PrepU Chapter 2
Which type of quantitative research will examine cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables? Experimental Correlational Descriptive Quasi-experimental
Quasi-experimental Quasi-experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables. Descriptive research explores and describes events in real-life situations. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions, often in a laboratory setting.
When describing how to formulate a hypothesis, which item would a nurse researcher identify as the focus of the study? Variables Testability Outcome Evidence-based practice
Variables Variables, or the properties that vary from each other, are the focus of the study. It is these variables that are evaluated to arrive at the outcome. A research problem must be testable — that is, measured by qualitative or quantitative methods. However, testability is not the focus of the hypothesis. Evidence-based practice is the outcome of translational research, the bridge between theory and practice.
One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to: determine outcomes for clients. generate knowledge to guide practice. quantify outcomes related to clients. prevent further disease and death.
generate knowledge to guide practice. One of the major reasons for conducting nursing research is to generate knowledge to guide practice. The other answers pertain to other aspects of nursing practice but not to nursing research.
Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge? Philosophy knowledge Authoritative knowledge Traditional knowledge Scientific knowledge
Authoritative knowledge Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert or someone who has perceived experience. Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to another, and scientific knowledge is provided by way of the scientific method. Philosophy is a specific type of knowledge, not a source.
A group of objects with relationships is which? Theory Inductive reasoning Concept Deductive reasoning
Concept A concept is a group of abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development, as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.
An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which? Theory Concept Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning
Concept Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.
A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? Philosophical knowledge Scientific knowledge Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge
Scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge is derived through the scientific method. Research is conducted according to the scientific method; therefore, the information would be based on scientific knowledge. Authoritative knowledge is gleaned from an expert based on their perceived expertise. Traditional knowledge is known as knowledge that is passed down from one generation to the next. Philosophy is the study of wisdom and one's perceptions of life.
A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client.
Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. According to Dorothea Orem's theory, the role of the nurse is to facilitate self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. Arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietitian facilitates self-care because the nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.
What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice? Client-focused care Theoretical writing Evidence-based research Case management
Evidence-based research Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice. Theoretical writing focuses on theory. Client-focused care and case management are focused on practice.
Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice? Client-focused care Evidence-based research Theory development Case management
Evidence-based research Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice. Theory development is how desirable change in society is best achieved. Client-focused care is care provided to a client that maintains the client as a functional component of healthcare team. Case management is when care is provided to an individual client by a healthcare provider.
The evolution of nursing research has significant markers in time. Place the following events in the correct order. Nursing research was deemed to be increasingly important, and research was utilized for the development of nursing practice standards. Florence Nightingale kept records while caring for victims of the Crimean War. The National Institute for Nursing Research funded research for the scientific basis for client care. Clinical research became the emphasis of nursing research resulting in procedures for primary client care, such as vital signs and treatments.
Florence Nightingale kept records while caring for victims of the Crimean War. Nursing research was deemed to be increasingly important, and research was utilized for the development of nursing practice standards. Clinical research became the emphasis of nursing research resulting in procedures for primary client care, such as vital signs and treatments. The National Institute for Nursing Research funded research for the scientific basis for client care. Nursing research began with Florence Nightingale, as she kept records of client care with Crimean War victims. In the 1950s and 1960s, nursing research was seen as more important and was utilized to develop nursing practice standards. In the 1970s and 1980s, clinical research was emphasized, and in 1993 the National Institute for Nursing Research was founded providing funding for nursing research.
Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave? Developmental theory General systems theory Nursing theory Adaptation theory
General systems theory General systems theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in "systems." Nursing theory attempts to describe, explain, predict, and control desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable.
What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? Nurses now have to take part in research. Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care. Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care.
Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. The facilitation of EBP involves identifying and evaluating current literature and research, as well as incorporating the findings into client care as a means of ensuring quality care. The other answers are incorrect; they were used even before EBP became a major force in the delivery of nursing care.
A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"? P I C O
P When using PICO, the "P" stands for the patient or problem and its delineation. The "I" signifies the intervention considered; "C" denotes comparison if appropriate, or it may be optional; and "O" represents the outcome of interest or relevant outcomes.
A nurse is to participate as part of a team involved in nursing research and will be following the steps of the nursing research process. Place the steps below in the order in which the nurse and team will complete the process. Identify the research design. Review the scientific literature. Identify the theoretical framework. Identify the problem area. Formulate the problem statement. Develop the proposed research question.
Identify the problem area. Review the scientific literature. Identify the theoretical framework. Formulate the problem statement. Develop the proposed research question. Identify the research design. The research process follows these steps: problem area identification, review of scientific literature, theoretical framework, formulation of the problem statement, proposed research question or hypotheses, and data management-research design.
A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate? Research design Dependent variable Data analysis Independent variable
Independent variable An independent variable has the presumed effect on the dependent variable. It may be manipulated if the researcher is doing an experimental study; in a nonexperimental study, it is assumed to have occurred naturally before or during the study. The dependent variable is what you believe might be influenced or modified by the independent variable, or is the consequence or presumed effect that varies as changes occur in the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one that the researcher is interested in understanding and explaining. The research design is the overall plan for the collection and analysis of data. Data analysis involves evaluating the raw form of the information in an orderly, planned manner.
A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity. Counsel client on methods to adapt to current state to reduce stress. Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. Monitor therapeutic interventions in the client's home.
Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. According to Orem's Self-Care Model, a nurse assists clients with self-care to improve or to maintain health, as well as to progressively maximize self-care potential. Helping a client find appropriate support at home demonstrates this theory. The other options do not demonstrate this model.
A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? Applied research Qualitative research Basic research Quantitative research
Quantitative research Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data. Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study. Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data rather than numbers.
Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study? Undergoing the informed consent process with the client Obtaining the client's signature on a permission document Meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB) Giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study
Undergoing the informed consent process with the client Informed consent is a process in which the details of the study and the client's rights are explained and discussed in detail. This goes beyond simply obtaining the client's signature or allowing the client to ask questions. Meeting with the IRB is a necessary step in the research process but does not directly affect the client's understanding of risks and benefits.
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: care based on pathophysiologic factors. use of outcome studies to guide decisions. cost efficiency of treatment models. evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas.
use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions. The other answers do not represent the primary emphasis of evidence-based care but represent other approaches (specialty or expert knowledge, traditional medical model, and economic concerns).
Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: cost efficiency of treatment models. use of outcome studies to guide decisions. care based on pathophysiologic factors. evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas.
use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions. The other answers do not represent the primary emphasis of evidence-based care but represent other approaches (specialty or expert knowledge, traditional medical model, and economic concerns).
Which is not an example of a problem statement? "Is there a relationship between diet soda intake and obesity in adolescent boys?" "Is it better to tell clients that a medical error has occurred with their care and do an internal investigation, or tell them about the error and do an internal investigation?" "What is it like for teens with cystic fibrosis to experience a lung transplant that fails?" "In clients with stage II pressure injuries, does screening for and treating diagnosed depression decrease healing time?"
"Is it better to tell clients that a medical error has occurred with their care and do an internal investigation, or tell them about the error and do an internal investigation?" The problem statement that is incorrect is redundant and unclear. A problem statement identifies the direction that a research project will take. It should be introduced at the beginning of a research project and include a population to be studied, as well as express a relationship between two or more variables. A problem statement that contains a judgment or that is asking about ethics, morals, or values is not amenable to the research process.
A nurse is reading a research article from a nursing journal. The nurse is aware that the opening paragraph summarizing the article and the research findings is a good place to start. What part of the article is the nurse reading? Review of the literature Conclusions Results Abstract
Abstract The abstract is located at the beginning of the article. It summarizes the entire article and usually provides the purpose of the study; a description of the subjects, data collection, and data analysis; and a summary of important findings. The review of literature discusses relevant studies that have been conducted in the area of this study, and it is included in the introduction. The results are the findings of the study and are often presented both in words and charts, tables, or graphs. The conclusions are the discussions of the results and suggestions for further study.
A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? Weight loss Chromium supplements Overweight clients No supplements
Chromium supplements In this question, the intervention (I) would be the use of chromium supplements. The population (P) would be overweight clients. The comparison (C) would be no supplements. The outcome (O) would be weight loss. The T is for time, which is not reflected in this scenario.
A parent has brought a 6-year-old child into the clinic. The parent is concerned that the child does not seem to skip as well as the other children in the child's class. In planning assessments and care for this child, the nurse would be best served by choosing which theory as a foundation for decision making? Developmental theory General systems theory Adaptation theory Maslow's theory
Developmental theory Developmental theory is concerned with growth and development across the lifespan and would provide a foundation for assessment and care of this child. None of the other theories listed is concerned with the maturation of the child.
Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research? Prevention of trauma Promotion of recovery Health appraisal Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism Drug metabolism is an example of a focus of medical research. Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care such as health appraisal, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, and coordination of health care (Gortner, 1975).
When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? Appraising evidence Formulating a clinical question Evaluating practice change Searching the literature
Evaluating practice change The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step.
Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? Dorothea Orem Florence Nightingale Sister Callista Roy Lydia Hall
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale conceptualized the nurse's role as manipulating the environment to facilitate and encourage the reparative process. This would be accomplished by attending to ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise. Sister Callista Roy, CSJ is an American nun, nursing theorist, professor and author. She is known for creating the adaptation model of nursing. Dorothea Orem was a nursing theorist and creator of the self-care deficit nursing theory, also known as the Orem model of nursing. Lydia Hall was a pioneer in nursing autonomy and nurse-driven care.
A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding? National Institute of Nursing Research National Institutes of Health ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research Institute of Medicine
National Institute of Nursing Research The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), which was established under the National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing research and is instrumental in the support and dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing priorities for nursing research.
Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized. Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation. Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care.
Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research expands knowledge to learn improved ways to promote and maintain health. The other answers are incorrect because they are not the primary purpose of nursing research.
Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice? Developmental theory Systems theory Adaptation theory Nursing theory
Nursing theory Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages.
Which is most similar to a nursing model? Adaptation Proposition Nursing construct Nursing theory
Nursing theory The nursing model or theory acts as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables, thus supporting nursing care. Nursing models and nursing theories are largely synonymous. This is not the case with constructs or propositions. Adaptations are not similar to nursing models.
A nurse researcher is studying female clients who have survived breast cancer. The nurse asks each client to describe her experience and then analyzes the data for the meaning of the experience within each person's own reality. This nurse has used what type of qualitative research method? Historical Ethnography Grounded theory Phenomenology
Phenomenology The purpose of phenomenology is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. Studying a group of female clients who have survived breast cancer is an example of phenomenology. The basis of grounded theory is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. Ethnography research is based on examining issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing. Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.
A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? Turning clients more frequently Clients who have experienced a stroke The currently used turning schedule Preventing skin breakdown
Preventing skin breakdown Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or population of interest, whereas turning clients more frequently is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the "C," referring to the comparison of interest.
What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care? Quantitative Ordinal Qualitative Nonscientific
Qualitative Qualitative research is designed to seek the perceptions that the clients' and families' perceptions of receiving their care that the hospital desires. Quantitative researchers tend to use deductive reasoning, logic, and measurable attributes of human experience, whereas qualitative researchers tend to use dynamic, individual aspects of the human experience in a holistic approach. Ordinal and interval refer to types of variables associated with quantitative research analysis. Qualitative research is considered to be scientific even though it is not experimental.
The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? Delphi study Qualitative research Quantitative research Methodologic survey
Qualitative research Attitudes on spirituality and health care require the nurse to interview clients or informants to obtain qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective, narrative materials using procedures in which there tends to be minimal researcher-imposed control. Quantitative research is based more on collecting numerical data and would not be suitable for this type of study. Delphi is a type of quantitative research that would also not produce the desired data. Methodologic surveys focus on method and not on the subjects' experience.
A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? Scientific literature review Problem area identification Problem statement formulation Identification of theoretical framework
Scientific literature review The nurse is engaged in a review of the scientific literature to find out what is already known about the subject and to prevent duplication of effort if the subject is already well studied. Identifying the problem area is completed first. This then guides the literature review. From there the nurse identifies the theoretical framework as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables. The problem statement identifies the direction the project will take.
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? Provide a statical analysis for studies. Recommend best practices for client care. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. Ask a question about a clinical practice.
Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systematic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.
The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? Recommend best practices for client care. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. Provide a statical analysis for studies. Ask a question about a clinical practice.
Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systematic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study using the qualitative method. When conducting the research, which characteristics would be included? Select all that apply. The approach would be holistic. The research would use deductive reasoning. The data collected would primarily be subjective. Initial concepts would be fairly well developed. The researcher would follow formal protocols for data collection.
The data collected would primarily be subjective. The approach would be holistic. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective narrative data, using procedures in which there tends to be a minimum of researcher-imposed control. In general, this data can be observed but not measured and the focus is holistic. Quantitative researchers use deductive reasoning and follow formal protocols for data collection. Quantitative research also involves concepts that are fairly well developed.
A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as: no change in salt intake. reducing salt intake. lower blood pressure. adults.
adults Using the PICO(T) format, "P" refers to the population, which in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which would be lower blood pressure. "T" refers to the time of interest, if relevant.
A nurse is orienting a group of nurses who will be helping to collect data for the nurse's research study. The nurse is explaining the study's theoretical framework, likening it to: the exact model of what the nurse is studying. an architectural blueprint. a summary statement about the study's focus. a step-by-step procedure.
an architectural blueprint. Often, a theoretical framework is likened to an architectural blueprint. These renderings, although not exact models of vision, help the user move from vision to reality. They help nurses further construct theories and distinguish nursing from other disciplines. The theoretical framework is not an exact model, a step-by-step procedure, or a summary statement.
The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to: evaluate the effect of current research. promote research for health promotion. advance the level of nursing research funding. investigate and expand nursing theory.
promote research for health promotion. The National Institute of Nursing Research was established under the National Institutes of Health to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training into client care, health promotion, disease prevention, and the mitigation of the effects of acute and chronic disabilities. It does not exist to advance nursing funding, expand nursing theory, or evaluate research.
