Smart Book Chapter 3
An intelligence quotient (IQ) of would be calculated if the person's mental age is the same as his or her chronological age.
100
Julissa is in Piaget's formal operational stage of thought. Of the following ages, she would most likely be ______ years old.
13
One study found that working memory capacity age to years of age predicted foreign language comprehension two years later.
9 to 10
Who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet
According to the dual-process model, decision making is influenced by which systems? (Select all that apply.)
Analytical Gist-based intuition
Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought?
Education Sociocultural context Language
What types of attention are recognized by psychologists depending on they way individuals focus their mental efforts?
Executive Sustained Selective Divided
True or false: A person's mental age is always the same as chronological age.
False
True or false: Preoperational thinkers have conservation skills.
False
True or false: Scientists have found that adolescents' brains undergo minimal structural changes.
False
True or false: Working memory is another term for short-term memory.
False
The effect is the worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame.
Flynn
Which of the following is an example of adolescents' tendency to think more logically during the formal operational stage?
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Adolescent egocentrism includes which of the following?
Imaginary audience Personal fable Risk taking
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Imaginative intelligence
Which of the following are possible causes of the rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world? (Select all that apply.)
Increasing levels of education attained by the world's population The greater amount of information to which people are exposed
What can an intelligence test identify?
Individual differences
Memory encompasses which systems?
Long-term memory Short-term memory Working memory
Which of the following statements about long-term memory is true?
Long-term memory increases substantially in the middle and late childhood years.
Improved critical thinking in adolescence includes which of the following skills? (Select all that apply.)
More content knowledge in a variety of domains Considering alternative strategies Increased information processing speed
______ are mental concepts or frameworks that help to organize and interpret information.
Schemas
thinking produces one correct answer.
convergent
Marcus is 3 years old. He is in Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
memory is like a mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.
working
Which of the following are important cognitive changes that occur during adolescence? (Select all that apply.)
Abstract thinking Critical thinking
______ is an important transitional period in the development of critical thinking.
Adolescence
Which of the following index is NOT part of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
Analytical Index
thinking produces many answers to the same questions.
Divergent
______ attention involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time, whereas ______ attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
Divided; sustained
Which statement about adolescent brain development is true?
During adolescence, the brain undergoes structural development.
Which four are among Gardner's proposed types of intelligences? (Select all that apply.)
Interpersonal Musical Visual-spatial Verbal-linguistic
The best known and widely discussed theory of adolescent cognitive development was that developed by the psychologist .
PIagat
In comparing and contrasting Piaget's theory to Vygotsky's theory, which of the following statements best describe their viewpoints? (Select all that apply.)
Piaget emphasized individual needs, and Vygotsky emphasized social interactions. Piaget and Vygotsky viewed teachers as guides of learning. Piaget's final stage of development is formal operational thought; Vygotsky proposed development is dependent on culturally specific tasks.
Match each concept on the right to the constructivist theory on the left that it belongs to.
Piaget's theory Piaget's theory answer drop zone Children organize and reorganize previous knowledge. correct toggle button unavailable Children organize and reorganize previous knowledge. Vygotsky's theory 2 of 2 Vygotsky's theory Vygotsky's theory answer drop zone Children organize knowledge through social interactions. correct toggle button unavailable Children organize knowledge through social interactions.
Metacognition involves which the following?
Planning Evaluation Self-regulation
Which of the following form part of executive attention?
Planning actions Allocating attention to goals Dealing with novel circumstances Monitoring progress on tasks
Troy is an architect. According to Gardner's theory, in which area of intelligence is Troy likely to score the highest?
Spatial
Which of the following assertions about the neuroconstructivist view are accurate? (Select all that apply.)
The brain is context dependent. Development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development. The brain has plasticity. Biological processes influence brain development.
Which model states that decision making is influenced by both analytical and gist-based cognitive systems, which compete against each other.
The fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model
Select all of the following that are involved in critical thinking.
Thinking reflectively Evaluating evidence Thinking productively
In Piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following?
Transforming and organizing
Identify which of the following are separate indexes included on the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?
Verbal Comprehension Processing Speed Working Memory
What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?
Zone of proximal development
Formal operational thought is more ______ than concrete operational thought.
abstract
Lauren's teacher notices that she is skilled at acquiring new information because of her ability to plan, consider alternatives, and construct new combinations of knowledge. Lauren is most likely in
adolescence.
Gayle has a heightened sense of self-consciousness, which is reflected in her belief that others are as interested in her as she is in herself. Gayle also has a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability. This example illustrates
adolescent egocentrism.
In _______, the schema does not change. In ______, the schema changes.
assimilation; accommodation
Cognitive control involves effective control of ______, reducing interfering thoughts and being cognitively flexible.
attention
refers to the concentration and focusing of mental effort.
attention
According to Piaget, adolescents are motivated to understand their world because doing so is
biologically adaptive.
According to Piaget, one way 17-year-old Jacklyn furthers her understanding of the world is
by adapting her thinking to include new ideas.
Information processing is influenced by both the and the of processing.
capacity, speed
involves effective control and flexible thinking in such areas as controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitive flexible.
cognitive control
When confronted with difficult decisions, Cam looks at his various options and alternatives and determines which decision best fits the situation. Cam is demonstrating
cognitive flexibility.
Capacity and speed of information processing are known as
cognitive resources.
According to Piaget's ______ stage, children are able to do mentally what earlier they did physically.
concrete operational
Piaget's third stage of cognitive development is called the stage.
concrete operational
refers to a characteristic of concrete operational thought in which a person recognizes that the weight and other properties of an object can stay the same even if the object's appearance changes.
conservation
According to Kuhn, by the time a child reaches adolescence there is ______ in cognitive functioning across individuals.
considerable variability
According to Vygotsky, the social approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions.
constructivist
Vygotsky's theory stresses the importance of sociocultural influences on development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate ______ factors in learning.
contextual
is the ability to think in novel ways and discover unique solutions to problems.
creativity
Frankie is admired by his teachers and classmates for his ability to discover unique solutions to problems. If Frankie doesn't understand something, he comes up with a novel solution. Frankie is demonstrating
creativity.
A criticism of Piaget's theory is that ______ have a larger effect on cognitive development than Piaget claimed.
culture and education
and exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget maintained.
culture, education
The ______ is the receiving part of the neuron, and the ______ carries information away from the cell body to other cells.
dendrite; axon
Adolescent is a word that describes the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.
egocentrism
Ryland is not a mindful adolescent. He is likely to
engage in automatic behavior.
According to Piaget, a shift in thought from one state to another is called .
equilibration
Seventeen-year-old Brandon experiences cognitive conflict as he attempts to understand certain aspects of the world, such as religion and politics. Eventually, Brandon resolves these conflicts. This example illustrates
equilibration.
Piaget argued that individuals move back and forth between states of cognitive and .
equilibrium and disequilibrium
In adolescence, functioning involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and exercise self-control.
executive
Wally is preparing a report on the Amazon rain forest. He has selected sources and set a time line for writing. When Wally realized that one of his sources was outdated, he found an updated source and corrected what he had written. Wally is demonstrating
executive attention.
involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and exercise self-control.
executive functioning
The neuroconstructivist view emphasizes the importance of interactions between and in the brain's development.
experiences and gene expression
Distractions that can interfere with attention in adolescence and emerging adulthood come from the __________ or ________ competing thoughts.
external environment; intrusive distractions from
operational thought includes an increase in abstract thinking.
formal
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development is called the ______ stage.
formal operational
- reasoning involves coming up with a theory, considering its implications, and testing it out.
hypothetical-deductive
A(n) ______ test aims to indicate whether a given student can reason better than others who have taken the same test.
intelligence
Alfred Binet developed the first test.
intelligence
quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
intelligence
- memory is a relatively permanent memory system
long term
The retention of information over time is defined as .
memory
age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.
mental
"Knowing about knowing" is also called
metacognition.
involves being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.
mindfulness
According to the _______ view, biological processes and environmental experiences influence the brain's development.
neuroconstructivist
are also called nerve cells.
neurons
Research reveals that the presence of (peers/siblings) in risk-taking situations increases the likelihood that adolescents will make risky decisions.
peers
Research suggests that the _______ plays a more important role in working memory in late adolescence than in early adolescence.
prefrontal cortex
The ______ plays an important role in the cognitive processes that underlie executive functioning.
prefrontal cortex
In the second stage of Piaget's theory, the stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
preoperational
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is the ______ stage.
preoperational
According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of development.
proximal
Critical thinking is thinking and evaluating evidence.
reflectively, productively
Piaget was especially interested in how children and adults use _______ to organize and make sense out of their current experiences.
schemas
Martin is able to focus on his mother's voice among many in a crowded room. Martin is demonstrating attention.
selective
- thoughts, such as worrying, self-doubt, and intense emotionally laden thoughts may especially interfere with focusing attention on thinking tasks.
self oriented
Having confidence is one's ability to adapt thinking to a particular situation is an aspect of -.
self-efficacy
Baby Zander is 8 months old. Zander is in Piaget's _______ stage of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
Piaget's ______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.
sensorimotor
In Piaget's stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions.
sensorimotor, second
The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called
the Flynn effect.
Adolescence is an important transitional period in the development of critical .
thinking
Robert Sternberg's ______ theory of intelligence claims that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
triarchic
According to Deanna Kuhn, young children attain largely ______ cognitive levels, whereas older children and adolescents approach cognitive levels that they _______ obtain.
universal; may or may not
Sixteen-year-old Ted is extremely upset because his girlfriend broke up with him. Ted is more likely to make a(n) ______ decision because of his emotions.
unwise
