Psychology Midterm

In a myelinated axon, the action potential... the segments of myelin, going from one node of Ranvier to the next.

"Skips" over

The process in which a stimulus causes an involuntary response is known as...

A reflex arc

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the... phase.

Acquisition

According to...of dreams, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the brain tries to make sense of neural activity in the vestibular system and the result is dreaming.

Activation-synthesis model

In the context of a conditioned taste aversion... is the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive.

Adaptive value

One example of a depressant is...

Alcohol

Caffeine is an antagonist that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter...

Andosine

The somatic nervous system initiates voluntary muscle activity, and the... nervous system regulates involuntary activity.

Autonomic

... allows information to be collected and saved (at least temporarily) with little or no conscious effort.

Autonomic processing

The handling of information with little or no conscious effort is called...

Autonomic processing

Action Potentials travel from the...

Axon hillock, down to the axon of the terminal buds

Skinner's work reflected the psychological school of...

Behaviorism

The central nervous system consists of the...

Brain and spinal cord

The part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking such as decision making is the...

Cerebral Cortex

...is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus elicits a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits the same response.

Classical conditioning

Conditioned taste aversion is a form of...

Classical conditioning

...psychology underlies the study of consciousness.

Cognitive

The somatic nervous system...

Contains sensory and motor nerves

The pons serves to...

Coordinate movement

The majority of neurotransmitters migrate across the synaptic gap and latch onto receptor sites of the receiving neuron's...

Dendrites

In order to administer positive reinforcement, a(n)...

Desirable stimulus is added following a behavior.

...is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and another stimulus that is sufficiently dissimilar to it.

Discrimination

Action potentials are... signals .... neurons.

Electrical;within

... happens when a previously conditioned response occurs less frequently after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

A... schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is given after a pre-established number of responses.

Fixed-ratio

In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus was the...., the neutral stimulus was the...., and the conditioned stimulus was the...

Food;buzzer;buzzer

Alcohol binds to and activates...receptors to produce a calming effect on the body...drugs have the same effect, and when used in combination with alcohol, they can suppress heart rate and breathing.

GABA;Barbiturate

A synapse is a....

Gap

Although previously thought to simply keep things together, researchers now know that...defend the brain from infection and support communication between neurons.

Glial cells

LSD, marijuana, and MDMA are classified as...

Hallucinogens

Negative reinforcement is designed to... a behavior, and punishment is designed to... a behavior.

Increase;decrease

The successful use of negative reinforcement...

Increases probability of a behavior.

An addiction typically refers to an urge to engage in an activity to such an extent that it...

Interferes with daily functioning.

.... Gather information from multiple neurons and facilitate the nervous systems complex functions.

Interneurons

Although... studied the digestive system of dogs, he is best known for his pioneering work on classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

...is learning that occurs without awareness and is not evident until needed.

Latent learning

... Is the idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels at certain activities.

Lateralization

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences is called...

Learning

The pineal gland is responsible for the production of... with higher levels being produced during dark conditions, thus promoting sleep.

Melatonin

Researchers suspect sleep spindles are associated with...

Memory consolidation and intelligence.

...is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, which includes lapses into sleep and napping.

Narcolepsy

Sending a child to a corner for a "time out" is an example of..., whereas giving a child a spanking is and example of...

Negative punishment; positive punishment

In a Skinner box, a rat escapes painful electric shock by pressing a lever. The rat's bar-pressing behavior is conditioned through...

Negative reinforcement

Stem cells produce new neurons in a process known as...

Neurogenesis

The chemical that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called...

Neurotransmitters

...are frightening dreams that occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Nightmares

The breaks between the myelin sheath of an axon are called...

Nodes of Ranvier

... are painkillers derived from the poppy plant.

Opiates

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need, such as hunger and thirst, are called... reinforcers.

Primary

Research has shown that hypnosis may...

Promote the formation of false memories.

Today Phrenology would be considered...

Pseudo science

...occurs when the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep does not function properly.

REM sleep behavior disorder

Sleepers may act out their dreams in a sleep disturbance called...

REM sleep behavior disorder

In a myelinated axon, the action potential hops from one node of.... to the next.

Ranvier

In an experiment, Skinner used shaping to teach pigeons to "play" tennis. During the first phase of the shaping process, pigeons were...

Reinforced if they pecked the ball.

Physical exercise may boost... in the brain, leading to improved mood.

Serotonin

Which historical figure proposed the wish fulfillment theory of dreaming?

Sigmund Freud

The most influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by...

Skinner

The... Cortex is a band of tissue running parallel to the motor cortex that receives and integrates information related to pain and temperature from all over the body.

Somatosensory

...occurs when a conditioned response that had been extinguished reappears.

Spontaneous recovery

When behavior reemerges after extinction,... has occurred.

Spontaneous recovery

Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of.... sleep.

Stage N2

Caffeine and cocaine are... that ... activity in the central nervous system.

Stimulants;increase

Automatic processing is defined as...

Taking in information with little or no conscious effort.

The job of the... is to process and relay sensory information to appropriate parts of the cortex.

Thalamus

Identify the brain structure that helps us plan and execute voluntary movements and allows us to move our body.

The motor cortex

Operant conditioning is associated with...

Thorndike and Skinner.

.... Nightmares, sleep terrors occur during... sleep.

Unlike; non-REM

The occipital lobe is to the... cortex as the ... lobe is to the auditory cortex.

Visual;temporal

People cannot be hypnotized without their consent because...

You cannot force someone to be hypnotized, they must be willing.

Communications within neurons is primarily... and communication between neurons is primarily

electrical;chemical

Classical conditioning involves the learning of...behavior, whereas operant conditioning involves the learning of... behavior.

involuntary; voluntary

If a parent repeatedly shouts "NO!" at a toddler whenever the child reaches to pet a dog, the toddler may become fearful of dogs. In this situation, the unconditioned stimulus is...

shouting "NO!"