Psychology Midterm
In a myelinated axon, the action potential... the segments of myelin, going from one node of Ranvier to the next.
"Skips" over
The process in which a stimulus causes an involuntary response is known as...
A reflex arc
In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the... phase.
Acquisition
According to...of dreams, during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the brain tries to make sense of neural activity in the vestibular system and the result is dreaming.
Activation-synthesis model
In the context of a conditioned taste aversion... is the degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive.
Adaptive value
One example of a depressant is...
Alcohol
Caffeine is an antagonist that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter...
Andosine
The somatic nervous system initiates voluntary muscle activity, and the... nervous system regulates involuntary activity.
Autonomic
... allows information to be collected and saved (at least temporarily) with little or no conscious effort.
Autonomic processing
The handling of information with little or no conscious effort is called...
Autonomic processing
Action Potentials travel from the...
Axon hillock, down to the axon of the terminal buds
Skinner's work reflected the psychological school of...
Behaviorism
The central nervous system consists of the...
Brain and spinal cord
The part of the brain responsible for higher order thinking such as decision making is the...
Cerebral Cortex
...is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus elicits a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits the same response.
Classical conditioning
Conditioned taste aversion is a form of...
Classical conditioning
...psychology underlies the study of consciousness.
Cognitive
The somatic nervous system...
Contains sensory and motor nerves
The pons serves to...
Coordinate movement
The majority of neurotransmitters migrate across the synaptic gap and latch onto receptor sites of the receiving neuron's...
Dendrites
In order to administer positive reinforcement, a(n)...
Desirable stimulus is added following a behavior.
...is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and another stimulus that is sufficiently dissimilar to it.
Discrimination
Action potentials are... signals .... neurons.
Electrical;within
... happens when a previously conditioned response occurs less frequently after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
A... schedule of reinforcement is one in which reinforcement is given after a pre-established number of responses.
Fixed-ratio
In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus was the...., the neutral stimulus was the...., and the conditioned stimulus was the...
Food;buzzer;buzzer
Alcohol binds to and activates...receptors to produce a calming effect on the body...drugs have the same effect, and when used in combination with alcohol, they can suppress heart rate and breathing.
GABA;Barbiturate
A synapse is a....
Gap
Although previously thought to simply keep things together, researchers now know that...defend the brain from infection and support communication between neurons.
Glial cells
LSD, marijuana, and MDMA are classified as...
Hallucinogens
Negative reinforcement is designed to... a behavior, and punishment is designed to... a behavior.
Increase;decrease
The successful use of negative reinforcement...
Increases probability of a behavior.
An addiction typically refers to an urge to engage in an activity to such an extent that it...
Interferes with daily functioning.
.... Gather information from multiple neurons and facilitate the nervous systems complex functions.
Interneurons
Although... studied the digestive system of dogs, he is best known for his pioneering work on classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov
...is learning that occurs without awareness and is not evident until needed.
Latent learning
... Is the idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels at certain activities.
Lateralization
A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences is called...
Learning
The pineal gland is responsible for the production of... with higher levels being produced during dark conditions, thus promoting sleep.
Melatonin
Researchers suspect sleep spindles are associated with...
Memory consolidation and intelligence.
...is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, which includes lapses into sleep and napping.
Narcolepsy
Sending a child to a corner for a "time out" is an example of..., whereas giving a child a spanking is and example of...
Negative punishment; positive punishment
In a Skinner box, a rat escapes painful electric shock by pressing a lever. The rat's bar-pressing behavior is conditioned through...
Negative reinforcement
Stem cells produce new neurons in a process known as...
Neurogenesis
The chemical that relay signals across the synapses between neurons are called...
Neurotransmitters
...are frightening dreams that occur in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
Nightmares
The breaks between the myelin sheath of an axon are called...
Nodes of Ranvier
... are painkillers derived from the poppy plant.
Opiates
Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need, such as hunger and thirst, are called... reinforcers.
Primary
Research has shown that hypnosis may...
Promote the formation of false memories.
Today Phrenology would be considered...
Pseudo science
...occurs when the mechanism responsible for paralyzing the body during REM sleep does not function properly.
REM sleep behavior disorder
Sleepers may act out their dreams in a sleep disturbance called...
REM sleep behavior disorder
In a myelinated axon, the action potential hops from one node of.... to the next.
Ranvier
In an experiment, Skinner used shaping to teach pigeons to "play" tennis. During the first phase of the shaping process, pigeons were...
Reinforced if they pecked the ball.
Physical exercise may boost... in the brain, leading to improved mood.
Serotonin
Which historical figure proposed the wish fulfillment theory of dreaming?
Sigmund Freud
The most influential early research on operant conditioning was conducted by...
Skinner
The... Cortex is a band of tissue running parallel to the motor cortex that receives and integrates information related to pain and temperature from all over the body.
Somatosensory
...occurs when a conditioned response that had been extinguished reappears.
Spontaneous recovery
When behavior reemerges after extinction,... has occurred.
Spontaneous recovery
Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of.... sleep.
Stage N2
Caffeine and cocaine are... that ... activity in the central nervous system.
Stimulants;increase
Automatic processing is defined as...
Taking in information with little or no conscious effort.
The job of the... is to process and relay sensory information to appropriate parts of the cortex.
Thalamus
Identify the brain structure that helps us plan and execute voluntary movements and allows us to move our body.
The motor cortex
Operant conditioning is associated with...
Thorndike and Skinner.
.... Nightmares, sleep terrors occur during... sleep.
Unlike; non-REM
The occipital lobe is to the... cortex as the ... lobe is to the auditory cortex.
Visual;temporal
People cannot be hypnotized without their consent because...
You cannot force someone to be hypnotized, they must be willing.
Communications within neurons is primarily... and communication between neurons is primarily
electrical;chemical
Classical conditioning involves the learning of...behavior, whereas operant conditioning involves the learning of... behavior.
involuntary; voluntary
If a parent repeatedly shouts "NO!" at a toddler whenever the child reaches to pet a dog, the toddler may become fearful of dogs. In this situation, the unconditioned stimulus is...
shouting "NO!"
