pred and disc test two

What is selective racialization?

Subconscious mechanism where famous middle easterners are usually perceived as white and non famous individuals are characterized on the middle eastern stereotype. Famous people are conforming to social norms and advance positive conduct.

Do women in this study feel free to engage in a lot of hook-ups?

fear of stigma "slut shaming" or being called prude can constrain their sexual behaviors much disrespect for women in the hookup scene (men can freely hookup and it is okay in society but not for women)

How is a "hook-up" being defined

ranked from kissing all the way to having sex broad range of sexual activity and that this ambiguity is part of the appeal of the term does not imply interest of relationship but also does not preclude interests

in sickness and in wealth

twin study- one had low and one had high econmic statuses (high status had better health outcomes) White hall study- all similar gov desk jobs and the person with lower status in the workplace had worse helth and the high status (CEO) had better health outcomes shows how you are treated in you statuses in the workplace had effects on health (stressors can cause more problems)

example

under the stress of a stereotype threat, performance on a variety of academic tasks goes down.

Looping or Rereading

Interpreting (and usually dismissing) someone's words and actions because of the status that the person occupies

What does the author point out is the problem with defining "sex" as only genital intercourse?

"how often do engage in sexual intercourse?" Well if you are a lesbian couple what does that mean? So "having sex" is still seen as involving a penis and a vagina Surveys then miss out on sexual or intimate activities that may not involve penetration. have problems defining sex and intamcy

What is meant by "sincere fictions.

"rosy self-deception" or a way of making us feel better about ourselves and our shortcomings, especially when it comes to prejudices we hold toward others. People tend to use "sincere fictions" to avoid reality because it is the quickest way to help them feel better and to avoid facing the real problems which often lie within the individual who is prejudice rather than the group they are being prejudiced against. reflection of peoples own problems

Double Consciousness

A concept first offered by W.E.B Du Bois to describe seeing oneself (or members of one's group) through the eyes of a critical, dominant group member

What is a legacy admissions candidate? How much more likely is it that legacy applicants will get accepted at places like Harvard or Yale?

A legacy scholar is a student who is given extra thought in the admission process due to the fact that they had a relative (mostly parents) attend the same university. It is mostly seen solely as a tie-breaking factor. More specifically, legacies are three times more likely to be given a spot than high school kids without a previous connection to the institution. In Yale, legacies are two and a half times more likely to be given a spot than non-legacies

What examples are given as to how people of Middle Eastern backgrounds try to "cover"

Association- one better performs white so they are perceived as white Appearance- manipulation of appearance (dying hair blonde) Affiliation- arabs who are jewish will use religion to identify both religion and ethnicity Activism- the fight to protect their civil rights

According to US Census in 2000 what % of the US population was immigrant. How does that compare with other countries, such as Canada or Sweden or Australia?

In the US- 32 million (11.5 of the population) Sweden- 11.8 Australia- 23.6 UNited kingdom- 4.2

Identity dev in stigmatized statuses

Involves an internalization of the cultures negative imagery (disparagement of others) Anger at dominant culture emerges, usually as the result of specific encounters with dicrimination Immersion stage- deep involvement in one's own culture (still sense of anger) Period of integration, as one stigmatized status becomes integrated with the other aspects of one's life rather than taking precedence over them.

Marked and Unmarked Statuses

Marked statuses is one identified as "special" in some way, for example, a blind musician or a woman doctor. Unmarked statuses, such as musician or doctor, do not have such qualifiers.

What kind of acculturative stress do young immigrants face?

Not only do they have to immigrate to new homes but they have to immigrate to new family structures. Many of the immigrate parents work long hours which makes them not be physically available for their child's needs. Some of the immigrant children parents face depression and anger also causing them to not be available to the needs of their children. Which leads the children to become depressed that draws them to the lure of alternative family structures such as gangs(commonly a risk for boys), and causing them to also be hyper responsible.

passing

Not revealing a stigmatized identity

stigmatized statuses pp

Oftentimes what stigmatized people say about their status is discounted precisely because they are stigmatized. The implication is that those who occupy a stigmatized status are somehow the least able to assess its consequences.

Experiences with statuses pp

Our experiences are tied to the social statuses we occupy. They are the filters through which we see & make sense of the world, & in large measure they account for how we are treated & what we notice. We are often unaware of the statuses that privilege us (i.e. provide us advantage), but much more aware of those that yield negative judgments & unfair treatment.

In this study what the researchers find is a central part of male identity development?

Pascoe finds that masculinity is being policed by accusations of being "gay". any time these teen boys acted in "feminine" ways they could be accused of being gay In this school there was a gay student that was an athlete and acted masculine - therefore he was not subject to being teased. But a student at the school that was gay and more feminine did receive a lot of taunting and bullying.

What key points to deficit theories neglect or overlook?

People are less likely to support authentic antipoverty policy and programs, if we convince ourselves that poverty results from gross inequalities. If we believe that poor people don't value education, then people are able to dodge any responsibilities they may have to redress the education inequalities. The deficit theory talks about how we ignore the fact that poor people suffer disproportionately the effects of social problems. They do not have access to health care, living-wage jobs, safe and affordable housing, clean air and water, and any conditions that limit their abilities to achieve their full potential.

How is compulsive masculinity tied to sexism, according to this author?

Proving manhood a man is proving his superiority to women by enduring distress that women supposedly cannot endure. The domination and degradation of women are a basic defense used to bolster mens vulnerability.

Complexities of Experiencing Privilege and Stigma

Stigma dosent always produce disadvantage: sometimes yeild benefit (reverse discrimination) Analyzing stigma and privilege separately risks ignoring that those with privilege are nevertheless affected by stigma, even though they are not themselves stigmatized. Every individual occupies several master statuses. Some stigma is so strong they can cancel out other privileges other statuses might provide Do not mistakenly connote priv and stigma as equivalent. Changes the course of a person's identity development

privledge

The advantages provided by some statuses we are likely unaware of statuses that are privilege because they provide us an advantage. (created by peggy mcintosh who looked at the overprivileged in white women and effects of "white privilege which makes life easier". White people are also no considered criminal which outcomes into racial profiling) usally invisible to those who present it Privileges in upper and middle class is higher education- which is absolutely critical to upward mobility

Entitlement

The belief that one has the right to respect, protection, reward, and other privileges

Discredited and Discreditable

The discredited are those who's stigma is known or apparent to others, The discreditable are those whose stigma is unknown or invisible to others, they are not yet discredited.

What is code-switching?

To move fluidly between languages and cultures- has obvious social advantages

Identity dev in non stigmatized statuses

Unquestioning acceptance of dominant group values One becomes aware of other stigmatization, often through an eye-opening encounter with discrimination. Such an experience may produce a commitment to social change. Involves integrating one's privilege status with all the other aspects of life, recognizing those in categorized stigmatized categorization as distinctive individuals rather than putting them in a category.

- Would those in other stigmatized statuses have experiences similar to French's?

all stigmatized statuses pass to deny thier race race pass so they are not attacked for thier race (dye their heair blonde) while french did it so people would not get mad or unconfortable

What is this culture of poverty concept or the deficit theory?

as suggesting that poor people are poor because of their own moral and intellectual deficiencies. Deficit theorists use two strategies for propagating the world. The first is drawing on well-established stereotypes, and the second is ignoring systemic conditions, such as inequitable access to high-quality schooling, that support the cycle of poverty.

What is the similarity and/or difference between legacy scholarships and affirmative action that may give racial and/or ethnic minorities preference in admissions decisions?

at harvard, legacy is about twice as likely to be admitted as black or hispanic student disadvantage not looking at high SAT scores many Americans feel this is ok! People do not get up and arms about "class advantage" because they hope that someday their own kids may benefit in the same way.

How is humor used by borderline blind individuals?

blindness gives extra sestivity to his other senses (powerful touch) uses it to reset internalized depression and cope woth problems in social settings

How are the terms fag and gay used by these teenagers? Do both genders use these terms as widely?

boys used the word "fag" to describe anything they believed was a feminized behavior or item. The girls rarely used the word out of context like the boys. black boys did not use the "gay" term to police each other, what they did is use the accusation of "acting white" to police certain behaviors.

According to this author why is it hard to identify as a feminist in society?

dont want to be judge/rejected by current social standards. there is a fear and prejudice aroumnd homosexulaity and femails dont want to overstep boundaries of the natural female qualities. dont want to be man hating or seem pushy or narrow minded when women refuse to submit, they are said they dont love men

What is the Eminem Exception?

dosent call people fag because of sexual orientation but because they are weak/ unmanly

Two privileges shape the experience of those nonstimatizes

entitlement and unmarked

What is the relationship imperative

every girl wants a guy to sweep them off their feet or even want a relationship, the impact results in women actively trying to avoid relationships all together. opportunities can be scares and should not be wasted

What are the challenges that folks that are legally blind but may not "look" or act blind face?

how are always asked how blind they are because hes borderline blind he he pretends to read newspaper so he does not have to communicate his disability

color blindness

is not really a strategy of politeness; rather it is a strategy of power evasion; since race, sex, sexual orientation, or disability clearly make a difference in people's lives, pretending not to see those statuses is a way to avoid noticing their effect.

-What are the ways that French and those around her conspire to deny that she is disabled?

learn to say she didnt see the rainbow even though she is partially blind form of passing in terms of diability learn to lie to adults to avoid others dicomfort. the adults in the story were able to cope with her and forced activities she could not complete she denied her disbility in the workplace and was forced herself to educate coworkers who did not seem to care and did not understnad

What argument is made by elite schools for creating special admissions policies or granting legacies more points in admission?

legacy students are being admitted for the sole reason that the schools believe that if they don't, their alums will stop donating money, eventually putting the institutions in a bad financial position. Due to this, children of previous alums are given priority so that parents will continue providing monetary support to the school.

How does class impact sexual relationships?

middle to upper class women tend to see college as their time to do things for themselves and devote their time to growing and developing into their own person, resulting in that they prefer the hookup culture and enjoy it because they do not have to give the time it takes to stay in a relationship, and they can experiencing sex without any relationships. less privledged women wanted to build realtionships and carees at the same time because they have less exposure to the notion of college and oppertunities

What is meant by compulsive masculinity?

need to relate to other men and prove his manhood. If he is not able to do so, it results in social or private perception that he is less than a man. The stress and distress caused by compulsive masculinity is split into 3 categories. 1) Physical pain 2) psychological danger in relation to manhood (crying in public or losing a contest), 3) women

According to this reading is cultural identity fixed or fluid? Why?

not fixed, it is imperfectly measured, is at variance with scientific principles, is often conflated with the concept of ethnicity and is under increasing scientific criticism and popular interrogation.Race can not be fixed, it can be deconstructed, but it cannot be dismissed.

What is the "pedestal effect"? Who gets to experience this?

privileged party reinforces their privilege by trying to be vulnerable or open-minded when in reality it only makes them look better. experienced by those who have inherent privilege attempt to empathize with those without and make themselves vulnerable but they will only be looked at as a person who has overcome a series of trials and is now in a good place again due to their privilege.

What does the term Middle East refer to

region of growing strategic importance in the emerging conflict pitting Britain and the United States against Germany and Russia". Regionally the term middle east refers to the country of Turkey to the Arabian-Peninsula and then from Iran to Egypt. The term "Middle East" however was not commonly used for a long time period up until the 1940's and 1950's when courts and the United States government used the term when discussing contracts, suits, and medals. The term was mostly used in the "Middle Eastern oil" discussions on numerous occasions. The term "Middle East" is used mostly for people that come from Turkey, Iran, and the Arab states.

where does pascoes fag study come from

river high

What assumptions about women's sexuality does this article encourage us to question?

sexual behavior, idenity, and desire are not highly incorrelated for women author explains a dichotomous definition of sexual orientation as being bipolar, with heterosexual women and lesbians as opposite constructs. Where bisexuality is not seen as its own category but either nonexistent or a transitional phase into being a lesbian continuous definitions of sexual orientation as a "multidimensional concept that varies in degree and intensity."

What was this study about? How was it conducted? What did they find

show the way people are discriminated based on the ethnicity of their names. names are inherently stereotypical and names elicit different treatment of individuals because of the associated expectation attached to them. Good, strong, and active are applied to in-group members, while bad, weak, and passive seemed to be characteristics of out-group members. Of the replies, 782 or 96% were an invitation to see the apartment. 34 or 4% of the replies were mentioning the apartment was already being rented and 299 or 27% of all outcomes did not receive a response at all

Why is identity formation so difficult for immigrant youth

spiraling pattern,- a stage of racial unawareness, to exploration, to a final achieved sense of racial or ethnic identity- change overtime difficult because it is contextually dependent and fluid In some cases the identity is highly focused on their culture of origin. In other cases the youth may come up with an identity that is opposite of their dominant culture. may also embrace total assimilation into mainstream American culture.

What is the self-development imperative?

taking the time in college to worry and develop themselves instead of a relationship. make relationship less feasible as the sole context for premarital sexuality

Erving Goffman Stigma Study

the discredited whose stigma is immediately apparent to the observer, and discreditable, whose stigma can be hidden.

Goal of Feminism

the main goal of feminist is to not be empowered by men To be a proper female to be feminine is to be disempowered. The reason males are in such opposition of feminism is because according to this reading, to be a man is to dominate women and feminists refuse to be empowered by men thus challenging a man's masculinity.

other messner study

the tendency for men doing feminist work to be elevated, listened to and rewarded more readily than women doing the same work—several of them said that when they are invited to another community to speak or to lead a workshop, they always try in advance of the visit to connect with women's shelters or rape crisis centers in that community. Instead of simply parachuting in, soaking up applause and cash for being an "expert" on sexual assault or DV, these men ask how they can use their visit to support or make visible the local work that's being done on the ground, most likely by women activists. I have taken this advice to heart, and I now do this when I am invited to talk about this research." An excellent way to be an ally!

stigma

there is the discredited( ones stigma is immediately apparent) and discreditable ( the term passing refers to "being in the closet" and revealing your stigma can change your interactions with others)

how do they pass come out?

they do not want to fall in the stigmatized statuses that blind poeple are "fools" so they come up with thoughtful/ creative ways to pass either way either asking for help (may not recive help) or ignore their diasbility (struggle to enjoy whats going on)

How do borderline blind folks avoid being stigmatized?

told to act like everyone else meaning overcoming thier impairment and going beyond social expectations

In this article they describe findings of a study done on what kind of college campus? Who are the subjects being studied?

undergraduate women with working class/middle class roots not much racial diversity we see how class impacts sexual behaviors gender beliefs limit womens control over the terms of interacting in a relationship overall, Women focused on self development saw college as a time to enrich their education and to get the most out of college and so a serious romantic relationship would get in the way. Women who focused on the relationship imperative saw college a perfect time to develop a serious relationship that would lead to marriage.