Prenatal developmental
The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable _______ , months after conception.
3
When during the pregnancy does neurogenesis occur?
From about the fifth week onward
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
caffeine marijuana nicotine alcohol
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the ______ period.
embryonic
The ______period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division and implantation.
germinal
Which of these is are strategies for minimizing the impact of maternal obesity on a pregnancy?
increased exercise prior to pregnancy weight loss prior to pregnancy limiting gestational weight gain
In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.
it occurs earlier in the pregnancy
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is performed to assess the baby's ______ competence.
neurological
The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximately which week following conception?
1
The highest possible score on the Apgar Scale is
10
Very preterm infants are those born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age, while extremely preterm infants are those born at less than __________weeks of gestational age.
28
There are ________layers of cells within the embryo.
3
Which of the following prescription drugs can function as a teratogen?
Acne medications Synthetic estrogen Antibiotics
According to research about the possible effects of maternal stress and depression during pregnancy, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Across the nine months of pregnancy, the risk of a preterm birth was highest when maternal stress occurred during the first month.
______ is sometimes used in late first-stage labor and during delivery in order to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.
Anesthesia
________, which begins the week after conception, is the specialization of cells.
Cell differentiation
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include which of the following?
Chemical pollutants Toxic waste Radiation
Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?
Comprehensive educational services Nutritional services Social services
Which of the following issues in newborns have been linked to maternal diabetes?
Diabetes in offspring Physical defects
True or false: Research has concluded that the offspring of diabetic mothers are NOT at risk for diabetes.
False
______ is a B-complex vitamin that is important for normal prenatal development.
Folic acid
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following? Select all that apply:
Impaired motor development Deficits in behavioral self-regulation Impaired language development
What factors have contributed to the increase in preterm infants in the United States?
Increasing numbers of births to women 35 years and older Increased substance abuse Increasing rates of multiple births
Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?
It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment. It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
______ helps preterm infants stabilize their breathing, temperature, and heartbeat through close physical contact.
Kangaroo care
Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?
Lamaze
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following?
Lower intelligence Stillbirth
Which test was specifically designed to assess neurological and stress responses in at-risk infants?
Neonatal Intensive Care Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
The creation of new neurons is called_____
Neurogenesis
Which of the following issues in newborns have been linked to maternal diabetes?
Physical defects Diabetes in offspring
A synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions is__________
Pitocin
________drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Psychoactive
The ______ can result in blood-type incompatibility that can endanger the fetus.
Rh factor
______ is an arrangement by which the newborn stays with its mother most of the time during the hospital stay.
Rooming-in
______ molecules can typically cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus, while ______ molecules cannot.
Small; large
Pollution has made many fish a risky choice for pregnant women. Which of the following may contain especially high levels of mercury and should be avoided?
Swordfish Shark
Which of the following statements about the effects of maternal disease during pregnancy is NOT TRUE?
Syphilis is particularly dangerous in the first two months after conception.
Which of the following is true of the second stage of birth?
The baby's head moves through the birth canal.
Which of the following are typical of childbirth in the US? Select all that apply:
The birth occurs in a hospital. Fathers remain with mothers during labor and delivery.
Which of the following are true statements about the first stage of birth? Select all that apply:
The cervix dilates to approximately 10 cm. Contractions become more frequent and intense.
When a pregnant woman experiences intense stress, which of the following may occur?
The pregnant woman is likelier to engage in unhealthy behavior. Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus.
Regarding paternal risk factors, which of the following statements are true?
There is an increased risk of spontaneous abortion in offspring of older fathers. If a father smokes while the mother is pregnant, there is an increased risk for early pregnancy loss. Older fathers appear to have an increased risk of having children with autism.
True or false: HIV can be transmitted through breast feeding.
True
True or false: The exposure of fathers to certain environmental agents can affect their offspring.
True
What are the guidelines involving X-rays during pregnancy?
X-rays are generally considered safe, as long as the abdomen is protected.
A breech birth occurs when
a baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina.
A recent study showed that higher support by fathers was related to ______.
a lower rate of postpartum depression
General anesthesia is not usually used in normal births because it
can affect the fetus.
In the germinal period, the zygote undergoes rapid ________, division.
cell
Analgesia is used to ______ labor.
relieve pain during
A lack of folic acid is associated with increased risk of
spina bifida.
When a mother reaches 40, the probability that her baby will have Down syndrome is slightly over 1 in ______.
100
During the last _________ , months of prenatal development, fatty tissues develop and the functioning of various organ systems steps up.
2
The embryonic period occurs from _______weeks to eight weeks after conception.
2
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)
3
Very preterm infants are those born at less than ____________weeks of gestational age, while extremely preterm infants are those born at less than 28 weeks of gestational age.
33
Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks?
38 to 40
Kiley has just felt a quick flutter feeling from her baby's movements. This information tells us that Kiley would probably be in her ______ month of her pregnancy.
4
The span between conception and birth usually lasts 38 to______weeks.
40
In 2013, about _____ of babies in the U.S. were cesarean deliveries.
40%
What is the greatest weight at which an infant is considered to have low birth weight?
5.5 pounds
Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?
50 percent
Before the ______ month of pregnancy, a fetus is unlikely to survive outside the womb.
6th
In 2017 in the United States, only ______ of women who delivered a baby were attended by a midwife.
8%
Which of the following statements are true of a doula?
A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. A doula is a caregiver.
Regarding the periods of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true?
The germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods all begin during the first trimester.
All of the following are likely to occur to the the mother in the postpartum period, EXCEPT ______.
a steep rise in dopamine production
In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the ______
afterbirth
The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the ______.
amnion
The developing embryo floats in the ________, which resembles a bag or an envelope and contains a clear fluid.
amniotic sac
Anesthesia, oxytocin, and__________are the three main kinds of drugs used when a woman is in labor.
analgesia
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.
analgesics
When the highest regions of the brain fail to develop due to the lack of closure of the neural tube, _______ may develop resulting in infant death.
anencephaly
Research indicates that high doses of what nonprescription drug can contribute to fetal bleeding?
aspirin
Infants who are preterm and/or low birth weight are at risk for _____
asthma autism spectrum disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns ______.
at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
Infants whose mothers are addicted to heroin show several ______ difficulties at birth.
behavioral
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the________
blastocyst
Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells called the _____
blastocyst
the formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as ________
bonding
In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as
bonding.
In a ______ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.
cesarean
In ______, doctors remove the baby surgically from the mother's uterus.
cesarean delivery
Which of the following substances can cross the placenta between the mother and the embryo or fetus? Select all that apply:
cortisol oxygen
Which of the following are complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy? Select all that apply:
depression hypertension diabetes
A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a
doula.
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.
drank alcohol
Which of the following are risk factors for low birth weight?
drug usage mother is very young improved reproductive technology poor nutrition
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the ______.
ectoderm
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the_______
ectoderm
After the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as the ______.
embryo
Between two and eight weeks post-conception, the developing mass of cells is called a(n) _________.
embryo
Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, it is called a(n) ________.
embryo
two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception
embryo
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?
embryonic
The period that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception is known as the ______.
embryonic period
The ______ is the inner layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems.
endoderm
The lower layer of embryonic cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the_______
endoderm
The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT
euphoria
The use of ______ during pregnancy can help to condition the body, avoid depression, decrease weight gain, and improve the mother's mental state.
exercise
True or false: Newborns must have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop optimally.
false
The prenatal period that lasts about seven months in typical pregnancies, beginning two months after conception, is the ______period.
fetal
Which prenatal period lasts about seven months?
fetal
Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?
fetal germinal embryonic
Women who are pregnant at age 35 or older are at an elevated risk of having a pregnancy with which of the following complications?
fetal death preterm birth
two months post-conception to birth matches
fetus
During the ______ month of the pregnancy the mother will typically first feel the baby move.
fourth
The ______ period of prenatal development takes place in the first two weeks after conception.
germinal
The _______ period is the first period of prenatal development, when the egg is fertilized and cell division takes place.
germinal
Which of the following is NOT one of the three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns?
having a high Apgar score
Which of the following are complications associated with maternal obesity during pregnancy? Select all that apply:
hypertension diabetes depression
Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place
implantation
Approximately 11 to 15 days after conception, ______ takes place.
implantation
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as ______.
implantation
Which of the following are benefits of massage for infants who are preterm?
improved hearing and speech better weight gain shorter hospital stays
__________care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.
kangaroo
Which of the following are risk factors for postpartum depression?
lack of social support low relationship satisfaction low self-esteem
High maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked with a higher risk of having a child with which of the following issues
language delay cognitive issues ADHD emotional problems
Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?
learning problems heart problems facial deformities
Megan is pregnant and exercising on a regular basis. Megan knows exercise will help her _______.
lessen weight gain avoid depression prevent constipation
The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others.
longer
Amy is a sixteen-year-old expecting mother. Amy lives at poverty level with her family, nutrition is poor and she has admitted to using drugs during her pregnancy. Amy is at risk of delivering a _________birth weight baby.
low
Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.
low birth weight
Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy?
low birth weight babies born small for gestational age
he three related conditions that pose threats to many newborns are _________ birth weight, __________birth, and being small for ___________infants.
low, premature, or date
Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.
lower intelligence
Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?
marital conflict stress levels decision making
Physicians recommend that pregnant women avoid certain fish, such as swordfish and king mackerel, because they contain high levels of______
mercury
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the ______.
mesoderm
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the______
mesoderm
A ______ is a medical professional who is not a physician, but provides care to pregnant women and new mothers.
midwife
During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid ______.
mitosis
Methods of _______ childbirth involve reducing the mother's pain by instructing her in the use of breathing and relaxation techniques.
natural
Approximately 6-24 weeks after conception, cells move to different parts of the body in order to create different brain structures. This process is called ______.
neural migration
Individual nerve cells known as ________ are involved in information processing at the cellular level in the brain.
neurons
Nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as______
neurons
What can the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) be used to assess?
newborn's reflexes newborn's reaction to people and objects newborn's neurological development
According to the U.S. surgeon general,
no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
The recent increase in home births in the US has occurred mostly among ______.
non-Latino White women
The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as ________
organogenesis
The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as_______
organogenesis
Used to stimulate contractions, Pitocin is the most commonly used synthetic form of the hormone
oxytocin.
Which are drugs that may be used for labor?
oxytocin/Pitocin analgesia anesthesia
If the baby is in a breech position, the doctor will often
perform a cesarean delivery.
.The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.
placenta
The ________ is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and offspring that intertwine but don't join.
placenta
The ________is a life-support system that consists of blood vessels from the mother and offspring that intertwine but don't join.
placenta
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the ______.
placenta
Some women develop ________, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.
postpartum
The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).
postpartum
The weeks after childbirth are referred to as the _________period, which lasts about six weeks
postpartum
Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term are called ________ , infants.
premature
The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as
prepared childbirth.
Which term best describes infants that are born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term?
preterm
The administration of _______ has been shown to help reduce preterm births in mothers with a history of one or more spontaneous births.
progestin
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with
reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.
The synthetic hormone progestin has been found to be helpful for ______.
reducing the odds of preterm birth
Which of the following treatments are proven to be effective in treating postpartum depression?
regular exercise psychotherapy antidepressants
CenteringPregnancy is a ______-centered program that provides prenatal care in group settings.
relationship
Breech births can cause ______.
respiratory problems
Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy? Select all that apply:
respiratory problems sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) ADHD low birth weight
When the baby remains in the mother's room most of the time during its hospital stay, it is known as a __________-__________arrangement.
rooming, in
Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes ______ for manageable conditions and treatable diseases.
screening
During the _______stage of birth (which is called the "descent and emergence of the baby" stage), the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45-60 minutes.
second
Newborn Amanda gets a total score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals ______.
she is in a state of emergency, and she may not survive
Infants exposed to heroin during prenatal development exhibit all of the following problems, EXCEPT ______.
sickle-cell anemia
When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called _____ infants.
small for date
Which term best describes infants whose birth weight is below normal, compared to what would be expected given their gestational age?
small for date
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and fetal and neonatal deaths are more common among the offspring of mothers who ________during pregnancy.
smoke
Which are birth defects related to the failure of the neural tube to close?
spina bifida anencephaly
Which of the following are benefits of kangaroo care for infants who are preterm?
stabilizing the baby's heartbeat and breathing better sleep patterns better weight gain
Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?
stress levels decision making marital conflict
Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period? Select all that apply:
support systems for cells begin to form organs begin to appear
__________is a sexually transmitted infection that is more damaging later in prenatal development and can cause skin lesions and eye lesions that can result in blindness
syphllis
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive, behavioral or physical outcomes is a(n)_______.
teratogen
Any agent that can potentially cause cognitive, behavioral or physical harm to the developing embryo or fetus is a(n) ______
teratogen
The difference between the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) is that the NNNS was developed specifically to assess
the "at-risk" infant.
More cesarean sections are performed in ______ than in any other country in the world.
the United States
Early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit when
the mother is from disadvantaged circumstances the infant is preterm the mother is a teenager
germinal period
the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception
The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ______ stage of birth.
third
What are ways that a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/AIDS?
through breastfeeding across the placental barrier during delivery
Which are the natural childbirth methods that attempt to reduce the mother's pain?
through education with relaxation techniques
The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.
time
Prenatal development can be described in terms of equal three-month time periods called____
trimester
The outer layer of cells that eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the ______.
trophoblast
The outer layer of cells around the embryo (which will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo) is called the_______
trophoblast or blastocyst
True or false: Cognitive therapy has proven to be especially effective in the treatment of postpartum depression.
true
True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.
true
True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.
true
True or false: Incompatibility between the mother's and father's blood types may pose a risk to prenatal development.
true
True or false: The United States has seen an increase in preterm live births due in part to drugs, high levels of stress, multiple births, and improved technology.
true
Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last ______ of pregnancy.
two months
Consisting of two arteries and one vein, the _______ _______connects the baby to the placenta.
umbilical cord
The fertilized egg is called the ______.
zygote
conception to two weeks post-conception
zygote