation of interstate or foreign trade 3. no system of federal courts 4. no executive branch to enforce articles 5. each state received one vote 6. unanimous vote required to amend articles 7. congress could not draft troops

Executive Branch

1. enforces the laws (they can veto them too) 2. appoints judges (e.g. U.S. president)

Presidential

1. executive branch clearly seperated from legislative and judicial branches 2. all 3 must cooperate for policy to be consistent (e.g. U.S.)

George Washington

1. first U.S. president 2. commander-in-chief of continental army during the American Revolution 3. crossed Delaware river on Dec. 25, 1776 to defeat Hessians (germans who served British)

Causes of American Revolution

1. forced quartering of British soldiers 2. excessive tariffs and taxes 3. "Intolerable Acts"

John D Rockefeller

1. founder of the Standard Oil Company 2. accused of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry; U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve

Causes of Great Depression

1. income disparity between classes 2. large debt increase 3. decline of agriculture

Women's Movement (1840)

1. led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ernestine Rose, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B Anthony 2. National Woman Suffrage Association fought for womens' right to vote

Legislative Branch

1. makes laws 2. can remove president or judge 3. approves executives decision on judge (e.g. U.S. congress)

Industrial Revolution

1. new weaving and ironworking techniques 2. expansion and improvement of roads and waterways 3. increase in prosperity and political power of middle class

Abraham lincoln

1. opposed expansion of slavery but said he would not interfere with slavery where it existed 2. issued Emancipation Proclamation

Benjamin Franklin

1. pioneering work in electricity 2. known as "The First American" for campaigning for colonial unity 3. U.S. ambassador to France

Thomas Paine

1. published Common Sense: strong defense of American independence from England (1776) 2. wrote The Rights of Man in response to criticism of the French Revolution

Melting Pot

1. represents the dominant culture; everyone goes in, and whatever the majority is will surface. 2. encourages giving native language and culture in favor of the "American way" PLURALISM- replaced melting pot. understanding and appreciation of the cultural differences that people have. It focuses on society as a whole, and the uniqueness of each part that makes up the diverse population.

John Adams

1. second U.S. president (served as VP) 2. assisted in writing Declaration of Independence 3. wrote "Thoughts on Government"

Cause of the Great Depression

1. stock prices increased 2. many workers lost their jobs 3. new construction and auto sales sagged 4. banks did not have enough money

Causes of WWI

1. tension over competition for colonies 2. ethnic groups wanting independent nations 3. assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Thomas Jefferson

1. wrote the Declaration of Independence 2. 3rd U.S. president 3. organized democratic-republican party (or Jeffersonians) with Madison b/c of opposing views of Alexander Hamilton 4. believed the constitution prohibited any action not specifically permitted in the constitution

problem solving strategies

1.) use manipulatives or act out the problem 2.) draw a picture 3.) look for a pattern 4.) guess and check 5.) use logical reasoning 6.) make an organized list 7.) make a table 8.) solve a simpler problem 9.) work backward

13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

13th-Officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day 14th-Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans 15th-Prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Reformation

16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches; began in 1517, when Martin Luther challenged some of the basic practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church; gave the English people religious motives for colonization in the Americas

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property

Flood of Immagrants

1870 steam powered larger and faster ships with lower fares allowing for Europeans to come to the United States

mixture

2 or more substances are combined

Trapezoid

2 sides are parallel

measuring

8 oz= 1 cup 1 pint= 2 cups 1 qt=4 cups 1 gal=4 qt 16 oz=1 pound 1/2 cup=8 tablespoons

Aztec

American Indian people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest of the 16th century; settled in the valley of Mexico; grew corn; engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region; worshiped many gods; believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky; practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor

Dred scott Case

Dred Scott went to court debating his freedom and rights but the court denied all of his pleas, and awarded him no freedom; Judge Taney ruled that all slaves were property not citizens, so Congress had no right to grant them freedom;

Phoneme (also phoneme segmentation)

Each individual sound. smallest unit of sound. Sun = 3. Table = 3. Ball = 3. /b/ /a/ /ll/

Gilded Age

Enormous wealth and grossly opulent lifestyle enjoyed by a handful of powerful families -Wealth for groups

Interment Camps

FDR signed into law Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the removal from their communities and the subsequent imprisonment of all Americans of Japanese descent who resided on the West Coast

Works Progress Administration Board (WPA)

Harry Hopkins generated public jobs for the unemployed. employed people from the relief rolls for 30 hours of work a week at pay double that of the relief payment but less than a private employment

Mountain Range in Asia

Himalayas, Ural, Zagroo

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer funded by the Spanish monarchs who completed four voyages across the Atlantic and discovered America

Newton's laws of motion

Law one- An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force -This law is often called: "the law of inertia". Law two-Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). -Need Force Law three-For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action. -Friction

qualitative text complexity

Levels of meaning, structure, language convention and clarity and knowledge demands. Can only be evaluated by a human reader.

Elastic Clause

Levy taxes declare war coin money can change and grow over time

cinquain

Made up of 5 lines. The first line is just one word. The second line has two words which describe the first line. The third line has three words, and is mostly the action part of the poem. The fourth line is four words describing the feelings. And the fifth line, again, has just one word which is the title of the poem.

checks and balances

Makes sure that no one branch gets to much money. All the branches watch over each other

Card-Stacking

Manipulate audience perception of an issue by emphasizing one side and repressing another.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire. Settlers arrived from England and Scotland

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire; major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans; got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional (used by many southern states to prevent blacks from voting)

Federalism

National-Print money, Declare War, Foreign trade, coin money State-issue license, conduct election, public safety

World War 2 (1939)

Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II. On Sept. 1, 1939, Nazi Germany launched an invasion of Poland. Two days later, Polish allies Britain and France declared war on Germany, marking the start of World War II.

Part of the galaxy

Nebulae, Pulsars, Neutron stars (quasars are not)

Middle Atlantic Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland

Realia

Objects and material from everyday life, especially when used as teaching aids

Infinitives and Participles

Participle: a word formed from a verb (e.g., going, gone, being, been ) and used as an adjective (e.g., working woman, burned toast ) or a noun (e.g., good breeding ) Infinitive: the basic form of a verb, without an inflection binding it to a particular subject or tense (e.g., see in we came to see, let him see ).

Great Wall of China

Prevented invaders from entering China

Fluency

Rate (speed), accuracy, prosody (expression)

quantitative text complexity

Readability measures such as word frequency and sentence length.

reader and task complexity

Reader variables (such as motivation, knowledge, and experiences) and task variables (such as purpose and the complexity generated by the task assigned and the questions posed)

phonetic reading

Reading by decoding the phonetic structure of letter strings; reading by "sounding out"

Hasidic Jews

Small group among Orthodox Jews who follow beliefs that were part of a religious revival in Poland; believe individuals exist to glorify God and to be dressed well, and modestly, is a duty

phonemic awareness

Sounds connected to written language. The acknowledgement of sounds and words, example: child realize that some words rhyme

planets

Sun-Mecury-Venus-Earth-Mars-Jupitor-Saturn-Uranus-Neptune -Tricks to remember So My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos

Closed Syllable

Syllable that ends in a consonant fan, am,

Syntax

Syntax refers to the sentence patterns and structures, or the grammar of language. Many ELL writers have trouble with English syntax.

Sugar Act

Tax on sweet goods imported to colonies

Shared Writing

Teacher and students compose the text together. Teacher acts as scribe

Great Depression (1929-1939)

The Great Depression began with the crash of the stock market in October of 1929. During this time, many people were out of work, hungry, and homeless. -Agriculture struggles due to prices that rose due to the demand -Consumers have less money to spend because income fall, less money and unequal distribution of money

Solar Eclipse

The Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow over part of Earth

New Deal

The New Deal was a series of laws, programs, and government agencies enacted to help the country deal with the Great Depression. These laws placed regulations on the stock market, banks, and businesses. They helped put people to work and tried to help house and feed the poor. Franklin helped with the New Deal.

Electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes - the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation.

space age

The era starting when the exploration of space became possible. Also is a time period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events

alphabetic principal

The idea that, in English, words are made up of letters that approximate the sounds heard when we speak these words

associative property

The product is the same regardless of grouping. Example: (2x5)x3=2x(5x3)

communicative property

The product is the same regardless of the order of factors. Example: 2x5=5x2

integers

The set of positive and negative numbers, including zero.Integers do not include fractions (1/3), decimals (0.56), or mixed numbers (7 3/4).

World War 1 (1914)

The simplest answer is that the immediate cause was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria-Hungary. His death at the hands of Gavrilo Princip - a Serbian nationalist with ties to the secretive military group known as the Black Hand - propelled the major European military powers towards war. -Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliances, and Militarism -F.F.

zero property

The sum of a number and 0 is that number. In multiplication, the product of a number and 0 is 0. Example: 3+0=3 and 3x0=0

Cause of tides

The tidal influence on a close object is greater because the inverse square law drop in gravitational force gives a greater ratio of the force on the near side of the object to that on the far side

iambic pentameter

This is a very complicated style of writing poetry, but was often used by classical poets. This style uses the syllable stresses to create the musical sound. There is one short sounding syllable followed by one long sounding syllable, at the end of each of the five stanzas in a row.

quatrain

This kind of poem has four lines in a stanza, of which the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other and have a similar syllable structure.

sonnet

This type of poem contains fourteen lines and follows conventional structures of rhyme.

Layers of the Atmosphere

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

Cuban Missile Crisis (1961)

U.S and the Soviet Union over a build up of missiles in Cuba. Nuclear war was averted

America Enters WWI

U.S. originally pursued a policy of isolationism and diplomacy but entered when a German submarine sank the Lusitania killing over 100 Americans; President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships and Germany complied until 1917; seven U.S. vessels were sunk after their resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare; President Wilson asked Congress to declare war

Open Syllable

Vowel is at the end of a syllable, resulting in long vowel sound. /pa/ /per/. /e/ /ven/. /o/ /pen/, ti-ger

War of 1812

War between Britain and the United States, fought between 1812 and 1815. The War of 1812 has also been called the second American war for independence.

Constitution of the United States

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

limerick

Witty and often vulgar kind of a poem, which is quite short. This poem has five lines in a stanza. The first, second and fifth line have the same metrical structure and they rhyme with each other. They contain seven to ten syllables each. The second and fourth lines have the same metrical structure and rhyme with each other. These contain five to seven syllables.

glossary

a list of terms in a special subject, field, or area of usage, with accompanying definitions. such a list at the back of a book, explaining or defining difficult or unusual words and expressions used in the text.

orthography

a method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols

volcanoes

a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust -formed when 2 plates slide away from each other

common factor

a number that divides exactly into two or more other numbers Example: Factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6, and 12 Factors of 15 are 1,3,5,15 -Common factors of 12 & 15 are 1 & 3

decimal

a number that uses a decimal point to show tenths, hundredths, thousandths, and so on Example: 1.234

absolute value

a numbers distance from zero Example: -3 & +3 have an absolute value of 3 (both are 3 spaces away from 0)

equilibrium

a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

earthquakes

a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action -Plates slide past each other

Silk Road

a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire. Carried goods and ideas between 2 civilizations of Rome and China -silk went west word - Wool, gold, silver went east

tariffs

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

fraction

a way to compare equal parts with a whole Example: 5/8 shows that there are 5 equal parts out of 8 equal parts

Types of motion

a. speed, distance, and time relationships b. acceleration c. circular motion d. relative motion

Chemical property

ability of a substance to be changed into new substances

Homeostasis

ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental change

Vice President

according to the Constitution this person is the official head of the Senate

Harriet Beecher Stowe

after the Fugitive Slave Law passed she expressed her feelings through a literary representation of slavery, basing her work on the life of Josiah Henson and on her own observations

subordinating conjunctions

after, before, because, although, when, since, if, whenever, unless, while, so, that, even though, wherever

Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

agreement among the 13 founding states that served as its first constitution and gave states more power

Marshall Plan

aimed at preventing the spread of communism, involved the economic aid that was sent to Europe in the aftermath of the second world war

Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854

allowed citizens of those territories to determine for themselves whether the state would be slave or free; proponents of both factions poured into the Kansas Territory, with each side trying to gain supremacy, often through violence; pro-slavery groups attacked the town of Lawrence in 1856 and John Brown led his followers in retaliation, killing five pro-slavery settlers; the territory became known as "Bleeding Kansas"; after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia he was hung

prime factor

also a prime number -The prime factors of 12 are 1,2,and 3 -The prime factors of 15 are 1,3,and 5

American Revolution

also known as the American Revolutionary War and the U.S. War of Independence. The conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown

Solubility

amount of substance that will dissolve in a given solvent

Hieroglyphics

ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Toltec

ancient civilization of Mexico; name in Nahuatl means "master builders"; formed a warrior aristocracy that gained ascendancy in the Valley of Mexico after the fall of Teotihuacán.

extrusive rock

any igneous rock formed at the surface

intrusive rocks

any igneous rock formed below earth's surface

even numbers

any number that can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder. Example: 2,4,6,8,10

odd numbers

any number that cannot be divided evenly by 2. Example: 3,5,7,9,etc.

Natural Resource

any resource in the environment that is used by people

Renewable Resource

any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished

Biome

area in which a species are associated because of climate such as desert, tropical rain, forest, grassland, tundra -Ways to remember word Bi-home=biome

Child Labor

arose because children were thought to be more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike

Function of immune system

attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease

Abolitionist Movement (1830-1870)

attempt to mediate emancipation of all slaves and end racial segregation and discrimination

Prohibition (1920-193)

ban of sale, production, and transportation of alcohol in U.S.

Thematic Maps

base or topographic map as the foundation for showing data based on a theme, such as population, density, wildlife, hill-slope, and economic trends. -Theme of the map

atoms

basic building block for all matter in universe

Territoriality

behavior of a male animal that defines and defends it's territory

Sikhism

belief system which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions; based in India and Pakistan

DNA

biological instructions that make each species unique -Nucleus

Zora Neale Hurston

black writer who wanted to save African American folklore; she traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs, and prayers of black southerners; book was called Mules and Men.

denominator

bottom number of a fraction

Base

break apart negative 7-10

Waste Disposal

burying, recycling, and burning

Prepositional Phrase

by tomorrow

Classification

called taxonomy scientist put organisms into groups when they have things in common -animal -plant -Fungi -Protist

Geometric shapes

can be defined by a set of points or vertices and lines connecting the points in a closed chain, as well as the resulting interior points

Physical properties of matter

can be observed and tested. They include properties such as color, length, volume, odor, and density.

Earths Rotation on its axis

cause day and night

Pat Henry

challenged British taxes (the stamp act) in court and won

mutations

change or alteration in form or qualities and change in structure

anaphase

chromosomes are pulled apart

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the cell

Igneous Rocks

classified by texture, composition and the way they were formed. Made from molten rock

Desert Climate

climate that does not meet the criteria to be classified as a polar climate, and in which precipitation is too low to sustain any vegetation at all, or at most a very scanty scrub

Manhattan Project (1942)

code name for the secret U.S. project set up to develop atomic bombs for use in WWII

compounds

combination of 2 or more different chemical elements

Nervous system

command center of body

Natural resources

commercial value to humans, such as minerals, energy, timber, fish, wildlife and landscape -Nature

Utopias

communities based on a vision of a perfect society

Transcontinental Railroad

completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Social Stratification

condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within a group

The solar system

consist of the sun, moon, 8 planets and their moon, meteors, asteroids, and comets

Prokaryotic cells

consists only of bacteria and blue green algae

CVC word

consonant, vowel, consonant - cat

simple sentence

contains a subject and a predicate: The boys went to the park

San Andreas Fault

continental transform fault that extends roughly 810 miles through California in the United States.

House Majority Leader

control over dominant party in the House

Core Society

controls and exploits more resources

Highland Climate

cool to cold climates found in mountains and on high plateaus; climate changes as altitude changes.

Sun

core (in portion), photosphere (sun's surface), sunspots (cool, dark areas on sun's surface), chromosphere (hydrogen gas shoot outwards), Corona (transparent area of the Sun visible only during a total eclipse

Sedimentary Rocks

created by lithification, fluid sediments are transformed into solid rocks,

Jimmy Carter

created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education; criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone; because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow; his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election

reverse fault

created when rock above the fault plan moves up relative to the rock below

Asexual Reproduction

creates a genetically similar copy of itself without the combination of itself and without the combination of genetic material

Logging

cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars

diameter of circle

d=2r

14th Amendment

declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are American citizens including African Americans

emancipation proclamation (1862)

declared that all slaves in the Confederate states would be free

Declaration of Independence

declaring the 13 colonies to be independent from Great Britain written by Jefferson July 4th, 1776

Desertification

degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting

Forms of Government

democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, dictatorship, democratic republic

dependent variable

depends on other variables for change

Problems Women faced

discrimination is workplace, wages, and hiring practices

Capitalism

economic system based on private ownership and investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

first law of thermodynamics

energy is neither credited nor destroyed

language proficiency levels

entering(words/phrases) beginning(short sentences) developing (content areas), expanding(some technical language), bridging reaching

Fredrick Douglas

escaped from slavery and played a major role in abolition movement; founded the black abolitionist paper "The North Star": reference to the directions given to runaway slaves trying to reach the Northern states and Canada

Social Security Act (1935)

established a retirement plan for persons over 65 to be funded by tax on wages and paid equally by employees and employers

Matter

everything that has mass and volume

Absolute Location

exactly where you are on earths surface coordinate system such as longitude and latitude

Theory

explanation or model that covers a substantial group of occurrences in nature and has been confirmed by a substantial number of the experiments and observations

Constitutional Convention (1787)

federal convention at Independence Hall held to revise the Articles of Confederation; delegated ended up drafting a whole new constitution

National Road

federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois; first national road building project funded by Congress; made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments of the united states and to guarantee the protection of people from strong central government

The Hundred Days

first 3 months of FDR's presidency; put many new programs into action to try and help Americans

Articles of Confederation

first constitution of the 13 American states adapted in 1781 and replaced in 1789 by the constitution of the United States

Jamestown

first permanent English settlement in the Americas

Formation of Mountains

folding-folding of rock layers faults

gravity

force of attraction by which terrestrial bodies tend to fall towards earth

Weight

force of gravity on the object -w=mass times gravity

Metamorphic Rocks

formed by high temps and great pressures, undergo a change called prism

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

formed for the purposes of opposing communist aggression

Harriet Tubman

former slave who actively led slaves to freedom through the underground railroad

perpendicular

forms a right angle

mean

formula=sum of values/number of values

Trace fossils

fossil of a footprint, trail, burrow, or other trace of an animal rather than of the animal itself

French and Indian War

fought between British colonies and French colonies from 1754-1763; French depended heavily on Native American allies; resulted in French defeat and loss of territory

Korean War

fought between North and South Korea from 1950-1953; U.S. supported the South and China supported the North; ended with a cease fire

Vietnam War

fought between North and South Vietnam from 1955-1975; U.S. supported the South and China and Russia supported the North

Cold War (1945-1980)

fought between U.S. and Soviet Union; neither side ever fought the other but they did 'fight' for their beliefs using client states who fought for their beliefs on their behalf (e.g. Korean war)

Lysosomes

found in animal cells, contain digestive enzymes that break down food, viruses, damaged cell components

Eukaryotic cells

found in protists, fungi, plants and animals, does not contain ribsomes

Tropical Climate

found in the areas just north or south of the equator, where weather is usually hot

Inflation

general and progressive increase in prices

National Industrial Recovery Act (Wagner Act)

goal was the self-regulation of business and development of fair prices, wages, hours, and working conditions

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

government-sponsored expedition to explore the vast wilderness of the west soon after the signing of the Louisiana Purchase

Global Warming

gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants

Inca

group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest

19th Amendment

guarantee women the right to vote

Conduction

heat travels through the heated solid ex. iron flame on handle will eventually be hot

Latitude

horizontal lines that run parallel to the equator and measure the distance in degrees north and south from the equator

Mass

how much matter in a object

heat capacity

how much the temp of an object will increase when a quantity of heat is added to the object

CVCC word

hunt, fast, cart

Prey

hunted or caught for food

Big Stick Diplomacy

idea developed by Theodore Roosevilt of negotiating peaceably with other nations while simultaneously displaying military might

Cultural Relativity

idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs

Manifest Destiny

idea that the U.S. was destined to cover the land from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

Physical Maps

illustrate the physical features of an area (e.g. mountains, rivers, and lakes)

International Dateline

imaginary line of longitude generally 180° (degrees) east or west of the Prime Meridian where each new day begins.

Continental Divide

imaginary line that runs north and south along the highest points of the Rocky Mountains; rivers flow west or east from this line.

Doppler effect

increase in the frequency of a wave as observed and source move towards or away from each other

John Rockefellar

industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune in the oil industry; used both Vertical and Horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the steel business

Andrew Carnegie

industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist and sold his company to banker John P. Morgan for $480 million

Pecora Investigation

inquiry over the causes of the wall street crash

Concave quadrilaterals

interior angle greater than 180 deg, polygon with one or more diagonals that have points outside the polygon

stages of mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase,anaphase, telophase

Norman Conquest

invasion and occupation of England led by Duke William II (William the Conqueror)

International Dateline

is an imaginary line of longitude on the Earth's surface located at about 180 degrees east (or west) of the Greenwich Meridian.

traditional economy

is an original economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs help shape the goods and the services the economy produces, as well as the rules and manner of their distribution -Does not like change

non-renewable resource

is replaced on a timescale that is very long relative to human life

Perihelion

is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet where it is nearest to the sun. It is the opposite of aphelion, which is when the orbit of the object is farthest from the sun

Greenhouse effect

is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere

Phases of the moon

is the shape of the illuminated (sunlit) portion of the Moon as seen by an observer on Earth

variable

is the value that is manipulated during the experiment

Langston Hughes

known for his poetry in harlem renaissance where it was mostly dominated by whites

Carrying Capacity

largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Yorktown Battle (1781-1781)

last great battle of American revolutionary war, British army surrendered and British government began to consider peace treaty

Fugitive Slave Act (1850)

law stated that all run away slaves must be returned to their owners in their slave states

Leif Ericson

led vikings on exploration of North America

Plessy v Ferguson

legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Parliamentary

legislative and executive branches are combined with a prime minister and cabinet selected from within the legislative body (e.g. Great Britain)

qualitative measures

levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands (attributes that can be measured only by human readers)

Prime Meridian

line of the global grid running from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich, England; starting point for measuring degrees of east and west longitude

Petition of Rights

list of things that were illegal for king and queen to do

Republic

literal democracy is impossible in a political system containing a large population so the people elect representatives to make and enforce laws

Low Political Efficancy

little faith in government and does not believe his actions have an impact upon the actions of his political leader

Predator

lives by preying on other animals

Biotic

living factors, organisms that affect a community or population

Relative Location

location compared to any other location on earth -landmarks

Tundra Climate

long winters, above freezing only in summer; most soil is permanently frozen called permafrost

Respiratory System

lung, nose, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

Cotton Gin

machine invented by Eli Whitney that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber and increased the South's slave trade and cotton export

McCormick's Reaper

machine that harvests grain, making it easier for farmers to own more land and grow more grain

Civil Rights Movement (1964-1968)

marches to draw attention to plight of black citizens

Carnivores

meat eaters

Cell Reproduction

mitosis-division of somatic cels, meiosis-division of sex cells (eggs and sperm)

Velocity

motion or operation rate of motion. speed, and action

Appalachian Mountains

mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico; oldest and second longest mountain in U.S.

Diffusion

movement of a atom or molecules in a solution or gas

Urbanization

movement of people into cities and city buildings shift from rural to urban areas and ways in which each society adapts change

Social Mobility

movement up or down the social class ladder

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

nation of France sold 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River to the U.S. more than doubling the size of the U.S.

Topographic Maps

natural and human made surface features on the earth including rivers, mountains -Top=Mountain

natural selection

natural process resulting in evolution of organisms best adapted to environment. -Survival of the fittest

Commodities

natural resource that have to be extracted and purified rather than created. -can be bought and sold

Minerals

naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and ordered arrangement

Electron

negatively charged

Neutron

neutral charged

Species diversity

number of species within a community and their population

factors

numbers that are multiplied together to obtain a product Example: 2*3=6 2 and 3 are factors

irrational number

numbers that are not rational Example: Pi=3.141592653

cardinal numbers

numbers we use for counting Example: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

Quasar

object that photographs like a star but has a large redshif and a variable energy output

Role Conflict

occurs when people are confronted with incompatible role expectations in the various social statuses they occupy (e.g. parents who need to work but also take care of children)

dip-slip fault

occurs when the movement of the plates is vertical and opposite

Truman Docterine

offered military aid to countries in danger of communist upheaval

Speaker of the House

office mandated by the Constitution; chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant

13th Amendement

officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery

dikes

old lava tubes formed when magma entered

Law of superposition

oldest rocks in a rock unit are found on the bottom of the rock column

America Enters WWII

on December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor; the following day, America and Great Britain declared war on Japan; On December 10, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

Sexual Reproduction

organisms create descendants through combination of genetic material. -need to have more than one for this to work

Civil Rights Act (1964)

outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions

Substance abuse

overindulgence in or dependence on an addictive substance, especially alcohol or drugs

assembly line

parts that are added as it moves from work station to work station Henry Ford came up with this idea

Fair Labor Standard Act (1938)

passed by FDR; industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum wage and maximum hour standards; child labor under the age of 16 was forbidden

Treaty of Paris (1783)

peace agreement between the US and Great britain ending the American Revolutionary War

Wilson's Fourteen Points

peace plan presented in 14 points; first five points called for open rather then secret peace traits, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, and fair adjustment; next 8 points addressed national aspirations of Europeans and boundary adjustments

Treaty of Versailles

peace treaty at the end of WW2 need the state of war between germany and allied powers

Treaty of Versailles

peace treaty ending WWI requiring Germany to accept responsibility for loss and damage caused by the war

find the percent of a number

percent must first be changed to a decimal number. 30% becomes 0.3 is multiplied by the number in question Example: find 30% of(multiply) 33 Step 1: 0.3x33=9.9 so 9.9 is 30% of 33

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

period in U.S. history immediately following the Civil War in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union

Harlem Renaissance

period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art, music, and literature flourished

The Renaissance

period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the Modern world; represents a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries

Stabilization

period of sideways price action, usually before a trend is reversed; sometimes called basing or accumulation after a decline, and top formation or a distribution after an advance

correct order high to low of species

phylum, class, order, family

Communism

political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

convex

polygon with interior angles measuring less than 180 degrees

Proton

positively charged

Forms of energy

potential and kinetic

Federalism

powerful state governments that give up some of their power to a single central government

exposition

presenting facts to a specific audience, a technical speech and a research report both require that information be collected and synthesized

Emancipation Proclamation

presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863

Cultural Assimilation

process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group -trying to be like somebody else

photosynthesis

process by which plants, some bacteria, and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce sugar, which cellular respiration converts into ATP, the "fuel" used by all living things.

Evolution

process of growth, change, and development

Golgi apparatus

processess and package macromolecules

Fulton's Steamboat

produced the first commercially successful steamboat that resulted in the commercial development of America's waterways

15th Amendment

prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude

William Lloyd Garrison

prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer, editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Chemical Properties

property used to characterize material in reaction that change -ph level -heat combustion - flammability

Physical properties

property used to characterizes physical objects -color -smell -area -hardness -length

Truman Doctrine (1947)

protect free people from cruelty treatment of others attempt to keep soviet influence out of Turkey and Greece

Intolerable Acts

punitive laws passed by British government after the Boston Tea Party

elements

pure substance that is made for a single type of atom

Brown v. Board of Education

quality

Steam Locomotive

railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine and resulted in changes in manufacturing and transportation of people and goods as well as jobs available to people in order to run the new machinery

Acceleration

rate of change increase of speed and velocity

quantitative measures

readability and other scores of text complexity (word length or frequency, sentence length, text cohesion)

logographic foundation

reading and recognizing familiar and common words

Biomass

refers to the mass of one or all of the species in an ecosystem or area -How to remember this word Mass=whole ecosystem

Reactionary Groups

refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state in a society; term is meant to stand in opposition to "radicalism".

Fossil

remains of/trace of an ancient organism

convert decimals to fractions

remember that percent means hundredths Example: 0.23=23% 5.34=534% 0.007=0.7% 700%=7.0 86%=0.86

Deforestation

removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use

McCarthy

republican senator who stated he had a list of known communists who were working in the state Department; expanded his attacks against the army; discredited in 1954 by the U.S. Senate

tides

rise and fall of the sea level water under the gravitational pull of the mood -2 high tides and 2 low tides

Niche

role of a species within a community -how to remember find you own niche or each person has a unique role

Aristocracy

rule by the wealthy, educated people

Marbury v. Madison

ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and formed the basis for exercise of judicial review

Brown v Board of Education (1954)

ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th Amendment and that education must be available to all children on equal terms

Dictatorship

ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Ethnography

scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures

Second Great Awakening

second religious fervor that swept the nation; converted more than the first; had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery

Crusades (1096-1270)

series of holy wars undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule

Conservatism

set of beliefs that includes a limited role for the national government in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles, and a cautious response to change

Liberalism

set of beliefs that includes the advocacy of positive government action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil rights, and tolerance for political and social change

Covalent Bond

sharing of electrons between atoms -non-metal and non-metal

Panama Canal (1904-1914)

ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the U.S.

Topographical Map

shows geographic features of the land (e.g. altitudes and land forms)

Lyndon Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965; war on poverty included the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families; created a department of housing and urban development; most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, free floating in cytoplasm

The Valley of the Kings

site of the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs from the New Kingdom dynasties from the 16th-11th centuries B.C; lies on the west bank of the Nile across from ancient Thebes (modern Luxor)

Atom

smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element

Norm of Reprocity

social expectation that favors should be reciprocated

Gettysburg Address (1863)

speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Globalization

spread of ideas, religion, culture from one place to another

independent variable

stands alone, unchanged by others

ballad

stanzas made up of either seven or eight or ten lines, and ends with a short four or five line stanza. Each stanza ends with the same line, which is called 'a refrain'.

Civil War (1861)

started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states.

Monarchy

state ruled over by a single person as a king or queen

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention; U.S. would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor the internal concerns of European countries.

Newtons first law of motion

states an object at rest will remain at rest, object at motion will remain at motion

Big Bang Theory

states that the universe originated from a magnificent explosion spreading mass

Crude Birthrate

statistical measure representing the number of births within a given population per year; normally calculated as the number of births per thousand members

Ozone Layer Depletion

steady decline (about 4% per decade) in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions

Rosetta Stone

stone with writing on it in three languages: hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek that presents essentially the same text in all three scripts and provided the key to the modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

force

strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement

Ecology

study of plants, animals, their environment and how they interact

Element

substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

subtracting a positive

subtract the absolute value and give the sum the sign of the larger addend Example: +7-(+3)=7-3=4 or -5-(+9)

Resource Critical Mass

sufficient number of adopters of an innovation in a social system so that the rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining and creates further growth

Federalism

support of a strong federal government and ratification of the constitution; supporters included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Adams

Whig Party

supported supremacy of congress over the president; split over the issue of slavery

Judicial Branch

supreme court and will review laws

Ecosystems a. food chain b. food web

system found by the interaction if a community of organisms with their physical enviorment

Socialism

system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

Confucianism

system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius

Stamp Act

tax on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, almanacs

Organic

that were produced biologically by a "life process" or "vital force"

Longitude

the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes. -lines Up and Down

Latitude

the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes -lines side to side

supply and demand

the availability of a particular product and the desire(demand) for the product has on a price

Government

the governing body of a nation, state, or community.

greatest common factor

the largest number that is a factor of two or more numbers Example: GCF- 15: 1,3,5,15 35: 1,5,7, and 35 GCF=5

least common denominator

the lowest multiple of one or more denominators of a fraction

median

the middle value of a distribution that is arranged in size order median=1/2 (n+1) n=# of values If there is an even # of values then add the who middle numbers & divide by 2

simplifying a fraction

the numerator and denominator of a fraction are reduced to the smallest possible integers Example: 4/8 simplified (4/4=1) (8/4=2) = 1/2

Nutrition

the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth

Life cycles

the series of changes in the life of an organism, including reproduction

real numbers

the set of all rational and irrational numbers Example: 1,2,3,4,5 etc.

Development of 13 colonies

there are 3 sections-New England, Middle and South colonies. this came to form the USA

Inorganic

those of a mineral nature that were not created by biological processes -lack a carbon -Not natural

Renewable Resources

those that can be replenished such as wind, solar, tides and water -use over and over again

Nonrenewable Resources

those that cannot be replenished. Fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, metal ores cannot be replaced or reused once burned.

Democratic Republic

ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens; in practice countries that describe themselves as democratic republics do not always hold free or fair elections

Cultural Pluralism

understanding and appreciation of the cultural differences that people have; focuses on society as a whole, and the uniqueness of each part that makes up the diverse population

Discrimination

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

Glass Ceiling

unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities

A fraction expressed as a percent

use formula %=100* (numerator/denominator) Example: 3/5 expressed as a percent would calculate as %=100*3/5=300/5=60 3/5=60%

Absolute Dating

use of radioactivity to make accurate determinations of earths age

ordinal numbers

used to show position Example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.

Developing Writer

uses invented spelling and simple sentences, correctly uses upper- and lowercase letters.

Ionic Bond

valence electrons between atoms -metal and non-metal

Pulsar

variable radio source emits signals very short, regular bursts

Longitude

verticle lines that run parallel to the prime meridian and measure the distance in degrees east and west of the meridian

Pluralism

view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government, but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence

Monroe Doctrine

warned the European countries to end intervention in America -stop colonization -cease colonization for central and sound America or face military intervention by U.S

Prohibition

was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933.

Harlem Renaissance

was the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.

Confederation

weak central government that has limited authority and the states have ultimate power (e.g. U.S. before the constitution)

erosion

weathering in which soil, rocks are worn away through glaciers, water, wind and heat

transpiration

when a plant absorbs water in its roots.

California v. Bakke

white applicant to the University of Calif. was denied admission because of the 16% minority quota that the school needed to uphold; upheld affirmative action but admission process was ruled unconstitutional

Preposition

with, without, by, for, to, from, since

Mayflower Compact (1620)

written agreement of the settlers arriving at New Plymouth; drawn up with fair and equal laws, for the general good of the settlement and with the will of the majority; first written laws for the new land

Phases of Word/Reading Development

1) Pre-Alphabetic Phase - incidental visual cues 2) Early Alphabetic Phase - letter knowledge, partial phoneme awareness 3) Later Alphabetic Phase - Early sight word reading, phoneme/grapheme correspondence, complete phoneme awareness 4) Consolidated Alphabetic Phase - Reading fluently by sound, whole word, families and analogies, syllable morpheme

Chinese Religions

1. Buddhism 2. Confucianism 3. Taoism

Promoted Limited Government

1. Magna Carta 2. Petition of Rights 3. Bill of Rights

circumference of a circle

2πr

Surface area of a cylinder

2πrh+2πr²

autosomes in somatic cells of humans

44

Atmosphere

78% Nitrogen, 20% Oxygen, 0.93% Argon, 0.03% Carbon Dioxide

compound complex sentence

A combination of a compound and a complex sentence. Because the swamp is near you back door, you might expect the Creature from the Black Lagoon to put in an appearance and tear apart Uncle Al's fishin' shack if it is in his way.

Cold War (1947)

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. -space race -arms race -weapon development -Berlin destroyed

Ring of Fire

A major volcanic belt formed by the many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean

complex sentence

A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (When the cost goes up, customers buy less clothing.)

compound sentence

A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions. (She did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do.)

PANGAEA

A supercontinent that assembled at the end of the Paleozoic Era. (Tectonic Plates)

prime number

A whole number great than 1 that has only two factors, itself and 1; a number that can be divided evenly only by 1 and itself. Example: 3,7,11

composite numbers

A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two different factors. In other words, any number that is not a prime number. Example: Composite number 8 has the factors of 1,2,4,8

Area of triangle

A=½bh

Area of a circle

A=πr²

Phonological Awareness

Ability of the reader to recognize the sounds of spoken language

Mountain Range in Europe

Alps

Appositive Phrase

An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames or identifies another noun or pronoun in some way Ex. Author William Shakespeare wrote over 30 plays during the course of his career. (William Shakespeare is the appositive. It identifies author.)

Mountain Range in South America

Andes

Oceans

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic

Mountain Range in Africa

Atlas

Pinpointing the Enemy

Attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy.

Blend vs. Diagraph

Both have 2 or more sounds Blend makes 2 + sounds (ex. "bl" or "cl") Diagraph makes 1 sound (ex. "th," "ch," etc.)

Onset/rime

C (onset) at (rime) M - at T - all

emergent literacy

Children not yet writing/reading. Just drawing/pretending to read. During this stage of literacy, children are exposed to the structure or syntax of language & encouraged to predict what text is about.

The Boston Tea Party

Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre. -Tea in water

VCe Syllable Pattern

Common spelling of the long a. Gate

Participial Phrase

Commonly functions as an adjective. Ex. [Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889], the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine

Types of cues students use for reading

Context (semantic and syntactic) Phonological/Visual (sight words, patterns, syllables, letters in sequence, affixes, roots)

Emergent Reader

Copies words and uses pattern sentences. Can write on line. Writes initial consonants, correlates some letter/sounds.

Earths Layers

Crust- solid Mantle-Solid-most of earth's mass Outer core-liquid Inner core- solid

Spanish American War (1895)

Cuban revolt against Spain; threatened american business interests in cuba; we fought for Cuba's independence

Declarative vs. Imperative Sentence

Declarative states a fact Imperative makes a request or command

Lunar Eclipse

Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon

Stages of Reading

Emergent - sense of beg/mid/end story, listening/retelling Early - understands difference between narrative/non narrative, connect written words, recognize sight words Transitional - settings, characters, strategies Fluent - chapter books with good comprehension

Stages of Writing Development

Emergent - use letters or letter-like symbols but are not yet familiar with conventions of print or spelling Early Transitional -Formal sense of print conventions, letters, words, and sentences. Conventional - able to select types of writing to suit their purpose and have more control of structure, punctuation, and spelling Proficient - developed their own personal style and have a large vocabulary, cohesive and coherent.

Glittering Generalities

Emotionally appealing phrase so closely associated with highly valued concepts and beliefs that it carries conviction without supporting information or reason

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

The Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition; heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith; many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God

the water cycle

Evaporation-liquid state to gas or vapor Condensation- water vapor in air change to liquid water Precipitation- water released from clouds in formd of rain, snow and hail

Communicable diseases

Examples of communicable, or infectious, diseases include hepatitis, polio, influenza, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. These diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites are capable of spreading among people through the air, blood and other bodily fluids

Prosody

Expressive reading

New Deal

FDR's series of experimental projects and programs to help stop the depression

Surface area of pyramid

Find area of each face + base and add together.

Women and the Great Depression

Francis Perkins was the first women in the cabinet US secretary of labor. Also made gains by getting appointed to important federal positions and working outside and home

Features of Universe

Galaxies- million of stars, Milky Way Stars- hot gaseous mass Nebulae- cloud of gas Solar system Big Bang

Pea Plant

Genetics founder-Gregor Mendel

slope

Given two points (X1,Y1) and (x2,y2) on a line, the slope m is: m = rise/run= y2-y1/x2-x1

Manifest Destiny

God given right/destiny to expand their land further. Expand the territory over whole North America

Transfer (Propaganda strategy)

Good feelings, looks, or ideas transferred to the person for whom the product is intended.

Mountain Range in Australia

Great Divide Range

Origin of Political Parties

HAMILITON: wanted U.S. to be deeply involved in other countries; wanted to side with Britain JEFFERSON: agrarianism (wanted mostly farming); no international trade; no manufactures; no strong central govt; sided with France.

Radiation

Heat transfer as the result of electromagnetic waves ex. sun warms the earth with waves

Convection

Heat transported by the movement of a heated substance ex convection ovens circulate air

Everest

Himalayas in Nepal

Legislative Branch

House of Representatives= 435 elected Senate= 100 senators= 2 for each state

Past Perfect Verb Tense

I had eaten.

Present Perfect Verb Tense

I have eaten.

Future Perfect Verb Tense

I will have eaten. (?)

three major types of rocks

Igneous- cooled and solidified Sedimentary- surface of earth and covers majority if earth Metamorphic-buried within earths crust

free-market economy

In which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.

Earths Atmosphere

Ionosphere-Aurora Borealis Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere-Ozone Troposphere- planes fly at this level -Trick to know the order: I ET Must Stand Tall

True Law of Free Monarchies

James' I philosophy of royal absolutism and divine sanction

Taxonomy

Kingdom-Phylum- class-order- family-genus- species

Mitochondria

Large organelles that make ATP to supply energy to the cell

Marco Polo

Merchant and Traveler

Five Kingdoms of Living Organisms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

distributive property

Multiplying a sum by a number is the same as multiplying each addend by the number and then adding the products. Example: 2x(3+4)=(2x3)+(2x4)=14

Syllable

One vowel sound per syllable

Kingdom of living organisms

Plants, animals, fungi, protista, archaea, and bacteria (virus's are not)

PEMDAS order of operations

Please (Parenthesis) Excuse (Exponents) My (Multiplication) Dear (Division) Aunt (Addition) Sally (Subtraction)

separation of powers

Powers are divided among legislative, executive, and judicial

Writing Process

Pre-write Draft Edit Publish

Executive Branch

President and has 15 major departments

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America; failed to raise sufficient money to fight the American Civil War and could not obtain recognition and help from foreign governments; imprisoned for treaty but was never tried and got released on bail

Mennonites

Protestant sect originating in Friesland (The Netherlands) in the 16th century, emphasizing adult baptism and rejecting church organization, military service, and public office

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Purchased land on territory of France, Mississippi river to Rocky Mountain in west. -Thomas Jefferson -$15 million

Mountain Range in North America

Rockies, Appalachian

Function of Roots, Stem, and Leaves

Roots- absorb water and dissolve nutrients and anchor plants in ground Stem- support plant body and transport materials throughout plant Leaves- main organ of photosynthesis

Gettysburg Address

Short speech given by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Dred Scott Case

Slaves no legal right to sue for their freedom Dred Scott was a slave

industrialization

Started in England with construction of the cotton Mill in 1733. Went from rural to urban industrial, over crowed in cities, lack of sanitation,cause health problems due to size

beginning writer

Student uses correct spelling for most words, uses resources and decoding for spelling is part of which stage of writing?

Cells organelles

The nucleus, the mitochondrion, the chloroplast, the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endoplasmic reticulum are all examples of organelles.

Biomes

Tropical Rainforest, Savanna, Desert, Temperate, Taiga, Tundra (north/south poles)

Volume of a cylinder

V=πr²h (height x pi x radius squared

Southern Colonies

Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia

r-controlled

When a vowel is followed by the letter r, the sound of the two letters changes. -Park(bossy R)

current

a body of water or air moving in a definite direction, especially through a surrounding body of water or air in which there is less movement.

adaptation

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. -government owned industry

communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. -government controls -does not have upper class, middle class, and lower class

Non-Renewable Resource

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (e.g. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

average

a single value used to represent a collection of data

National Labor Relations Board

administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining

index

an alphabetical list of names, subjects, etc., with references to the places where they occur, typically found at the end of a book.

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. -ownership of industry

command economy

an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. -government is in control

molecules

any atom connected by chemical bonds

prophase

beginning when chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible

Ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

Physical property

can be observed without changing the identity of a substance

Currency Act

colonial governments could not issue paper money

Subcultures

cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests that differ with those of the larger culture.

Mexican War

dispute between U.S. and Mexico over what constituted Texas; President Polk sent troops down by the Rio Grande to provoke Mexico into crossing the border; U.S. considered this an invasion and declared war; U.S. took over Texas; war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) which stated that U.S. got half of Mexico's territory

express a percents as a common fraction

divide the percent number by 100 and reduce to lowest terms Example: 96%=96/100 =24/25

Magna Carta

document signed by King John in 1215 that limited the power of the government

maximum potential energy

e.g.:top of swinging arc

Omnivores

eat plants and meat

Radiation

emission of energy as either waves or particles

Trail of Tears

forced march under U.S. army escort of thousands of Cherokee Indians to the west of the Miss. river; 1/4 died during this journey

oogenesis

formation of eggs

Circulatory ststem

heart, blood, vessels

Vacuoles

hold stored food and pigments

balance scale

inertial mass and gravitational mass are identical

Democracy

literally means "rule by the people"

waves

motion or form by wind

Extinct Volcano

no longer able to erupt

Abiotic

nonliving factors, of the environment -Absent= Nonliving

Crude Deathrate

number of deaths per thousand in a population in a given year

Community

number of species interacting within a given area

Dormant Volcano

one that is between eruptions, shows signs of internal activity

Active Volcano

one that is currently erupting or building to an eruption

sequence of living things low to high

organelle, cell, tissue, organ,system, organism

interphase

period before mitosis begins

Whip

political party official who ensures discipline in a legislature

Mass production

production of large amounts of standardized products in an assembly line

19th Amendment

prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex

Parasitism

relation between 2 different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it -Par=2

Buddhism

religion based on the teachings of the Buddha

Molecule

smallest particle of a substance

The Townshend Act

taxes on paper, lead, glass, paint, and tea

decimals are fractions...

that are based on a whole of 100 instead of a whole of 1 Example: one whole is equal to 100% ("percent" means "for every hundred")

respiration

the action of breathing.

rational numbers

the set of whole numbers, integers, decimals, and fractions. Example: 45.6 can be written as 456/10

least common multiple

the smallest number that is a multiple of two or more numbers Example: LCM- 3:(1)3, (2)6, (3)9, (4)12, (5)15 5: (1)5, (2)10, (3)15, (4)20 LCM=15

phonics

the sounds that letters make and the letters that are used to represent sounds

scarcity

the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.

exponent

the superscript number placed next to another number at the top right to indicate how many times the number is multiplied by itself Example: 3^3=3x3x3=27

mode

the value(s) that occur the most often in a distribution Example: 21,23,25,27,27,27,28,30 mode=27

Plate tectonics

theory that explains not only the movement of the continents but also the changes in the Earth's crust caused by internal forces

numerator

top number of a fraction

Conduction

transfer of heat or electric current from one substance to another by direct conduct -how to remember it: Con- Duct-ion to touch the duck

Convection

transfer of heat through a fluid caused by motion -space that you don't touch

conductivity

transmission of heat or electricity or sound -how much it passes through when touched

Erosion

transportation of surface materials by another moveable material ex. water, wind, or ice

equivalent fractions

two fractions that have the same value but are expressed differently Example: 1/5=20/100=2/10=4/20 (2x2=4) (10x2=20)

Compound

two or more elements elements that have been chemically combined

vowel team

two vowels side-by-side. The first vowel says its name. The second vowel is silent

straight line equation

y=mx+b