Prenatal Development and Birth
what are the three ways that a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS
1) during gestation across the placenta 2)during the delivery through maternal blood or fluids 3) afterbirth through breast feeding
Babies born with HIV infected mothers can be three of what things
1) infected and symptomatic (show symptoms) 2) infected and not show symptoms (asymptomatic) 3) not infected
lack of proper nutrition has seen to be correlated with what five things
1) lower IQ scores 2) poorer school performance 3) slower language development 4) poor fine motor skills 5) behavioral problems
by the time babies are born they have approx. how many neurons in the brain
100 billion neurons or nerve cells
A few studies suggest that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder may have higher rates
Aboriginal studies
what is widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth
Apgar scale
a measure that is used in the first month of life to asses the new born neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects is
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale
where was thalidomide accepted
Canada, England but not that USA
what occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum in the females fallopian tube in a process called fertilization
Conception
what is considered to be teratogens
Environmental toxins Maternal characteristics Diseases and disorders of the mother Legal and illegal drugs
who was the French obstetrician that developed a similar methods to natural childbirth
Ferdinand Lamaze
the term used to describe a range of neuropsychological and behavioral deficits that can appear in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
what is considered to be the leading non - genetic cause of intellectual disability in North America
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
what are some diseases that can cause prenatal defects if mother has it
Rubella (deafness, blindness, cognitive problems, cardiac disorders, death) syphilis ( blindness, cognitive problems, physical abnormalities genital herpes AIDS (death, neurological impairments, defects in physical and mental development and microcephaly
both prescription and non prescription drugs can have effects on the embryo or fetus True or False
True
what are the life support systems for the embryo
amnion, umbilical cord and placenta
what are the three basic kinds of drugs that are used during labor and what do they do
analgesia -> relieve pain include tranquilizers, barbiturates and narcotics anaesthesia -> block sensation in an area of the body or block consciousness oxycotin -> synthetic hormone used to stimulate contractions
two birth defects related to failure of the neural tube (Nervous system) is
anencephaly and spina bifida
the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first to emerge from the vagina is called
breech position
removal of the baby from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen is
caesarean delivery
psychoactive drugs that are harmful to the fetus or embryo are
caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroin
non prescription drugs that can be harmful are
diet pills and high dosages of aspirin
a caregiver who provides non - clinical physical, emotional and educational support for mother before and during birth is called a
doula
mothers who are older than 35 may be at risk for having a baby with what disease
down syndrome
the nervous system develops out of
ectoderm
what is common for mothers in the postpartum period
emotional fluctuations
what do the three layers of cells of embryo do
endoderm -> produces internal body parts mesoderm -> produces parts that surround the internal areas ectoderm -> produces surface parts
the most common anaesthesia used in birth is
epidural
those babies born before the 28th week of pregnancy are called
extremely preterm infants
typical prenatal development begins with that and ends with what
fertilization and ends with birth
one aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the consumption of
folic acid (a B- complex vitamin)
the effect of teratogen is greatest on organ during the period when the organ is
forming
what is another thing that can pose risk to prenatal development other than drugs
incompatible blood types
what does the Apgar scale evaluate
infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body colour and reflex irritability
the process by which the uterus returns to its pre pregnant size five or six week after birth is called
involution
a developing embryo depends completely on
its mother for nutrition (comes from mothers blood)
two increasingly interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit are
kangaroo care and massage therapy
what are three related conditions that pose threats to many new born
low birth weight infant, preterm infants, small for date infants
infant that weights less than 2.4 kilograms at birth is a
low birth weight infants
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug once prescribed during pregnancy to prevent
miscarriages or premature deliveries.
In the 1960s women were given thalidomide to minimize what
morning sickness
what methods is used to attempt to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery
natural childbirth
What is the scale that provides assessment of the at risk newborns behavior, neurological, and stress response and regulatory capacities is
neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale
the generation of new neurons is called
neurogenesis
the involvement of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels structures, and regions of the brain is
neuronal migration
nerve cells that handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain is
neurons
about two - three days after birth mothers begin to feel depress, anxious and upset is called
postpartum blues
characteristics of women who have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety or despair that they have trouble coping with daily task during the postpartum period this is called
postpartum depression
the period after the childbirth when the mother adjusts physically, emotionally, and psychologically to the process of childbirth. This period lasts about six weeks or until mothers body has completed its adjustment and to a near pre pregnant stage is called
postpartum period
developed by Ferdinand Lamaze, this childbirth strategy is similar to natural childbirth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stage of labor and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course is
prepared childbirth
those born before the completion of 37 week of gestation (time bt fertilization and birth ) is called
preterm infants
drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods are
psychoactive drugs
environmental hazards that can endanger the embryo or fetus include
radiation, toxic waste, and other chemical pollutants
As early as how many months can the fetus for the first time have a chance of surviving outside the womb
six months
infants that have birth weights that are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered is
small for date infants
the process in which connections between the neurons begin to occur is called
synaptogenesis
any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcome is called
teratogen (comes from the greek word monster)
the field of study that investigates birth defects is called
teratology
the basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during which trimester
the third
the dose, the genetic susceptibility and what can influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo or fetus
the time of exposure to a particular teratogen
it seems that mothers nutrition is extremely important during which trimester
third
in 36 weeks embryo is ready to come out and the embryo is covered by what
vernix -> protect baby skin from exposure of the amniotic fluid lanugo -> fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.
those babies born before 33 weeks of gestational age are
very preterm infants