Prenatal Development and Birth

what are the three ways that a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS

1) during gestation across the placenta 2)during the delivery through maternal blood or fluids 3) afterbirth through breast feeding

Babies born with HIV infected mothers can be three of what things

1) infected and symptomatic (show symptoms) 2) infected and not show symptoms (asymptomatic) 3) not infected

lack of proper nutrition has seen to be correlated with what five things

1) lower IQ scores 2) poorer school performance 3) slower language development 4) poor fine motor skills 5) behavioral problems

by the time babies are born they have approx. how many neurons in the brain

100 billion neurons or nerve cells

A few studies suggest that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder may have higher rates

Aboriginal studies

what is widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth

Apgar scale

a measure that is used in the first month of life to asses the new born neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects is

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale

where was thalidomide accepted

Canada, England but not that USA

what occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum in the females fallopian tube in a process called fertilization

Conception

what is considered to be teratogens

Environmental toxins Maternal characteristics Diseases and disorders of the mother Legal and illegal drugs

who was the French obstetrician that developed a similar methods to natural childbirth

Ferdinand Lamaze

the term used to describe a range of neuropsychological and behavioral deficits that can appear in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

what is considered to be the leading non - genetic cause of intellectual disability in North America

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

what are some diseases that can cause prenatal defects if mother has it

Rubella (deafness, blindness, cognitive problems, cardiac disorders, death) syphilis ( blindness, cognitive problems, physical abnormalities genital herpes AIDS (death, neurological impairments, defects in physical and mental development and microcephaly

both prescription and non prescription drugs can have effects on the embryo or fetus True or False

True

what are the life support systems for the embryo

amnion, umbilical cord and placenta

what are the three basic kinds of drugs that are used during labor and what do they do

analgesia -> relieve pain include tranquilizers, barbiturates and narcotics anaesthesia -> block sensation in an area of the body or block consciousness oxycotin -> synthetic hormone used to stimulate contractions

two birth defects related to failure of the neural tube (Nervous system) is

anencephaly and spina bifida

the baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the first to emerge from the vagina is called

breech position

removal of the baby from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen is

caesarean delivery

psychoactive drugs that are harmful to the fetus or embryo are

caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, heroin

non prescription drugs that can be harmful are

diet pills and high dosages of aspirin

a caregiver who provides non - clinical physical, emotional and educational support for mother before and during birth is called a

doula

mothers who are older than 35 may be at risk for having a baby with what disease

down syndrome

the nervous system develops out of

ectoderm

what is common for mothers in the postpartum period

emotional fluctuations

what do the three layers of cells of embryo do

endoderm -> produces internal body parts mesoderm -> produces parts that surround the internal areas ectoderm -> produces surface parts

the most common anaesthesia used in birth is

epidural

those babies born before the 28th week of pregnancy are called

extremely preterm infants

typical prenatal development begins with that and ends with what

fertilization and ends with birth

one aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the consumption of

folic acid (a B- complex vitamin)

the effect of teratogen is greatest on organ during the period when the organ is

forming

what is another thing that can pose risk to prenatal development other than drugs

incompatible blood types

what does the Apgar scale evaluate

infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body colour and reflex irritability

the process by which the uterus returns to its pre pregnant size five or six week after birth is called

involution

a developing embryo depends completely on

its mother for nutrition (comes from mothers blood)

two increasingly interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit are

kangaroo care and massage therapy

what are three related conditions that pose threats to many new born

low birth weight infant, preterm infants, small for date infants

infant that weights less than 2.4 kilograms at birth is a

low birth weight infants

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a drug once prescribed during pregnancy to prevent

miscarriages or premature deliveries.

In the 1960s women were given thalidomide to minimize what

morning sickness

what methods is used to attempt to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear through education about childbirth and relaxation techniques during delivery

natural childbirth

What is the scale that provides assessment of the at risk newborns behavior, neurological, and stress response and regulatory capacities is

neonatal intensive care unit network neurobehavioral scale

the generation of new neurons is called

neurogenesis

the involvement of cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels structures, and regions of the brain is

neuronal migration

nerve cells that handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain is

neurons

about two - three days after birth mothers begin to feel depress, anxious and upset is called

postpartum blues

characteristics of women who have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety or despair that they have trouble coping with daily task during the postpartum period this is called

postpartum depression

the period after the childbirth when the mother adjusts physically, emotionally, and psychologically to the process of childbirth. This period lasts about six weeks or until mothers body has completed its adjustment and to a near pre pregnant stage is called

postpartum period

developed by Ferdinand Lamaze, this childbirth strategy is similar to natural childbirth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stage of labor and a more detailed anatomy and physiology course is

prepared childbirth

those born before the completion of 37 week of gestation (time bt fertilization and birth ) is called

preterm infants

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods are

psychoactive drugs

environmental hazards that can endanger the embryo or fetus include

radiation, toxic waste, and other chemical pollutants

As early as how many months can the fetus for the first time have a chance of surviving outside the womb

six months

infants that have birth weights that are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered is

small for date infants

the process in which connections between the neurons begin to occur is called

synaptogenesis

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcome is called

teratogen (comes from the greek word monster)

the field of study that investigates birth defects is called

teratology

the basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during which trimester

the third

the dose, the genetic susceptibility and what can influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo or fetus

the time of exposure to a particular teratogen

it seems that mothers nutrition is extremely important during which trimester

third

in 36 weeks embryo is ready to come out and the embryo is covered by what

vernix -> protect baby skin from exposure of the amniotic fluid lanugo -> fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.

those babies born before 33 weeks of gestational age are

very preterm infants