PrepU Chapter 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice

An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which?

Concept Explanation: Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.

A nursing student understands which of the following is true of concepts?

Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. Theories are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning and provide a mechanism by which knowledge can be tested, and nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines.

The process of considering an idea as a whole and then dividing it into smaller, more specific ideas is which? Inductive reasoning Concept Theory Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning Explanation: Deductive reasoning involves looking at an idea as a whole and then considering more specific ideas. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Concepts are abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to conclusions about a general idea.

The nursing instructor asks the students to place the steps of implementing evidence-based practice in order. The correct order is:

Design a question related to a clinical area of interest. Collect the most relevant and best evidence available. Critically evaluate the collected evidence. Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, client preferences, and values as the decision is made to make a change. Evaluate the decision or change.

What is the central theme of Florence Nightingale's nursing theory?

Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment.

A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"?

P When using PICO, the "P" stands for the patient or problem and its delineation. The "I" signifies the intervention considered; "C" denotes comparison if appropriate, or it may be optional; and "O" represents the outcome of interest or relevant outcomes.

Which are core concepts in nursing theory? (Select all that apply.) Nursing Health Person (client) Environment Society

Person (client) Environment Health Nursing The person, environment, health, and nursing are all core concepts to nursing theory. Society has not been identified as a core concept.

As a researcher begins to form plans for a research project the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection data and the analyses for the purpose of creating a new theory would select which of the following methods of research?

Basic research Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data rather than numbers. Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data.

During the Christian era, nursing care excluded which area?

Psychiatric services

The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic?

Qualitative research

The registered nurse communicates with the physical therapist that a client is now on strict bed rest due to bradycardia. Which statement best explains the standard exemplified by the nurse?

The RN coordinates care delivery

Which statement best explains the importance of theoretic frameworks?

Theoretic frameworks Theoretic frameworks are important to the advancement of nursing knowledge and professional practice.

The RN is working with hospital administration to transform care at their facility. Which of the following nursing competencies will be critical for the nurse to utilize?

Work effectively in interdisciplinary teams

A student nurse understands that the primary aim of the Healthy People 2020 initiatives is

health promotion.

A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which of the following will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to?

preventing skin breakdown Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or population of interest, while turning clients more frequently is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the "C," referring to the comparison of interest.

In today's healthcare environment nurses use theories to guide all stages of the nursing process. Which of the following are examples of ways that a nurse can utilize theories to guide client care? (Select all that apply.)

• Collect client data. • Organize client information. • Classify client data. • Analyze client situations.

The nursing instructor is discussing nursing theories and concepts with a group of nursing students in a fundamentals course. In guiding the thoughts and understanding of concepts, the instructor discusses nursing concepts specifically. The purpose of concepts in nursing practice include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

• Guide the steps of the nursing process. • Suggest appropriate nursing interventions. • Serve in the determination of what information is relevant related to a specific client issue. • Suggest appropriate nursing outcomes for a client.

A nurse applies for membership in a professional nursing organization that is operating in the United States. To which organizations might this nurse apply? Select all that apply.

• ICN • AACN • ANA

A nurse's personal philosophy is developed by learning through which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

• Interpersonal relationships • Formal and informal education • Religion and culture • Environment

The nurse is conducting a community education class on the 2011 Institute of Medicine Report on the role of nursing in transforming healthcare. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?

• Nurse practitioners should be allowed to practice independently. • Barriers to diploma nurses achieving a BSN should be removed.

A nurse manager is attempting to switch the medical records in an orthopedic office to a computerized format. The nurse asks questions about the accuracy and efficiency of the current record keeping system by using the PICO format. Which statements illustrate the components of this process? Select all that apply.

• P: The nurse chooses the population involved (orthopedic clients). • I: The nurse considers interventions to make the plan work. • C: The nurse compares the written records to the computerized records.

Which of the following are the best examples of the role of the nurse as a communicator? Select all that apply.

• Telling a client their blood pressure • Calling a physician about a client's blood pressure • Informing the physical therapist that client's therapy was discontinued

A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? (Select all that apply.)

• The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. • The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. • The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs.

A nurse is using the quantitative research process to study the cause of healthcare-associated infections (HIA) and how to prevent them. Which actions are examples of the components of this process? Select all that apply.

• The nurse collects data from subjects in the study. • The nurse formulates a hypothesis and variables in the study.

A nurse manager is using the AACN PEARL tool as a resource in a hospital setting. Which statements describe examples of the chief focus of this resource? (Select all that apply.)

• The nurse uses PEARL to plan change initiatives for the unit. • The nurse uses PEARL to find tools to improve patient outcomes. • The nurse uses PEARL to share critical learning with staff.

During the Reformation, what factor influenced the decline of nursing?

Women's subordination to men

The registered nurse is teaching a community health class about illness prevention. Which of the following statements reflects understanding of this concept?

"It is important to enroll in a smoking cessation class."

The nurse is attempting to provide anticipatory guidance for the parents of an eighteen-month-old boy. Which of the following would be the best statement for the nurse to make?

"Keep all medications in a locked cabinet." Correct

Christine Grady is a nurse ethicist that proposed a framework for evaluating ethics. She suggested that a fair subject selection is needed for ethical research. This principle is correctly defined as:

"Scientific objectives, not vulnerability or privilege, and the potential for and distraction of risk and benefits, should determine communities selected as study sites and the inclusion criteria for individual subject." Fair subject selection suggests that scientific objectives, not vulnerability or privilege, and the potential for and distraction of risk and benefits, should determine communities selected as study sites and the inclusion criteria for individual subject. Scientific validity suggests that "the research must be methodologically rigorous." Value suggests that enhancements of health or knowledge must be derived from the research. Favorable risk-benefit ratio is correctly defined as "within the context of standard clinical practice and the research protocol, risks must be minimized, potential benefits enhanced, and the potential benefits to individuals and knowledge gained for society must outweigh the risks." Fair subject selection suggests that scientific objectives, not vulnerability or privilege, and the potential for and distraction of risk and benefits, should determine communities selected as study sites and the inclusion criterial for individual subject. Independent review suggests that unaffiliated individuals must review the research and approve, amend, or terminate the research.

A nurse conducting an inservice on the early history of the education of nurses should include which of the following statements?

"The focus was on students providing direct care to clients without pay."

In what time period did nursing care as we now know it begin?

18th to 19th century

One of the primary focuses of nursing research is to:

generate knowledge to guide practice One of the major reasons for conducting research is to expand a profession's knowledge base.

The nurse is evaluating client health. Which of the following clients should the nurse determine to be exhibiting the most signs of health?

A client with a leg amputation that performs activities of daily living with a prothesis

What is a conceptual framework? A foundation for nursing skills and care A group of interrelated objects that follow a pattern An explanation of nursing and nursing practice A set of phenomena and related abstractions

A group of interrelated objects that follow a pattern Explanation: A conceptual framework is made up of a group of concepts (interrelated objects, descriptions, or events) that follow an understandable pattern. Nursing theory is an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. Nursing practice provides background for nursing skills and care. Concrete concept is a set of phenomena and related abstractions. Reference:

The nurse is describing the role of the nurse entrepreneur. Which of the following statements best describe this role?

A nurse who manages a health-related business

A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as:

Adults Using the PICO format, "P" refers to the population, which in this case is adults. "I" refers to the intervention, which is reducing salt intake. "C" refers to comparison, which is no change in salt intake. "O" refers to the outcome, which would be lower blood pressure.

A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with a severe peanut allergy. The mother states that she does not purchase any foods with peanut or peanut oil for her family. The other children are allowed to have foods containing peanuts while they are at school and visiting with friends and family. The nurse would conclude that which of the following theories would most like be the basis for this family's functioning?

Adaptation Theory Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. In this situation the mother is manipulating the physical environment for the child with allergies, as well as the needs and/or desires of the other children. Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. Maslow's theory is based on a pyramid of human needs related to the most primitive needs moving toward higher level needs, such as self-actualization.

A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem Self Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client?

Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietician. According to Dorothea Orem's theory, arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietician the nurse is facilitating self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. The nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.

The nurse caring for a client with a new diagnosis of cancer allows the client to verbalize fears relating to how to tell the children. The nurse's intervention reflects which aspect of nursing?

Art of nursing

Nurse H. graduated several years ago from a 2-year nursing program that he took at a community college near his home city. Recently, Nurse H. has considered moving from providing direct client care into an administrative role, but he recognizes the need to further his education in order to be considered for such a position. Nurse H. most likely possesses which nursing qualification?

Associate degree

Which of the following is the best example of a nurse attending an inservice program?

Attending a hospital program on how to use a new IV pump

Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge? Authoritative knowledge Traditional knowledge Philosophy knowledge Scientific knowledge

Authoritative knowledge

A nurse practitioner considering going back to school to obtain a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree (DNP) anticipates that the main focus of the curriculum will be on which of the following?

Clinical practice

Which is not a focus of nursing research?

Cytochrome P450 Cytochrome P450 are required for metabolism of medications. Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care such as health appraisal, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, and coordination of health care (Gortner, 1975).

The nurse is reading about nursing theorists for a class. The theory reveals the following, "Individuals who use self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects." Which individual developed this theory? Sister Callista Roy Dorothea Orem Virginia Henderson Florence Nightingale

Dorothea Orem

Which of the following actions should the nurse implement when working with a medically homeless client?

Encourage client to utilize the free healthcare clinic.

When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? Evaluating practice change Formulating a clinical question Appraising evidence Searching the literature

Evaluating practice change The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step.

When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? Appraising evidence Searching the literature Formulating a clinical question Evaluating practice change

Evaluating practice change The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step.

In nursing class the instructor asks the students about the nursing research process. The student identifies the first nurse to collect data on clients as which of the following?

Florence Nightingale

The registered nurse is performing a nutritional assessment to ensure that the client's diet is optimal for wound healing. The nurse's intervention can be traced back to which of nursing's key people's contributions to nursing?

Florence Nightingale

Who of the following is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment?

Florence Nightingale

Who established the first public health service for the sick and poor?

Lillian Wald

The evolution of nursing research has significant markers in time. Place the following events in the correct order. evờ lú shờn

Florence Nightingale kept records while caring for victims of the Crimean War. Nursing research was deemed to be increasingly important, and research was utilized for the development of nursing practice standards. Clinical research became the emphasis of nursing research resulting in procedures for primary client care, such as vital signs and treatments. The National Institute for Nursing Research funded research for the scientific basis for client care.

A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory?

General systems theory

Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave? General systems theory Nursing theory Adaptation theory Developmental theory

General systems theory Explanation: General systems theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in "systems." Nursing theory attempts to describe, explain, predict, and control desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable.

In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole? Theory of human needs General systems theory Developmental theory Adaptation theory

General systems theory Explanation: Ludwig von Bertalanffy developed the theory for universal application which is a general systems theory. It describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems". It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. Adaptation theory defines adaption as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable. Maslow developed the theory of human needs and the hierarchy of needs.

Christine Grady is a nurse ethicist that proposed a framework for evaluating ethics. Grady suggested that a independent review is needed for ethical research. This principle is correctly defined as:

Informed consent means that "individuals should be informed about the research and provide their voluntary consent."

A nurse caring for patients in a hospital setting focuses on ill patients as the center of all nursing activities performed daily. The nurse also provides care based on helping patients to adapt to the hospital environment. This nurse is following the principles of:

Myra E. Levine

A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact funding?

National Institute of Nursing Research The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Nursing Research, which was established under the National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing research and is instrumental in the support and dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing priorities for nursing research.

A nurse identifies a patient's health care needs and devises a plan of care to meet those needs. Which guideline is being followed in this case?

Nursing process

Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge?

Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

Nursing theory Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages.

Which skill is foundational for a nursing student's participation in the evidence-based practice process?

Read and understand a research article.

Which nursing intervention would be most appropriate for a new mother that calls the nursery for help with breastfeeding?

Refer the mother for a home care visit.

The nurse is using the nursing process to care for a client and is in the process of making a nursing diagnosis for the client. Which of the following best reflects a nursing diagnosis?

Risk for falls

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what? Scientific knowledge Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge Philosophical knowledge

Scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge is derived through the scientific method. Research is conducted according to the scientific method; therefore, the information would be based on scientific knowledge. Authoritative knowledge is gleaned from an expert based on their perceived expertise. Traditional knowledge is known as knowledge that is passed down from one generation to the next. Philosophy is the study of wisdom and one's perceptions of life.

Following the identification of a researchable problem, what must the nurse do?

Select literature relevant to the problem.

Which of the following is the best example of client-centered approach to care?

The nurse asks the client about his health goals

A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what? Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Evidence-based practice Theory

Theory Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Evidence-based practice is clinical practice that is informed by the best and most current evidence available in the literature. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.

Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: cost efficiency of treatment models. evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas. use of outcome studies to guide decisions. care based on pathophysiologic factors.

use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions. The other answers do not represent the primary emphasis of evidence-based care but represent other approaches (specialty or expert knowledge, traditional medical model, and economic concerns).

A nurse has received a doctoral degree from a research oriented educational program. Which activities would this nurse be able to perform? Select all that apply.

uses analytic and empirical methods to modify existing scientific knowledge so that the knowledge is relevant to nursing develops methods for scientific inquiry of phenomena related to nursing A nurse prepared at the doctoral level from a research-oriented program would be able to use analytic and empirical methods to discover ways to modify or extend existing scientific knowledge so it is relevant to nursing, and would also be able to develop methods for scientific inquiry of phenomena relevant to nursing. A nurse prepared at the doctoral level from a practice-oriented program would be able to provide leadership for the integration of scientific knowledge with other sources of knowledge for the advancement of practice, and also would be able to conduct investigations to evaluate the contribution of nursing activities to the well-being of clients. A nurse prepared at the master's level would conduct investigations for the purpose of monitoring the quality of the practice of nursing in a clinical setting.

The nursing instructor is teaching about nursing theories. Students are asked to identify facts related to nursing theory. Which of the following facts are true regarding nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

• The ultimate outcome for nursing theory is improved client care. • Nursing theory provides a rationale for the care that nurses provide. • Nursing theories may be descriptive or prescriptive. • Nursing theory provides a focus for care that is delivered to clients. Nursing theories should be written in simple and practical language so that the information can be translated to the bedside. Therefore, nurses at all educational levels should have a basic knowledge of nursing theory. All of the other choices are true of nursing theory.

The nursing student studying research exhibits an understanding when informing the instructor that which of the following is the bridge between theory and practice?

Evidence-based research Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice.

Who is considered to be the first nursing researcher?

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale conceptualized the nurse's role as manipulating the environment to facilitate and encourage the reparative process. This would be accomplished by attending to ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise.

Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation. Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized. Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care.

Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research expands knowledge to learn improved ways to promote and maintain health.

What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care? Ordinal Nonscientific Quantitative Qualitative

Qualitative Qualitative research is designed to seek the perceptions that the clients' and families' perceptions of receiving their care that the hospital desires. Quantitative researchers tend to use deductive reasoning, logic, and measurable attributes of human experience, whereas qualitative researchers tend to use dynamic, individual aspects of the human experience in a holistic approach. Ordinal and interval refer to types of variables associated with quantitative research analysis. Qualitative research is considered to be scientific even though it is not experimental.

Which is true of concepts? Concepts are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning. Concepts provide a means of testing knowledge. Concepts differentiate nursing from other disciplines. Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them.

Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. Explanation: Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and the relationships among them. Theories are derived through deductive and inductive reasoning and provide a mechanism by which knowledge can be tested, and nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines.

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

Nursing theory

Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice? Systems theory Developmental theory Nursing theory Adaptation theory

Nursing theory

Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply. Nurses at the PhD level Student nurses Clinical Nurse Specialists Nurse Practitioners Novice nurses

Student nurses Clinical Nurse Specialists Direct research, except in the role of data collection or administration of medications and treatments as a protocol in a research project, usually does not involve student nurses and novice nurses. Master's prepared nurses such as clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners, as well as nurses at the PhD level, can be involved in direct research.

Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge? Nursing research involves clients in their care while hospitalized. Nursing research explains ongoing medical studies to clients, and asks for participation. Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Nursing research draws conclusions about the quality of client care.

Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health. Explanation: Nursing research expands knowledge to learn improved ways to promote and maintain health. The other answers are incorrect because they are not the primary purpose of nursing research.

A nurse is completing a family assessment during a routine home health visit. The parents have a child with special needs, along with six other children, and the older siblings help out with the younger. Which theory would best help the nurse understand this family's functioning? General Systems Theory Developmental Theory Adaptation Theory Maslow's Theory

General Systems Theory Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. This family has adjusted to the size and configuration of the family with a special needs child by manipulating the individual roles of the family members. Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. Maslow's hierarchy presents basic human needs in the order in which people generally attempt to meet them. These three theories would not be as appropriate as the general systems theory, as adaptation, human development, and basic human needs are not the topic of interest; rather, the interaction among components (individual family members) of a system (the family) is the topic of interest.

The researcher must critically appraise evidence following a literature review. Which questions should the researcher pose in this appraisal? (Select all that apply.) 'Will the results of each study improve client care?" "Where was each study conducted?" "What were the results of each study?" "How many studies were found during the review?" "Are the results of each study valid and reliable?"

"What were the results of each study?" "Are the results of each study valid and reliable?" 'Will the results of each study improve client care?" Although the number of studies found and where the studies were conducted could be important to the researcher, they are not the basis for a critical appraisal of the evidence. The critical appraisal should focus on the results of studies, the reliability and validity of those studies, and the importance of the studies to client care.

A group of objects with relationships is which?

Concept Explanation: A concept is a group of abstract ideas or objects and their relationships to one another. Theory is a group of concepts and the relationships among them. Deductive reasoning provides a basis for theory development, as one studies a general idea to more specific properties. Inductive reasoning is derived from consideration of specific properties to make conclusions about a general idea.

Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project? A member of a nursing research team is interested in the prevalence of anemia in a group of clients with Crohn disease. This researcher is looking at the serum hemoglobin and ferritin levels of these clients. A BSN student is looking at the prevalence of alcohol hand sanitizer use on an adult medical floor. The student is collecting data by observing nurses going in and out of rooms and noting how often they use hand sanitizer and how often they do not. A nurse is a member of the wound care team on an inpatient floor in the hospital. The nurse is collecting data for a research project that is interested in uptake of information given to clients by nurses. The nurse is giving clients a quiz about the information both before client education occurs and afterward. A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.

A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic. Explanation: Qualitative research is the systematic collection of subjective data. Information such as thoughts or feelings that this population might have regarding the care that they receive cannot be quantified, and very little control is imposed on the research participants by the researcher. The PhD nursing student working with Somali immigrants is a good example of this type of research. Although the BSN student has not placed a lot of control over the research subjects (nurses), the student is collecting numeric data that can be analyzed statistically. This would be considered a quantitative research project. Because the nurse on the wound care team is measuring a change in knowledge by analyzing quiz scores, this would be considered a quantitative experiment. The member of the nursing research team is relying on serum levels to look for a statistical correlation between Crohn disease and iron deficiency anemia, which would be considered quantitative.

A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client.

Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. According to Dorothea Orem's theory, the role of the nurse is to facilitate self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. Arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietitian facilitates self-care because the nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.

A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client? Authorize an unlicensed nursing personnel to cook for the client. Set up diabetic home meal delivery for the client. Assist the spouse with online grocery shopping. Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.

Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian. Explanation: According to Dorothea Orem's theory, the role of the nurse is to facilitate self-care to sustain life and health, to recover from disease or injury, or to cope with its effects. Arranging an evaluation appointment with a dietitian facilitates self-care because the nurse is providing a service that assists the client and spouse to progressively maximize their self-care potential. People learn behaviors that they perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. The other options are providing care for the client, not facilitating self-care.

A nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action by the nurse exemplifies this theory? Assisting the client in finding a clean, well-lit residence Assisting the client in coping with a new diagnosis Assisting the client in recognizing signs of infection and changing dressings Assisting the client to the bedside commode

Assisting the client to the bedside commode Explanation: The Basic Needs theory subscribes to the concept that a nurse assists in performing activities that the client would perform if the client could. Therefore, assisting the client to the bedside commode is an example of an action that supports the Basic Needs theory. The other actions do not support this theory.

Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge?

Authoritative knowledge Explanation: Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert or someone who has perceived experience. Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to another, and scientific knowledge is provided by way of the scientific method. Philosophy is a specific type of knowledge, not a source.

A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of creating a new theory should select which type of research? Applied research Qualitative research Basic research Quantitative research

Basic research Basic research is used to generate or refine theory. Applied research is used to improve clinical practice. Qualitative research uses words or narrative for data rather than numbers. Quantitative research uses numerical values and statistical analysis of data.

A nurse researcher who plans to collect and analyze data for the purpose of creating a new theory should select which type of research? Qualitative research Applied research Basic research Quantitative research

Basic research Explanation: Basic research is used to generate or refine theory. Applied research is used to improve clinical practice. Qualitative research uses words or narrative for data rather than numbers. Quantitative research uses numerical values and statistical analysis of data.

A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention? Weight loss Overweight clients Chromium supplements No supplements

Chromium supplements Explanation: In this question, the intervention (I) would be the use of chromium supplements . The population (P) would be overweight clients. The comparison (C) would be no supplements. The outcome (O) would be weight loss. The T is for time, which is not reflected in this scenario.

Which challenge associated with technology most affects nurses today? The identification of superbugs (such as MRSA) Client privacy issues within the social media realm The use of electronics (such as a vital sign machine) to monitor clients The use of computerized physician order entry (CPOE)

Client privacy issues within the social media realm Technology allows nurses to connect to clients in new ways, but it also provides new challenges, such as maintaining client privacy and developing human connections with clients we may never see face-to-face. Social media has few regulatory controls, which allows clients to post information about themselves on public sites. Nurses have been using electronic devices to monitor clients (e.g., electrocardiograms, vital sign machines, and bladder scanners) for a long time, so this is not a technology challenge for nurses today. The computerized order entry system has reduced medication errors as the health care provider can use the keyboard for spelling and nurses and others do not have to decipher the health care provider's handwriting; therefore, this technological advancement does not pose a significant challenge to nurses. The identification of superbugs, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA), can help health care providers better know how to effectively treat clients with infections. Although the super bugs themselves pose a challenge, it is not a challenge associated with technology.

A nursing theory differs from a theoretical framework in which way? Cause and effect of nursing actions are described Concepts are in a meaningful configuration Ideas about aggregates are described Concepts and propositions are more specific

Concepts and propositions are more specific The concepts and propositions of a theory are more specific than those of a theoretical framework. The other statements are not necessarily true of a theory.

A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared to other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"? Replacing administration sets at other intervals Replacing administration sets every 72 hours Clients with intravenous catheters Decrease infection rates

Decrease infection rates Decrease infection rates The "O" of PICO indicates the outcome, which in this instance is "decrease infection rates." The "P" refers to patients, who in this case have intravenous catheters; "I" refers intervention, which in this case is replacing the administration set every 72 hours; "C" refers to comparison or control group, which in this case is those who have the administration set replaced at other frequencies.

A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"? Replacing administration sets at other intervals Clients with intravenous catheters Decrease infection rates Replacing administration sets every 72 hours

Decrease infection rates Explanation: The "O" of PICO indicates the outcome, which in this instance is "decrease infection rates." The "P" refers to patients, who in this case have intravenous catheters; "I" refers intervention, which in this case is replacing the administration set every 72 hours; "C" refers to comparison or control group, which in this case is those who have the administration set replaced at other frequencies.

A nurse researcher is planning to conduct a research study and applies to the appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB) for approval. When applying to the IRB, which information would the nurse researcher be required to include? Select all that apply. A simplified plan for data collection Proposed research question A proposed consent form Names of the subjects involved Detailed plans for data security

Detailed plans for data security A proposed consent form Nurse researchers need to apply to the appropriate IRB for approval before starting their research. The application includes a detailed plan for data collection, secure storage, and analysis, and the proposed consent form. Although the population (not the subjects' names) and proposed research project (but not necessarily the research question) would most likely be addressed in some form with the application, they are not required when applying for IRB approval.

A nurse is completing a family assessment on a routine home health visit. There is a mother, father, and three children ages 2, 4, and 6 years of age. She watches the children individually as they play and interact with one another. She compares each child with the norms established for the age groups and determines and they are all within normal limits for their ages. The nurse would be utilizing which of the following theories as the basis for this part of the family assessment?

Developmental Theory Developmental theory is based on growth and maturation of humans. In this situation the nurse is assessing what the child is doing with regard to norms for the specific age child. Adaptation theory is based on an understanding of humans and their interaction with the environment. Systems theory is described as studying relationships between a whole and identifying how parts interact and behave. Maslow's theory is based on a pyramid of human needs related to the most primitive needs, moving toward higher level needs, such as self-actualization.

The nursing instructor asks a group of students to identify a theory that describes the maturation of humans through stages. One student correctly identifies this theory as what?

Developmental theory Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages. Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment.

A parent has brought a 6-year-old child into the clinic. The parent is concerned that the child does not seem to skip as well as the other children in the child's class. In planning assessments and care for this child, the nurse would be best served by choosing which theory as a foundation for decision making? General systems theory Adaptation theory Maslow's theory Developmental theory

Developmental theory Developmental theory is concerned with growth and development across the lifespan and would provide a foundation for assessment and care of this child.

The nurse is conducting a community education class on the 2011 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on the role of nursing in transforming health care. Which statements made by the nurse correlate with the IOM recommendations for transforming nursing education? Select all that apply. The infrastructure for data collection related to nursing is in place. Nurses should follow physicians' lead for changing the health care system. "Nurses are no longer the handmaidens of physicians and should be full partners in redesigning health care." Baccalaureate-trained nurses do not need further academic training. "Education should be transformed to ensure a seamless academic transition."

Education should be transformed to ensure a seamless academic transition." "Nurses are no longer the handmaidens of physicians and should be full partners in redesigning health care." In 2011, the IOM released four key messages underlying its recommendations for transforming the nursing profession. These include that nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training. Therefore, the nurse should include that nurse practitioners be allowed to practice independently and to practice to the full extent of their training. The IOM also recommended that nurses achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved educational system promoting seamless academic progression. Therefore, the nurse should include that barriers to diploma nurses receiving their BSN be removed. The IOM recommendations do not include that baccalaureate-trained nurses do not need further academic training. The IOM recommends that nurses be full partners in medicine rather than following the lead of physicians in changing the health care system. The IOM also recommended that there be better data collection and improved information infrastructure.

Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave? Adaptation theory Developmental theory Nursing theory General systems theory

General systems theory General systems theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then learn how the parts work together in "systems." Nursing theory attempts to describe, explain, predict, and control desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable.

A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of: Watson. Maslow. Rogers. Erikson.

Erikson Erik Erikson based his theory of psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how individuals learn to interact with the world. Erikson recognized the role of social, biologic, and environmental factors in development, and defined specific tasks or conflicts that people accomplish or overcome during what he defined as the eight stages of life, based on chronological age. Abraham Maslow developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical and psychosocial needs considered essential to human life, rather than by chronologic age as Erikson did. Maslow defined five levels of need in a hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist who is known for her focus on caring. The central theme of her work is that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships. Martha Rogers is a nursing theorist who is known for her theory focus of the individual client being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing interventions are directed toward repatterning human environment fields or assisting in mobilizing inner resources.

A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of:

Erikson Erik Erikson based his theory of psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how individuals learn to interact with the world. Erikson recognized the role of social, biologic, and environmental factors in development, and defined specific tasks or conflicts that people accomplish or overcome during what he defined as the eight stages of life, based on chronological age. Abraham Maslow developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical and psychosocial needs considered essential to human life, rather than by chronologic age as Erikson did. Maslow defined five levels of need in a hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist who is known for her focus on caring. The central theme of her work is that nursing is concerned with promoting and restoring health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick. Caring is universal and is practiced through interpersonal relationships. Martha Rogers is a nursing theorist who is known for her theory focus of the individual client being central to the discipline of nursing. Nursing interventions are directed toward repatterning human environment fields or assisting in mobilizing inner resources.

When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process? Searching the literature Formulating a clinical question Evaluating practice change Appraising evidence

Evaluating practice change Explanation: The fifth and final step in the process of implementing evidence-based practice is to evaluate and critically appraise the change in practice. Formulating a clinical question and searching and appraising the literature precede this step.

Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice? Client-focused care Theory development Evidence-based research Case management

Evidence-based research Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice. Theory development is how desirable change in society is best achieved. Client-focused care is care provided to a client that maintains the client as a functional component of healthcare team. Case management is when care is provided to an individual client by a healthcare provider.

What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice? Case management Evidence-based research Client-focused care Theoretical writing

Evidence-based research Explanation: Evidence-based research is translational research that forms the bridge between theory and practice. Theoretical writing focuses on theory. Client-focused care and case management are focused on practice.

A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description? Descriptive research Experimental research Correlational research Quasi-experimental research

Experimental research Experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions. Experimental research studies often occur in a laboratory setting. Descriptive research explores and describes events in a real-life situation to identify relationships between, and among, events. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Quasi-experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables and is typically situated outside of a laboratory setting.

A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description? Correlational research Quasi-experimental research Descriptive research Experimental research

Experimental research Explanation: Experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions. Experimental research studies often occur in a laboratory setting. Descriptive research explores and describes events in a real-life situation to identify relationships between, and among, events. Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables. Quasi-experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables and is typically situated outside of a laboratory setting.

Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment? Sister Callista Roy Dorothea Orem Florence Nightingale Lydia Hall

Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale conceptualized the nurse's role as manipulating the environment to facilitate and encourage the reparative process. This would be accomplished by attending to ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise. Sister Callista Roy, CSJ is an American nun, nursing theorist, professor and author. She is known for creating the adaptation model of nursing. Dorothea Orem was a nursing theorist and creator of the self-care deficit nursing theory, also known as the Orem model of nursing. Lydia Hall was a pioneer in nursing autonomy and nurse-driven care.

A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, and then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory? Developmental theory General systems theory Psychosocial theory Adaptation theory

General systems theory General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. This theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. Another example of an interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the adaptation theory. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. A third interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is developmental theory. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one type of developmental theory.

A nursing theorist examines a hospital environment by studying each ward and how it works individually, and then relates this information to the hospital as a whole working entity. This is an example of the use of which theory? Adaptation theory General systems theory Psychosocial theory Developmental theory

General systems theory General systems theory is an example of an interdisciplinary base for a nursing theory. This theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. Another example of an interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is the adaptation theory. Adaptation theory defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. A third interdisciplinary base for nursing theory is developmental theory. Developmental theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one type of developmental theory.

A nurse observes that the past five patients referred from a certain community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance abuse. This is an example of what type of reasoning?

Inductive reasoning

A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting? Assist the client to conserve and maintain principles of personal and social integrity. Counsel client on methods to adapt to current state to reduce stress. Monitor therapeutic interventions in the client's home. Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions.

Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions. Explanation: According to Orem's Self-Care Model, a nurse assists clients with self-care to improve or to maintain health, as well as to progressively maximize self-care potential. Helping a client find appropriate support at home demonstrates this theory. The other options do not demonstrate this model.

A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding? ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research National Institutes of Health Institute of Medicine National Institute of Nursing Research

National Institute of Nursing Research

A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding? National Institute of Nursing Research National Institutes of Health ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research Institute of Medicine

National Institute of Nursing Research Explanation: The nurse would most likely contact the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), which was established under the National Institutes of Health in response to a 1983 study by the Institute of Medicine. The institute's purpose was to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training in client care, health promotion, and disease prevention, as well as the mitigation of effects of acute and chronic disabilities. The NINR has continued to fund and support nursing research and is instrumental in the support and dissemination of seminal work in nursing. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research was responsible for establishing priorities for nursing research.

When following evidence-based practice, a nurse's actions are based on which sources of information? (Select all that apply.) National standards Traditional knowledge National guidelines Targeted literature Published research

National standards National guidelines Targeted literature Published research Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to the next and may not be rooted in research. Therefore, it may not be based on evidence-based practice. The other choices are all examples of appropriate sources for evidence-based practice.

What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered? Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. Nurses now have to take part in research. Nursing care now incorporates research studies into client care. Nurses now spend time looking up the best way to give nursing care.

Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care. The facilitation of EBP involves identifying and evaluating current literature and research, as well as incorporating the findings into client care as a means of ensuring quality care. The other answers are incorrect; they were used even before EBP became a major force in the delivery of nursing care.

What was the focus of nursing research during the first half of the twentieth century,? Client care Treatment issues Nursing education Available nurse supply

Nursing education Between 1900 and 1940, research in nursing centered on education, methods of teaching, and methods of evaluating how nurses learned. During and after World War II, research interest turned to supply and demand for nurses, as the need for nurses to serve in both the military and civilian sectors increased. Client care and treatment issues are common areas of interest in current nursing research.

Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care? Scientific inquiry Nursing research Outcome criteria Managed care

Nursing research Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care, such as support and comfort, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, health education, health appraisal, and coordination of health care. Managed care is an overarching aspect of nursing practice not directly involved with nursing practice or modalities of client care. Outcome criteria are a component of the nursing process which incorporates scientific inquiry into its structure.

Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care? Nursing research Outcome criteria Scientific inquiry Managed care

Nursing research Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care, such as support and comfort, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, health education, health appraisal, and coordination of health care. Managed care is an overarching aspect of nursing practice not directly involved with nursing practice or modalities of client care. Outcome criteria are a component of the nursing process which incorporates scientific inquiry into its structure.

Which is most similar to a nursing model? Proposition Nursing theory Adaptation Nursing construct

Nursing theory The nursing model or theory acts as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables, thus supporting nursing care. Nursing models and nursing theories are largely synonymous. This is not the case with constructs or propositions. Adaptations are not similar to nursing models.

Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice? Nursing theory Adaptation theory Developmental theory Systems theory

Nursing theory Nursing theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice. Systems theory describes how parts interact together. Adaptation theory describes adjustment of living things to other living things and the environment. Developmental theory describes maturation of humans through stages.

A nurse is developing a foreground question for nursing research using the PICO model. Which component would be represented by the statement, "a 45-year-old male with coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation"? I P O C

P Explanation: When using PICO, the "P" stands for the patient or problem and its delineation. The "I" signifies the intervention considered; "C" denotes comparison if appropriate, or it may be optional; and "O" represents the outcome of interest or relevant outcomes.

There are four common concepts in nursing theory. While all concepts are important, the focus of nursing is always on which of the following?

Person

The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory? Nursing Person Health Environment

Person All of these concepts are important in nursing theory; however, the focus of nursing is on the person (client).

A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to? Preventing skin breakdown Turning clients more frequently The currently used turning schedule Clients who have experienced a stroke

Preventing skin breakdown Within the PICO question framework, the "O" denotes the outcome of interest. In this case, the desired outcome is the prevention of skin breakdown. Stroke clients are the "P," or population of interest, whereas turning clients more frequently is the "I," or intervention. The current turning schedule is the "C," referring to the comparison of interest.

When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research?

Qualitative research Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data, rather than numbers. Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data. Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study.

The nurse researcher would like to gather data about the attitudes of young adults on spirituality and health care. What is the most effective form of research on this topic? Delphi study Methodologic survey Qualitative research Quantitative research

Qualitative research Explanation: Attitudes on spirituality and health care require the nurse to interview clients or informants to obtain qualitative research. Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective, narrative materials using procedures in which there tends to be minimal researcher-imposed control. Quantitative research is based more on collecting numerical data and would not be suitable for this type of study. Delphi is a type of quantitative research that would also not produce the desired data. Methodologic surveys focus on method and not on the subjects' experience.

A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research? Applied research Qualitative research Basic research Quantitative research

Quantitative research Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data. Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study. Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data rather than numbers.

A nurse researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The researcher that plans to emphasize collection of numerical data and analysis would select which method of research?

Quantitative research Quantitative research utilizes numerical values and statistical analysis of data. Basic research is utilized to generate or refine theory. Applied research is utilized for its application in clinical practice. The stem of the question did not provide information as to the application of the study. Qualitative research utilizes words or narrative for data rather than numbers.

A nurse is searching the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for information about evidence-based practice related to pain control measures. The nurse searches this database based on the understanding that these reviews reflect which type of research? randomized, controlled trials reports of expert committees descriptive qualitative studies opinions of authorities

Randomized, controlled trials Explanation: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), located at the Cochrane Collection (http://www.cochrane.org/) is a full-test database containing systematic reviews and protocols (reviews still in progress) of the effects of health care interventions. Most of the reviews available on the CDSR are randomized, controlled trials; they are considered the gold standard of high quality, systematic reviews. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews does not include descriptive qualitative studies, opinions of authorities, or reports of expert committees. Referenc

Which is the best example of evidence-based nursing practice? Consulting with a prescribing health care provider about a client on the cardiac floor who does not take daily aspirin, a practice recommended in a nursing journal article for people 50 years and older Using central line dressing kits to reduce infection rates in clients based on 10 years of experience working in the ICU Recommending ginger to alleviate nausea and vomiting in obstetric clients based on a literature review Continuing to prescribe an antibiotic that is no longer recommended in the literature based on 20 years of personal success in treating clients using this antibiotic

Recommending ginger to alleviate nausea and vomiting in obstetric clients based on a literature review Identifying a client problem (nausea and vomiting), performing a literature review to learn about solutions to this problem that have been studied (use of ginger), and applying the information gained to clients in one's practice (recommending ginger to obstetrical clients with nausea and vomiting) are a great example of evidence-based nursing practice. Basing interventions on personal experience, personal observation, and personal success in treating clients - despite the length of that experience - are not examples of evidence-based practice. Evidence from a single article in a nursing journal for use of an intervention with a single client who may or may not be a part of the population studied is not the best example of evidence-based nursing practice.

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?

Scientific knowledge Explanation: Scientific knowledge is derived through the scientific method. Research is conducted according to the scientific method; therefore, the information would be based on scientific knowledge. Authoritative knowledge is gleaned from an expert based on their perceived expertise. Traditional knowledge is known as knowledge that is passed down from one generation to the next. Philosophy is the study of wisdom and one's perceptions of life.

A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process? Identification of theoretical framework Problem statement formulation Problem area identification Scientific literature review

Scientific literature review The nurse is engaged in a review of the scientific literature to find out what is already known about the subject and to prevent duplication of effort if the subject is already well studied. Identifying the problem area is completed first. This then guides the literature review. From there the nurse identifies the theoretical framework as a guide to identify and study systematically the logical relationships between variables. The problem statement identifies the direction the project will take.

The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? Ask a question about a clinical practice. Provide a statical analysis for studies. Recommend best practices for client care. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.

Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systematic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.

The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do? Ask a question about a clinical practice. Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. Provide a statical analysis for studies. Recommend best practices for client care.

Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice. Explanation: A systematic review suggests that the nurse has reviewed multiple studies regarding a particular nursing practice question or topic. Asking the question about a clinical practice would come in the first step. A recommendation for best practice comes after synthesizing all of the data collected by the systematic review. Meta-analysis is concerned with doing a statistical analysis across studies.

Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study? Undergoing the informed consent process with the client Obtaining the client's signature on a permission document Giving the client the opportunity to ask questions about the study Meeting with the hospital's institutional review board (IRB)how to

Undergoing the informed consent process with the client

A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? Select all that apply. The references are listed at the beginning and include articles and books used. The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. The abstract summarizes the article and is found at the end of the article. The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs. The discussion provides details about the subjects, design, and data collection.

The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article.• The method section provides details of how the study was conducted.• The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs. he abstract is at the beginning of the article. It summarizes the article, providing the purpose of the study, a description of the subjects, data collection, data analysis, and a summary of the important findings. The introduction is next. The introduction includes both the review of the literature and the statement of purpose. The literature review discusses relevant studies that have been conducted in the area of this study. The statement of the specific goals or purpose of the study follows the literature review. The method includes the description of the subjects of the study, the design of the study, the description of the data collection, and the description of the data analysis. Often, the findings are often presented both in a narrative form and in charts, tables, or graphs. The next step is discussion where the results are reported in regard to the purpose of the study and the literature review. The references are at the end of the article and include a list of articles and books used by the researcher.

Which types of knowledge are subjective? (Select all that apply.) Evidence-based practice Scientific knowledge Scientific method Traditional knowledge Authoritative knowledge

Traditional and authoritative knowledge are practical but may be subjective. Scientific knowledge, the scientific method, and evidence based practice are all rooted in research

A nurse working in a long-established hospital learned a specific approach to administering intravenous injections from the previous generation of nurses at the hospital. This is an example of which type of knowledge? Traditional knowledge Philosophy knowledge Scientific knowledge Authoritative knowledge

Traditional knowledge Traditional knowledge is passed from one generation to another. Authoritative knowledge is passed from an expert, and scientific knowledge is provided by way of the scientific method. Philosophy is a specific type of knowledge, not a source.

A novice nurse is sharing a newly published research article which outlines a different approach in preventing a wound infection after surgery with a colleague and states the nurse is going to try this new method. Which is the best response from the colleague? Help share the information with other staff members so all can use the new technique. Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients. Suggest they conduct their own research to determine if it will work with their clients. Agree the method should be used immediately with their own clients.

Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients. Before adopting any new practices presented in research or a study, nurses should take time to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients and suitable for their situation. The nurse should not assume that just because something has been published, it will be appropriate for their situation. It must be analyzed by their facility to ensure it has been properly analyzed and approved for use before implementing. There is no need for the nurses to conduct their own research before implementing the changes.

A conceptual framework is defined as: a set of phenomena and related abstractions. an explanation of nursing and nursing practice. a foundation for nursing skills and care. a set of concepts and propositions.

a set of concepts and propositions. Explanation: A conceptual framework or model is defined as a set of concepts and the propositions that integrate them into a meaningful configuration. A conceptual framework is not an explanation of nursing and nursing practice, a set of phenomena and related abstractions, or a foundation for nursing skills and care.

A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as: reducing salt intake. adults. lower blood pressure. no change in salt intake.

adults. "P" refers to the population, "I" refers to the intervention, "C" refers to comparison, "O" refers to the outcome,

A nurse is considering relocating to another state to practice nursing. Which is the most appropriate action by the nurse to ensure ability to practice in the new state? taking the new state's licensing exam asking the current state to transfer the license No action is needed by the nurse. applying for a reciprocal license in the new state

applying for a reciprocal license in the new state Nurses gain legal rights to practice nursing in another state by applying to that state's board of nursing and receiving reciprocal licensure. The nurse does not need to retake the licensure exam. The nursing licenses are not transferable.

Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research? Drug metabolism Prevention of trauma Promotion of recovery Health appraisal

drug metabolism Drug metabolism is an example of a focus of medical research. Nursing research is defined as a systematic inquiry into the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care such as health appraisal, prevention of trauma, promotion of recovery, and coordination of health care (Gortner, 1975).

One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to: quantify outcomes related to clients. determine outcomes for clients. generate knowledge to guide practice. prevent further disease and death.

generate knowledge to guide practice. One of the major reasons for conducting nursing research is to generate knowledge to guide practice. The other answers pertain to other aspects of nursing practice but not to nursing research.

A nurse is demonstrating collegiality in professional practice. Which behaviors practiced by the nurse correlate with this standard of practice? Select all that apply. A nurse helps a colleague write a journal article. A nurse encourages a colleague to join the American Nurses Association (ANA). A nurse encourages a colleague to join the hospital journal club. A nurse helps a colleague complete a bed bath on a client. A nurse encourages a colleague to quit smoking

nurse helps a colleague write a journal article. A nurse encourages a colleague to join the hospital journal club. A nurse encourages a colleague to join the American Nurses Association (ANA). The ANA standard of collegiality refers to the nurse interacting with and contributing to the professional development of peers and colleagues. Examples include helping a colleague write a journal article, encouraging a colleague to join the hospital journal club, and encouraging a colleague to join a professional organization such as the ANA. Helping a colleague quit smoking does not contribute to the colleague's professional development. Helping a colleague complete a client bed bath indicates teamwork and collaboration, but does not help contribute to the colleague's professional development.

The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to: evaluate the effect of current research. promote research for health promotion. advance the level of nursing research funding. investigate and expand nursing theory.

promote research for health promotion. The National Institute of Nursing Research was established under the National Institutes of Health to place nursing securely in the sphere of scientific investigation and to support research and training into client care, health promotion, disease prevention, and the mitigation of the effects of acute and chronic disabilities. It does not exist to advance nursing funding, expand nursing theory, or evaluate research.

Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas. use of outcome studies to guide decisions. care based on pathophysiologic factors. cost efficiency of treatment models.

use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions. The other answers do not represent the primary emphasis of evidence-based care but represent other approaches (specialty or expert knowledge, traditional medical model, and economic concerns).

Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and: evaluation by experts to direct care in specialty areas. care based on pathophysiologic factors. cost efficiency of treatment models. use of outcome studies to guide decisions.

use of outcome studies to guide decisions. Explanation: Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and the use of outcome studies to guide decisions. The other answers do not represent the primary emphasis of evidence-based care but represent other approaches (specialty or expert knowledge, traditional medical model, and economic concerns).

Nursing theories are important as they are all directed toward improved client care. Which of the following are goals of nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

• Provides knowledge and a rationale for client interventions • Provides a rationale for appropriate nursing actions in a given situation • Identifies and defines concepts that are important to nursing • Increases the nursing body of knowledge