Pre-test Questions Finals

He restored the naturalistic approach to painting as practiced in Antiquity. He inaugurated a method of pictorial expression based on observation. He revealed nature and its visible order. This describes which of the following artists?

Giotto

This artist projected on a flat surface the illusion of space. He also projected the illusion of solid bodies moving though that space. This description describes which of the following artists?

Giotto

Whose work is best characterized by the use of solid volumes resting firmly on the flat and horizontal surface of this earth?

Giotto

Korea's Golden age occurred during which of the following periods?

Great Silla

What church combines the intricacies of Greek theology, the ambitious architectural scale of Rome, the vaulting tradition of the Near East, and the mysticism of Eastern Christianity in order to create a monument that is the summation of antiquity and the triumph of Christianity?

Hagia Sophia

The seventh and eighth centuries were a period of turmoil for Byzantium. This period saw the loss of the Eastern provinces to conquest under the banner of Islam. These events persuaded Emperor Leo III that God was punishing the Empire for its idolatrous worship of icons. Based on this what did Leo III initiate?

He formally prohibited the use of images

Which of the following supports Eadwine's claim to self-importance?

He likened his image to the Abbot of a monastery.

The unification of text and ornament found in the design of Islamic Korans is also found in the European manuscripts of the ____.

Hiberno-Saxons

The Christ as Good Shepherd from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna is said to be deeply rooted in the classical tradition. Which of the following would support that belief?

It is full of Greco-Roman illusionistic devices

Critical of the polytheistic religion of his fellow Arabs, Muhammad had all the idols destroyed, however he preserved the Kaaba. Which of the following supports the reason for this preservation?

It is the Islamic world's symbolic center.

The mihrabis a semicircular niche set in the qibla wall; its specific purpose is still being debated. What is one definite fact known about the nihrab?

It points toward Meca for all those praying within

St. Trophîme at Arles has a rich Roman heritage. Which of the following most accurately describes the frieze above the freestanding columns of the portal?

It recalls the sculptured fronts of late antique sarcophagi.

Equestrian statues were reminders of Rome's glory. Charlemagne returned Rome after his coronation with an equestrian statue of Theodoric. Which statue served as the ultimate model for such equestrian portraits?

Marcus Aurelius

Irish or Celtic stone crosses are identifiable by which of the following?

a circle intersecting the cross arms

The emotional impact of Christ's death can be seen in the wall painting of the Lamentation over the Dead Christ found in St. Pantaleimon, Nerezi. Which two figures in the painting support this assertion by their gestures?

Mary and John

The positioning of all mosques, no matter period or country, must be oriented toward which of the following cities?

Mecca

What could account for the similarity in design of the stamp seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and contemporaneous sites in Mesopotamia?

Mesopotamians moved to the Indus Valley

A chaitya hall would most likely be found in which of the following?

a sculptured Buddhist cave temple

Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?

a sharp increase in trade

The plan of St. Sernin is extremely regular and geometrically precise. It is based on a module seen in earlier church architecture. Which of the following churches is the prototype for this refined and rational structural approach?

Monastery Church, St. Gall

Sinan was born a Christian, converted to Islam, then trained in engineering and the art of building while still in the army. He was also court architect to Suleyman the Magnificent. Which of the following was his greatest achievement?

Mosque of Selim II

What was the Hegira?

Muhammad's flight from Mecca

What was the entrance porch of Old St. Peter's in Rome called?

Narthex

The leading philosophy that flourished during the Southern Song period was a blend of traditional Chinese thought and selected Buddhist concepts. What was this philosophy called?

Neo-Confucianism

The Rossano Gospels is the earliest illuminated manuscript that contains illustrations of which of the following?

New Testament

Which of the following is the sculptor whose work showed the greatest influence of the forms of classical antiquity?

Nicola Pisano

Which of the following is a basilica?

Old St. Peter's

Which of the following is considered a masterpiece of the Rayonnant style?

Ste-Chapelle

The Sutton Hoo purse has two groupings each of a man standing between two lions. This can also be found in what earlier culture?

Sumer

Kanishka struck coins with images of Buddha, various Hindu deities, Greco-Roman deities, and portraits of himself. Which of the following was the model for these coins?

Roman coins

Umayyad palaces included elaborate bathing facilities, which were an inheritance from ____?

Roman influence

The representation of Nahor seen in the scene of Rebecca and Eliezer at the well from the Vienna Genesis uses which of the following conventions?

Roman pictorial convention

The structural foundation of the Great Mosque of Damascus owes much to the architecture of the Greco-Roman East. Which structural feature accounts for this?

Roman precinct walls

Which of the following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman Catholic Church?

Rome

What region did Byzantium Christianize?

Russia

Which of the following figures provides the most direct contrast with the Naumburg figures?

Röttgen Pietà

What pose developed by the "court" style had a strong influence on Late Gothic sculpture?

S-shaped curve

Early Medieval burial traditions were recorded in the ____.

Saga of Beowulf

The ____ burial epitomizes the early medieval tradition of burying great lords with rich furnishings.

Sutton Hoo

The broad range of subject matter, such as musicians on camel or Semitic traders, can be found in the ceramic figural tradition of which of the following?

Tang

Which of these churches embodies the essential characteristics of English Gothic architecture?

Salisbury Cathedral

It is said this structure's design is simple and serenely classical. It is a descendant of the Pantheon, the imperial mausoleum, such as Diocletian's, and the Early Christian Sta. Costanza. Which of the following is being described?

San Giovanni Baptistery, Florence

The Romanesque church that had a wooden ceiling like those found in Early Christian basilicas was which of the following?

San Miniato, Florence

What church plan was used as the model for the palace chapel at Aachen?

San Vitale

Which of the following is a Buddhist monastery?

Sanchi

The Aryans composed a compilation of religious learning that included hymns for the priests to sing or chant. In which of the following languages were the Vedas written?

Sanskrit

Which of the following works describes the Roman school of painting that replaced Byzantine stylized dignity with the careful depiction of light?

Seated Apostles

Bronze ritual vessels were most characteristic of the artistic expression of which period?

Shang

Ethnically, the Koreans are related to which of the following peoples?

Siberians and Mongolians

Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman Emperors until the 12th century?

Speyer Cathedral

Theravada Buddhism continues in which of the following countries?

Sri Lanka

Abbot Suger is credited with creating which of the following churches?

St. Denis

Speyer Cathedral was considered the burial church of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Which of the following churches was the burial church for the kings of France?

St. Denis

Tall towers are integrated into the west front of which of the following?

St. Etienne, Caen

Whose relics were obtained from Egypt for Venice?

St. Mark

The façade of St. Denis consists of a double-tower westwork. Which of the following could have been the influence for this façade?

St. Étienne, Caen

In Jean Pucelle's Belleville Breviary, the artist has placed Saul seated on a throne with the receding coffers of a barrel vault above the head of David. He has created a stage set. Which of the following could account for this stage setting?

a visit to Italy

The Mshatta Palace, never completed, has a rich ornamental frieze with animal figures appearing on some of the triangles. However no animal figures appear on the façade that correspond to the mosque's qibla wall. Why is the animal figuration absent from this section of the frieze?

The representation of fauna in a sacred place is prohibited.

The Lindau Gospels book cover displays an amalgamation of tradition and style. Which of the following describes that combination?

The work highlights the Early Christian tradition and Utrecht Psalter style

In the 7th century, the capital of Islam had been transferred from Mecca to Damascus by the ____

Umayyads

Duccio's work occupies the very center of the sanctuary and must be splendid and rich in conveying its precious message. Which of the following works does this describe?

Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestà)

The Great Mosque at Córdoba has a hypostyle prayer hall with horseshoe shaped arches adapted from which of the following?

Visigoths

The elevation of Laon Cathedral differs from that of Chartres in what important respect?

absence of a gallery

Later church architecture adopted heavy square piers alternating with columns, dividing the nave into vertical units and mitigating the tunnel-like horizontality of Early Christian basilicas. This system is known a

alternate support

What are confraternities?

ay people dedicated to strict religious observance

For more than four centuries successive Khmer kings worked on the grand complex of temples and palaces at this site, and each king built a temple mountain dedicated to his personal god.

Angkor Wat, Cambodia

When Islam arose, who were peripheral to the Byzantine and Persian empires?

Arabs

The sacred book of Islam is the Koran or recitations. The recitations or instructions were given to Muhammad by the ____.

Archangel Gabriel

Who is the architect for the cathedral of Florence?

Arnolfo di Cambio

The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad caliphs and established a new capital at ____.

Baghdad

The one important requirement often missing from these church interiors is light. Which of the following did not allow for interior lighting?

Barrel-vaults exerted great outward thrust making a clerestory difficult to construct

The abbey church at Hildesheim has a double-transept plan that creates eastern and western centers of gravity. The lateral entrances on the north and south aisles further disrupt the traditional basilican plan. What model might have been used for this church?

Basilica Ulpia

Jean Pucelle illuminated which of the following?

Belleville Breviary

The Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 united all of England and most of France under one rule. The battle leading to this momentous occasion was the topic for the Bayeux Tapestry. Who commissioned this work?

Bishop Odo

What manuscript is commonly considered the greatest achievement in Hiberno-Saxon art?

Book of Kells

In the later Middle Ages religious books were created for the private devotions of the laity. They were based on readers used by the monks. These books contained prayers to be read at specific times during the day, they were popularly known as ____.

Books of Hours

Perpendicular style was popular in which of the following countries.

England

An ancient Arab proverb proclaims, "Purity of writing, is purity of soul," describes which of the following?

calligraphy

Korean pottery of the twelfth century was recognized worldwide and highly sought, which of the following is that pottery?

celadon ware

In the cathedral of Monreale, a mosaic panel depicts William II standing next to the Enthroned Christ, who, in turn, places his hand on William's crown. Based on this theme, does this panel commemorate?

divine right to rule

The Saminid mausoleum from Bukhara can be said to be which of the following structure types?

dome-on-a cube form

Many Shang bronze vessels were used for rituals and the shape of the vessel matched its function in the ritual. Therefore it can be said that the fabulous animal shape is not purely decorative. Which of the following supports this statement?

each fabulous animal shape connected with the world of spirits in the ritual

The caves of Ajanta are famed for which of the following?

early Indian painting tradition

Elaborately decorated Merovingian fibulae have been excavated from graves. Based on this it can be said these small objects are ____.

emblems of prestige

The medium used for the icon of the Virgin and Child between St. Theodore and St. George is which of the following?

encaustic

One explanation for the sexually explicit images at Khajuraho relates them to which of the following?

fertility and the propagation of life

The small seal discovered at Mohenjo-daro reveals an interesting iconography. Which of the following depictions from that seal supports the Indian practice of meditation?

figure is in a suggested yogic posture

The Aryan religion centered on sacrifice and ritual enactment. Which of the following would be part of the ritual practice?

fire

Which architectural device was not used by Romanesque architects?

flying buttresses

The frontality, stiff poses, and lack of modeling as seen in Berlinghieri's Saint Francis Alta piece can be said to be which of the following?

fundamentally medieval

The Ottomans developed a new style of mosque, which is a square prayer hall covered by a dome. Which of the following are characteristics of Ottoman mosque architecture?

geometric and formalistic

During the Six Dynasties, Buddhism arrived in China. The oldest Chinese Buddhist texts describe Buddha as golden and radiating light. The Shakyamuni Buddha of the Six Dynasties is the first precisely datable Chinese Buddhist image. Which of the following is the medium used for this image?

gilded bronze

Which of the following themes represents the interior decorative program of Santa Costanza?

grape harvest and wine production

The intersection of two barrel vaults creates which of the following?

groin vault

The Vishnu Temple at Deogarh has guardians and mithuna protecting the doorway. Why is this done?

it is a transition point between the dangerous outside and the sacred interior

The Vairocana Buddha is not the historical Buddha. The Tang sculptors have created a serenely majestic figure of the Buddha. The smooth planes emphasize the figure's massive volume; the folds of his robes fall in a few concentric arcs. Therefore it can be said surface detail has been repressed and replaced with which of the following?

monumental simplicity

The Yangshao Culture is recognized for its ____.

pottery

Laon Cathedral retains many of its Romanesque features. Which of the following is one such feature?

sexpartite rib vaults

Christ as the Good Shepherd appears in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia and uses many iconographic devices. Which of the following is one of those devices?

sheep representing the Faithful

Which of the following is most characteristic of the paintings of the northern Song artist Fan Kuan?

shifting perspective

In the mid-13th century, the Mongols conquered much of the Eastern Islamic world. The center of Islamic power moved from Baghdad to Egypt. The lords of Egypt at that time were Mamluks. The definition of the word Mamluk translates to ____?

slave

he profusion of sexually amorous couples in Indian art indicates which of the following.

spiritual favor and prosperity

The dome on the Katholikon, Hosios Loukas is formed by ____

squinches

The intense color and elegance of the Psalter of Saint Louis expresses the courtly style. Which of the following can also be associated with this manuscript?

stained glass

Emperor Huizong, an accomplished artist was more interested in the arts than in governing. He reorganized the imperial academy of painting and required the study of poetry and calligraphy as part of the official training program for court artists. Which of the following would also be included in the curriculum?

study of the classical art of earlier periods

The art of calligraphy, ornamental writing, was used to reproduce the sacred words of the Koran in as beautiful a script as possible. Which of the following would neverappear in ornamental writing of the Koran?

stylized floral forms

The Silla rulers of Korea embraced Buddhism not only as a source for religious enlightenment but also as a protective force. They constructed Buddhist temples in and around their capital city, Kyongju. Based on this premise, which of the following would describe the Silla perception of these Buddhist temples?

supernatural defense against external forces

Where would a squinch most likely be found?

supporting a dome

The interior mosaic program for St. Mark's has explanatory labels written in both Greek and Latin. What accounts for this?

t reflects Venice's position as a link between East and West.

The most devastating natural disaster in Europe during the late 1300s was which of the following?

the Black Death

Impressive celadon ceramics were developed during which of the following periods?

the Koryo dynasty

The Carolingian architectural plan that demonstrated the beginnings of the modular system was found in ____.

the Monastery of St. Gall

Which of the following events changed the fortunes of Byzantium in the final or Late Byzantine period?

the Seljuk Turks captured most of Anatolia

Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to which of the following?

the Virgin Mary (Notre-Dame)

The fourteenth-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg are particularly significant because these sculptures used which of the following?

the Virtues

The pillars of Ashoka go deep into the ground, connecting the earth to the sky. It can be said that they form which of the following?

the axis of the universe

Church interiors now became impressive acoustical settings for church services. Which of the following architectural elements allowed for the excellent acoustics?

the continuous barrel-vaulted naves

It has been said that Charlemagne was a man of great energy and learning, a strong patron of the arts, and a sincere admirer of classical culture. Which of the following do later generations owe to Charlemagne's patronage?

the copying of important classical texts

It is said the Ascension from the Rabbula Gospels is not an illustration of the Gospels but rather an illumination. Which of the following validates this assertion?

the presence of the Virgin

The portal sculptural program for Chartres Cathedral is distinctly different from its Romanesque counterparts. Which of the following accounts for this distinction?

the prominence of Mary in the portal program

One of the scenes from the Wu Family Shrine shows robed men bearing gifts and paying homage to a figure, identity uncertain. This figure is represented as larger than the other figures. What can be interpreted from this image?

the size of the figure describes his importance

An important aspect of Romanesque manuscript illumination was based on which of the following?

the subordination of the figure to the frame

The Triumph of Death is a powerful depiction of death and the folly of pleasure and the inevitability of death. The Dominicans, an order committed to a life of poverty, participated in the design of this work. Based on this which of the following groups would be portrayed in a negative light?

the young aristocrats

Which of the following is an architectural element found in Santa Sabina?

timbered ceiling

The most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West, outside Rome or Jerusalem, was the ____.

tomb of the Apostle James at Santiago de Compostela

The Ebbo Gospels represent a new Carolingian vernacular. Which of the following describes the new Carolingian style?

translated a classical prototype

Flying buttresses eliminated which of the following?

tribune gallery

Which of the following is a medieval element depicted on the pulpit for the Baptistery of Pisa Cathedral?

trilobed arches

During the Romanesque period the vision of Christ's Second Coming was often depicted on which of the following?

tympanum

Which of the following was characteristic of the work of Simone Martini?

use of elegant flowing contour

Which off the following was characteristic of the work of Simone Martini?

use of elegant flowing contour

In place of images the iconoclasts used only symbolic forms already familiar in Early Christian art. Which of the following symbolic forms would be acceptable?

vacant Throne of God

Of the following characteristics, which is not relevant to Italian church architecture?

verticality

The symbol of Matthew from the Book of Durrow shows frontal head, profile feet, and a cloak and frame that resemble contemporaneous cloisonné metalwork. Which of the following statements explains this work?

wedding the abstraction of Early Medieval adornment and Early Christian pictorial imagery

Which of the following typifies the Tang court and the art it commissioned?

worldly and self-assured

The Utrecht Psalter is most closely related to which of the following?

Ebbo Gospels

What is the earliest datable period for Christian art?

3rd century CE

The representation of a bearded Christ from the Rossano Gospels clearly indicates this work was made in which of the following centuries?

6th century CE

The development of the Rayonnant style is connected with which of the following?

Abbot Suger of St. Denis

The pillar of Ashoka with its lion capital shows a strong influence coming from which of the following groups?

Achaemenids

The politics of the Italian city-states were turbulent and violent. Governments were overthrown and reinstated. The Sienese government commissioned a series of frescoes offering a new view, the need for a fair and just administration. The artist of note for this series is which of the following?

Ambrogio Lorenzetti

The monastic movement began in ____ in the third century

Egypt

The Gothic style is said to have first appeared in which of the following areas?

Burgundy

A more complex and efficient type of vaulting was needed that would admit light and at the same time be aesthetically pleasing. Which of the following systems would allow this adoption?

By covering the nave with groin vaults

How is the initial R from the Moralia in Job typically Romanesque?

By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the folds of the costumes

How did 11th century Romanesque masons construct monumental groin vaults?

By using ashlar blocks joined by mortar

The Throne of Wisdom, sedes sapientiae is the western European freestanding version of which of the following?

Byzantine Theotokos

The tympanum from the right portal of Chartres depicts the Virgin and Child that hearkens back to the Romanesque portrayals of this theme as the Throne of Wisdom. Which of the following is the source for this depiction?

Byzantine Theotokos

The style of the Gospel Book of Otto III can best be described as ________________.

Byzantine formalism

The Roman fresco tradition can best be seen in the work of which of the following artists?

Cavallini

The Aryans, a mobile herding people, came to India from ____.

Central Asia

The Silla Crown with its uprights interpreted as stylized trees and antler forms has no counterpart in which of the following countries?

China

The mosaic program found in the apse of San Vitale supports the Byzantine theme of the holy ratification of Church and State. The presence of which figures in the mosaic program supports this theme?

Christ and Justinian

In the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, a pagan who converted to Christianity, the sculptors illustrated scenes from the life of Christ. Which of the following represents the allusion to the Crucifixion?

Christ before Pilate

The images and symbols found in the sanctuary from San Vitale express the single theme of ____.

Christ's redemption of humanity

Why is the Christian community house in Dura-Europas only a small house?

Christians did not enjoy the patronage of the Roman state

The Roman State persecuted the Christians. Which of the following would account for this persecution?

Christians refused to pay homage to the State's gods

One suggestion for the resurgence of stone sculpture on churches was the changing role of churches. Now due to the pilgrimage routes, the churches served an increasingly large lay public. Which of the following supports this suggestion?

Churches served a largely illiterate audience and needed visual Christian symbols and stories

The word Renaissance means rebirth. Which of the following was a revived interest during this time?

Classical culture

Who was the founder of the "New Rome" of the East?

Constantine

In the 10th century Caliph al-Hakam II undertook major renovations of the Great Mosque at Córdoba, including a mosaic pattern for the maqsura. He wanted to rival the great mosaic-clad monuments erected by his Umayyad predecessors in Jerusalem. Which of the following cities provided the mosaicists?

Constantinople

Which of the following manuscripts showed the greatest influence of Roman illusionism?

Coronation Gospels

The Middle Byzantine artist assimilated classicism's simplicity, dignity, and grace and synthesized it with Byzantine piety and pathos. Which of the following follows this formula?

Crucifixion, Church of the Dormition, Daphni

Early 11th Century England was briefly part of what empire?

Danish

The Chinese interest in landscape painting was most strongly influenced by which of the following?

Daoist harmony with nature and poetic themes

Historians once referred to the Middle Ages roughly 400-1400 as the ____.

Dark Ages

The coming of a new religion to Jerusalem, a city sacred to both Jews and Christians, is marked by a monument known as the ____.

Dome of the Rock

Which of the following is built over the spot from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven?

Dome of the Rock

Who most strongly influenced the art of Pietro Lorenzetti?

Duccio

On the right face of the trumeau is a prophet, displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision. He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ the Judge. This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes. This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?

Early Christian

The Royal Portal of Chartres was carved in which style?

Early Gothic

The flight of Byzantine scholars in 1453, introduced the study of classical Greek into Italy. Which of the following accounts for this?

Fall of Byzantium

A yakshi is the personification for which of the following?

Fertility and vegetation

This historian, Giovanni Villani, wrote in the 14thcentury that this city was, "the daughter and creature of Rome" suggesting a preeminence inherited from the Roman Empire. Which of the following city-states does this phrase describe?

Florence

In 1305, the College of Cardinals elected a pope from which of the following countries?

France

Which of the following is the monastic order that influenced art through its stress on nature and the primacy of personal experience?

Franciscan

Which group of barbarian invaders became firmly established in regions known today as France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany?

Franks

Who of the following coined the term "Gothic"?

Giorgio Vasari

The Great Wall of China was constructed as a defense against the nomadic peoples of the north, in particular the ____.

Huns

What accounts for the fragmentary knowledge of Byzantine art prior to the ninth century?

Iconoclasm

Which of the following features is of Byzantine origin and was never incorporated in San Vitale?

Iconostasis

Which of the following attributes was used to depict Christ after Christianity was officially recognized by Roman authorities?

Imperial purple

What area of Western Europe was never colonized by Rome?

Ireland

The Diptych of the Nicomachi and the Symmachi is significant to the art tradition of fourth century Rome. Which of the following supports that statement?

It deliberately continued the classical tradition

The Bayeux Tapestry is unique in Romanesque art. Which of the following supports this claim?

It depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred

In which way did the three-aisled basilica for the Monastery of St. Gall differ from its Early Christian prototypes?

It had a second apse on the west end

St. Sernin at Toulouse has been called a "pilgrimage" type church. Which of the following accounts for this designation?

It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.

The Bayeux Tapestry is the conqueror's version of history. It is a narrative that includes the battle sequences as well as the preparations for war. It is said that this is the most Roman of all Romanesque art works. Which of the following supports this contention?

It has often been likened to the panels from the Arch of Titus.

The hypostyle mosque, such as Kairouan, most closely reflects the mosque's supposed origin. Which of the following best supports this statement?

It is Muhammad's house in Medina.

Which of the following describes the Stavelot reliquary of St. Alexander?

It is a combination of multiple sources as well as stylistic diversity

There is a diversity of regional styles in Romanesque church architecture. Which of the following is characteristic of the Northern French style found in St. Étienne at Vignory?

It used large sawn blocks of stone.

Paris claimed to be the intellectual center of Gothic Europe. Its university faculty and the reputations of its masons supported this claim. Which of the following also provided support for this claim?

It was a center for fine book production.

The focus of both the intellectual and religious life changed from monasteries in the countryside and pilgrimage churches to cathedrals in expanding cities. Which of the following would account for this change?

It was a time of great prosperity.

How did one recognize a Christian sarcophagus?

It was decorated with significant Christian subject matter

The so-called "Macedonian Renaissance" is reflected in the Paris Psalter. Which of the following supports this assertion?

It was inspired by Hellenistic naturalism of the pre-Christian world.

The Ostrogoth, Theodoric, established his kingdom in ____.

Italy

The Malwiyaminaret in Samarra was too tall to have been used to call the faithful to prayer and was clearly visible for a considerable distance. Which of the following is a possible explanation?

Its announced the presence of Islam.

Which of the following best describes a characteristic of Gothic architecture?

Its side aisles are now included in order to broaden the interior.

Which of the following is represented on the sarcophagus of Santa Maria Antiqua?

Jonah

It can be said that China's neighbors owe an immense debt to China; however which country provided the link between China and Japan?

Korea

Fan vaulting was most common in which of the following?

Late Gothic England

The primary sacred text was the Bible, consisting of the Old Testament originally written in Hebrew and the New Testament written in Greek. In what language is the Vulgate version of the Bible written?

Latin

The Bayon, a temple in Cambodia with its gigantic faces, is thought to represent which of the following?

Lokeshvara, Lord of the World

What do the doors of St. Michael at Hildesheim illustrate?

Original Sin and Redemption

Who was a major force in the revival of the Classical style in early medieval times?

Otto III

The alternate support system is first found in the architecture of which period?

Ottonian

The Indus Valley civilization arose in ____.

Pakistan

Which of the following would be considered the predecessor for the Mausoleum of Costanza?

Pantheon

In the semi-dome of the apse, the architectural focus of the cathedral of Monreale is another allusion to William's right to rule. Which of the following figures would support that allusion?

Pantokrator

The illustrated book had a long history in the ancient world. When did the tradition of placing pictures in manuscripts first begin?

Pharaonic Egypt

Which city was at its height of political and economic power when it employed the talents of the sculptor Nicola Pisano?

Pisa

Which of the following cities established itself as a major shipping power?

Pisa

In the Dura painting, Samuel Anointing David, David is depicted with an Imperial attribute indicating his royalty. Which of the following is that attribute?

Purple Toga

Jeanne d'Evreux, wife to Charles IV, donated a statue of the Virgin and Child to the Abbey of St. Denis. What is the common name of this statue?

Queen of Heaven

Yan Liben's The Thirteen Emperors depicts thirteen Chinese rulers from the Han to the Sui dynasties. Its purpose was to portray these individuals as exemplars of moral and political virtue. Which of the following would explain this role of moral and political virtue?

The Confucian ideal of learning from the past

It has been said that Bernward's doors are instruments that detail Original Sin and Redemption by juxtaposing these two concepts side by side. Which juxtaposed panels from the doors would support this?

The Fall and the Crucifixion

Giotto's Enthroned Madonna reflected the new trend toward naturalism and classical modeling of the figures. Which of the following describes this new trend?

The Virgin is solid and has mass

Saint-Savin is a hall church with paintings on the continuous vault of the nave. Which of the following allows for this?

The aisles are approximately the same height as the nave

The sculptural program of the west façade of Chartres Cathedral proclaims the power and majesty of Jesus Christ. Which of the following elements unites all three doorways of the west portal (Portal Royal) of Chartres Cathedral?

The episodes from the life of Christ are carved on the capitals.

It has been said that the author-portrait of St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels shows classical influences. What supports this statement?

The figure is seated as a philosopher or poet reading or writing

The Reims portal sculpture of the Visitation has been described as two women conversing. This is in sharp contrast to earlier Gothic portal sculpture. How is the Visitation unique?

The figures are actors in a biblical narrative.

The frieze from the façade of Modena reminded the faithful of Original Sin and that the path to salvation is through the Christian Church. Which of the following subject matter of the frieze?

The frieze depicts the Temptation of Adam & Eve.

Two silver spoons, "Saulos" and "Paulos," Paul's names before and after baptism, were discovered as part of the Sutton Hoo burial. What might be alluded from these spoons?

The owner's conversion to Christianity

After Christianity received acceptance within the Roman Empire, churches were constructed above the catacombs. Which of the following provides the most explanation for such churches to be constructed at these sites?

The pious worshiped openly at the graves of the earliest Christian martyrs

What innovation did hall churches incorporate?

They placed new emphasis on preaching and the pulpit.

A man, a woman, and at least one child can be seen in the praying position found in the lunette of the Catacomb of Sts. Peter and Marcellinus. Which of the following presents the best explanation for the placement of these people in the lunette?

They represent the Christian family seeking their heavenly reward.

Who may have conceived the complicated iconographical portal program for Chartres Cathedral?

Thierry of Chartres

Which of the following churches was the largest in Europe until the new St. Peter's in Rome was constructed in the 17th century?

Third Church at Cluny (Cluny III)

____ was a possible model for Bernward's column because the narrative reads from top to bottom.

Trajan's Column

Justinian's position on the north wall of the apse of San Vitale is somewhat ambiguous. He appears to be slightly behind the bishop, yet the paten he carries overlaps the bishop's arm. This indicates the ____.

balance between Church and State

Indicate which of the following is not a characterization of the changing social conditions in the Gothic period.

barbarian migrations

Which of the following was among the innovative ideas of the Upanishads?

belief in an endless round of rebirths

Theodora's presence in the mosaic program of San Vitale indicates her importance and unique position within the court of Justinian. The representation of the Three Magi on the border of her robe also suggests she __

belongs in the elevated company

Giovanni Pisano's works show which of the following?

burgeoning naturalism

The work of Giovanni Pisano as seen in his pulpit for Sant'Andrea, Pistoia, shows a nervous energy and emotion not found in the work of his father. It can be said that the work of Giovanni shows an interest in which of the following?

burgeoning naturalism

Which of the architectural elements below was used for the exterior supports on Romanesque buildings?

buttresses

Basil I undertook the repair of damage done during the Iconoclasm. How was this repair initiated?

by dedicating a new mosaic in Hagia Sophia

How does Fan Kuan reflect the Daoist sensitivity of individuality in Travelers Among Mountains and Streams?

by focusing on the mountains and minimizing the human element

How is interior architectural space defined in the Muslim world?

by having no interior walls

The Buddhist monument at Sokkuram was constructed under the supervision of Kim Tae-song, a member of the royal family and prime minister. He initiated the construction to honor his parents. It is also thought this was a private chapel for royalty. Which of the following would support this statement?

intimate scale and quality of reliefs and freestanding figures

The image of Christ as the Pantokrator refers to his role as ____.

last judge

Gandhara, a region largely in Pakistan today and close to the Afghanistan border, was home to the Kushan Dynasty and had a rich hellenized culture. Which of the following would explain that association?

legacy of Alexander the Great

The Hwangnamdong crown with its gold band and uprights, and jade comma-shaped pieces, is thought symbolize which of the following?

life and supernatural power

What was the primary vehicle used in the Christianization of the British Isles?

liturgical books

Chan Buddhism gained gradual importance under the Song emperors. The basic tenet of this school is the cultivation of mind and spirit in order to break through the illusions of ordinary reality. Which of the following is the vehicle used in order to achieve this break through to enlightenment?

meditation

It is said Muslims worship Allah directly without a hierarchy of clergy acting as intermediaries. However during communal gatherings, the imam would stand on a stepped pulpit or ____.

minbar

In Shang bronze vessels the external embellishment is an integral part of the vessel. Which of the following could also describe Shang bronze vessel work?

multiple designs and fields are fully integrated with the vessel form

Which of the following animals appears on the exterior façade of Laon Cathedral?

oxen

To date, what has notbeen discovered in the Indus Valley?

palace or temple architecture

Which of the following was the unifying characteristic of the regional dynasties of South Asia in the third through first centuries BCE?

patronage of Buddhism

The dome of the Hagia Sophia is supported by ____.

pendentives

During the 1928 excavations at Anyang, fragmentary records and a large number of goods were discovered which provided information regarding their rulers. Included among the discoveries were pounded earthen walls that provided protection for the city. Whichof the following was also learned as a consequence of this excavation and discovery?

revealed a warlike, highly stratified society

Which of the following became a standard feature of French Gothic architecture?

rose window

Scholars thought of the long interval from classical antiquity to the beginning of the modern European world as ____.

rough and uncivilized

Which of the following is characteristic of the Han pictorial style?

rounded forms with rhythmic contours

One of the most important tasks of the Chinese artist was which of the following.

serve as an instrument through which nature could reveal itself

The vault in the Hall of the Two Sisters is meant to symbolize

the dome of heaven

The nave of the Hagia Sophia was exclusively reserved for the clergy. The laity or congregation was confined to the aisles and galleries. Based on this information, what accounts for the symbolical unity of Church and State?

the emperor was the only layperson privileged to enter the sanctuary

The silk banner discovered in the tomb of the Marquise of Dai depicting dragons, immortal beings, and possibly the Marquise herself is thought to represent which of the following?

the heavenly, human and underworld realms

What did the humanist cult of fame emphasize?

the importance of creative individuals

What element did Duccio bring to the Maestà?

the modeled figures

In addition to his work on the Great Wall, the Qin ruler Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China, is remembered in art history for which of the following?

the numerous bronze vessels buried with him