Principles of Developmental Psychology Final Exam

What are cohort effects?

1. Cohort Effects- individuals are born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions 2. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times (people developing during WWII may not have the same scores/development as people now)

Why is there a difference between the results of these two types of studies?

1. Cohort effects creates the differences across generations 2. Advances in cognitive functioning in middle age are due to educational attainment, occupational structures, changes in healthcare and lifestyles, immigration, and social interventions in poverty

What does the core knowledge approach say about where knowledge comes from? What do they base this assumption on?

1. Comes from inside, kids show things really early 2. Show object permanence very early-innate

How do continuity theory and socioemtional selectivity theory explain changes in older adults social activity?

1. Continuity Theory purposes that most aging adults strive to maintain consistency between their past and anticipated future. By engaging in familiar activities with familiar people and investing in long standing, close relationships, older people sustain a consistent life path and network of social support 2. Socioemotional selectivity theory states that social networks become more selective with age. Older adults, who face a shortened future, emphasize the emotion regulating function of interaction, preferring high quality, emotionally fulfilling relationships

What did Vygotsky mean when he proposed that make-believe play "scaffolds" the development of self-regulation?

1. Creation of imaginary scenes using substitute objects aids young children in distinguishing internal ideas from concrete reality 2. Inherent property or pretend scenarios is following social rules. Learn to place constraints on their own actions

What do cross-sectional studies typically show regarding changes in intelligence as we move from early to late adulthood?

1. Crystallized intelligence increases 2. Fluid intelligence decreases 3. Reasoning memory, spatial visualization, and processing speed declines 4. Cognitive functioning involving accumulated knowledge increases until the 60s

Describe changes in crystallized and fluid intelligence in middle adulthood

1. Crystallized intelligence, which depends on accumulated knowledge and experience, gains steadily through middle adulthood. In contrast, fluid intelligence, which depends more on basic information processing skills, beings to decline in the twenties 2. In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, perceptual speed undergoes a steady, continuous decline. But other fluid skills, in addition to crystallized abilities, increase through middle adulthood, confirming that midlife is a time of peak performance on a variety of complex abilities 3. Gains in certain intellectual skills by baby boomers relative to the previous generation reflect advances in education, technology, environmental stimulation, and health care

What is MAP training and who developed it?

1. Dr. Shors (Rutgers Prof)-Mental & Physical Training 2. Teaches them how to meditate then right after does aerobic exercise

Briefly describe Gottlieb's research with ducklings, including results

1. Duck eggs laid at the same time hatched at different times 2. Deprived mallard ducks of auditory sensory stimulation experienced in normal development 3. Exposed to both chicken and mallard calls 4. Instincts do not solely depend on experience, but influential social situations

What is ecological validity? What does it have to do with what we know (or think we know) about cognition in adulthood?

1. Ecological Validity: Is it measuring cognition in the real world?

What is telomerase? What kinds of cells tend to have an abundance of it?

1. Enzyme that is naturally occurring that prevents/reduces telomerase from shortening 2. Don't want too much of this either because they can be a negative, cells that produce wildly like cancer can create tumors 3. Everything in moderation

Three Layers of Skin

1. Epidermis: outer protective layer where new skin cells are constantly produced 2. Dermis: middle supportive layer, consisting of connective tissue that stretches and bounces back, giving the skin elasticity 3. Hypodermis: inner fatty layer that adds to the soft lines and shape of the skin

What is "occasional inattention" and how harmful is it?

1. Experience responsive some of the time, but not all of the time 2. No harm in this and in fact probably some benefit

How did they attempt to answer it? (Describe the research design.)

1. Experimental Group-Moderate aerobic exercise 2. Control Group-Stretching exercise 3. Both groups get social support, positive influence, friends, difference is the exercise 4. Participants 50-80 years of age

What were the results of this research?

1. Experimental Group-Their hippocampus increased in volume by 2% 2. Control group-lost about 1.5% of their hippocampus volume 3. The ones who stuck to the exercises the best had higher cognitive scores

What are histones and what do they do?

1. Family of basic proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus and help condense it into chromatin 2. Alkaling proteins and their positive charges allow them to associate with DNA

What effect does the "Fast Mimicking Diet" have on IGF-1 levels?

1. Fast all day, then eat later on shows some dieting benefits 2. 5 Days a month of severe fasting, first day 50% of daily intake of calories, 30% the next 4 days, rest of the month eat however you want 3. The positive effects are seen in the rebound stage 4. This diet reduces IGF-1 5. Effects sometimes continue for longer

Describe how our sex chromosomes lead to the development of male and female physical characteristics

1. Female: XX, breasts, more fat, estrogen, ovaries 2. Male: XY, no breasts, more muscle, testosterone, testes

How do fluid and crystallized intelligence each change throughout adulthood?

1. Fluid Intelligence: Declines from middle adulthood on 2. Crystallized Intelligence: Increases in middle age 3. Why of their patterns of change different? Things slow down, longer to process information

In what ways is Erikson's theory similar to and different from Freud's?

1. Nature nurture-what causes change, stage is quantitative or qualitative 2. Freud was all about nature, goes from one body part to the next 3. Erikson says these changes happen throughout life, Freud says you are who you are when you enter adulthood

Why is serve and return so important? What happens in the child's brain if s/he doesn't get enough of it?

1. Neural connections are built and strengthened in the child's brain that support the development of communication and social skills 2. Developing architecture of the brain may be disrupted, and subsequent physical, mental, and emotional health may be impaired

What are neurogenesis and synaptogenesis? When are they possible?

1. Neurogenesis- creation of neurons 3. Synaptogenesis- formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system 3. Originally thought only possible at birth, turns out they happen throughout life

What does Piaget have to say about cognitive development in adulthood?

1. No stage 5, cares about qualitative change, intelligence/information processing continues to change over time with age, even as you get older you are still learning things

Erikson's and Levinson's theories are examples of what kind of theory of personality? Explain

1. Normative-Crisis Theories-Both talk about crises, each point in our lives has a vulnerability, Erikson talks about internal and external pressures 2. Levinson talks about how things are broken down and age-related stages

Describe the findings of the research on the people of Norrbotten, Sweden. What do these findings suggest is (or might be) true about the effects of epigenetics?

1. Norrobotten experienced seven years of famine followed by good harvest and abundance of food 2. Evaluated history of famine and feast to see how it affected the lives of the children 3. Life conditions could affect your health not only when you were a fetus, but also well into adulthood 4. The years the children were well fed, their own subsequent offspring grew up to be healthier and physically larger

How has the influence of the social clock changed over the last few generations?

1. Not as structured as it was back in the day 2. Was more rigid back in the day

Does the term midlife crisis reflect the typical experience of middle adulthood?

1. Only a minority of midlifers experience a midlife crisis, leading to drastic life alterations 2. Life regrets, associated with less favorable well being, but can also prompt corrective action

Describe changes in physical appearance and mobility in late adulthood, along with effective adaptations to these changes

1. Outward signs of aging-white hair, wrinkled and sagging skin, age spots, and decreased height and weight-become more noticeable. Mobility diminishes as muscle and bone strength and joint flexibility decline. High sense of personal control, which is linked to problem centered coping strategies, yields improved physical functioning 2. Assistive technology helps older people cope with physical declines, sustaining an effective person-environment fit that enhances psychological well being 3. Negative stereotypes of aging have a stressful, disorganizing impact on older adults functioning, whereas positive stereotypes reduce stress and foster physical and mental competence

What are the 3 rGEs, and how does each work?

1. Passive 2. Active 3. Evocative

Distinguish between chronological age and functional age, and discuss changes in life expectancy since the beginning of the twentieth century

1. People age biologically at different rates, making chronological age an imperfect indicator of functional age. Dramatic gains in average life expectancy confirm that biological aging can be modified by environmental factors, including improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation and safety 2. Length of life and especially average life expectancy can be predicted by a country's health care, housing, and social services, along with lifestyle factors 3. With advancing age, the gender gap in average life expectancy declines, as do differences between European American's and African Americans 4. Longevity runs in families, but environmental factors become increasingly important after after 70-80. Scientists disagree on whether maximum lifespan can be extended

Why do longitudinal studies probably overestimate intelligence at older ages?

1. Practice Effect 2. Attrition-people drop out sometimes

What does Labouvie-Vief call the kind of thinking the young adults used when thinking about these kinds of problems?

1. Pragmatic thought-using logic as a tool to help negotiate real world problems 2. Cognitive affective complexity-increasing until you are 60, affective meaning emotions, what adults can do that make them qualitatively different than kids, bring in our emotions, incorporate conflicting emotions into problem

What developmental changes are going on in the brains of adolescents?

1. Prefrontal cortex 2. Pruning pathways not efficient 3. Myelination to increase efficiency 4. Linkages more efficiently connected 5. Amygdala (closer to adult state) 6. Social/emotional network 7. Increasing responsiveness of social/ emotional network

How have these changes (and their timing) been used to try to explain risk-taking and impulsivity in adolescence?

1. Prefrontal cortex is not fully developed 2. Over functioning amygdala

What example did I provide for the fact that genetically programmed death of cells (apoptosis) is an important part of normal development?

1. Prenatally-hands and feet are little buds that are all webbed together, the cells webbing between your fingers and feet die off because of apoptosis 2. Tadpole has a tail then falls off because of apoptosis

What is synaptic pruning? How is it related to the plasticity of your brain?

1. Process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty 2. Synaptic pruning is going on in the child's brain which is making stronger connections

What is methylation? What are some things that may cause methylation? (General examples)

1. Process of taking a single carbon and three hydrogens, known as methyl group, and applying it to countless critical functions in your body 2. Example: Thinking, repairing DNA, turning on and off genes, fighting infections and getting rid of environmental toxins to name a few

Why is severe, persistent neglect during early childhood so damaging?

1. Prolonged periods of inattention, not being feed or bathed enough-basic needs 2. Risks for more substantial risks down the road which are not easily fixed

How has the infant mortality rate in the US been changing over the last several years?What are some possible reasons for this?

1. Rates have been declining 2. Preventing planned early deliveries 3. Better access to prenatal care 4. Fewer teens getting pregnant

What can we conclude from this research?

Probabilistic epigenesis: behavioral development does not have a predetermined course

Practical Problem Solving

Problem solving that requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty

Perspectives on successful aging have turned away from specific achievements toward _______

Processes people use to reach personality valued goals

Neuron loss in later life _________

Progresses at different rates among different regions of the cerebral cortex

According to Piaget, what does cognitive development look like?

Progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience

By midlife, family ties _________, while friendships serve as current sources of pleasure and satisfaction

Protect against serious threats and losses

As the result of age related changes, the heart __________ in late adulthood

Pumps with less force

According to the information processing approach to cognition, what does cognitive development look like?

Qualitative or quantitative, memory capacity gets better, speed of processing gets faster

Older lesbians and gay men in long term partnerships _________

Rate their mental health more favorably than do their single lesbian and gay agemates

Prospective Memory

Recall that involves remembering to engage in planned actions in the future

Although older people often say that their ___________ memory is clearer than their ___________ memory, research does not support this conclusion

Remote; Recent

Cognitive Reserve

Reorganization of brain areas devoted to cognitive processes and richer synaptic connections, resulting from the complex cognitive activities of better-educated people, which give the aging brain greater tolerance for injury before it crosses the threshold into mental disability

Overall, never married, childless older people __________

Report a level of social connectedness and psychological well being equivalent to that of married aging adults

Older lesbians and gay men in long term partnerships _____________

Report better physical and psychological well being when married than when not in a legally recognized relationship

In companies with a favorable age climate, mature employees __________

Report higher job satisfaction

Which of the following happens after menopause as a result of decreasing estrogen?

Reproductive organs decrease in size

Nontraditional students report a strong desire for _____________

Small; discussion based classes

Heredity plays a role in sporadic Alzheimer's through _____________

Somatic Mutation

In everyday problem solving, older adults generate ___________ strategies compared to young and middle aged adults

A smaller number of

Continuity Theory

A social theory of aging that states that most aging adults, in their choice of everyday activities and social relationships, strive to maintain a personal system—an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles, and skills—that promotes life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated future

Longitudinal follow ups of individuals varying widely in age confirm that _________ shows greater decrements than _______ in late life

Spatial Orientation; Verbal ability

Which of the following mental abilities is considered to be fluid?

Spatial orientation

Longitudinal evidence reveals that __________ sexual activity is far more typical than _____________ in midlife

Stability of; dramatic change

What stage in Erikson's theory coincides with the early childhood years? Describe the major characteristics of this stage

Stage 3-Initiative vs Guilt-Pre-schooler Stage 4-Industry vs Inferiority-Grade-schooler

Which of the following is a factor contributing to the glass ceiling?

Stereotyped doubts about women's career commitment lead supervisors to exclude them from formal management training programs

In later life, loss of cognitive skills generally outweighs improvement and maintenance, but most older adults ____________

Still show evidence of plasticity, and some individuals display high maintenance at very old ages

What is epigenetics?

Study of heritable changes in gene expression (active vs inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence

Whereas Levinson saw ________________ during the transition to middle adulthood, Vaillant Saw ___________

Substantial inner turmoil; Slow and steady change

_________hasten(s) wrinkling, loosening, and spotting of the skin, causing some individuals to look older than their contemporaries

Sun exposure

What new ability makes preoperational thinking different from sensorimotor thinking?

Symbolic thinking

According to Dozier et al., what are the two components of sensitive caregiving? Describe them

Synchrony and nurturing-kid does something and you respond appropriately and kind

Compression of Morbidity

The public health goal of reducing the average period of diminished vigor before death as life expectancy extends. Medical advances and improved socioeconomic conditions promote this goal

When does make-believe play begin to appear (at what age)? What other major symbolic activity is also emerging at this age?

Age 2, Interested in the social aspects of cognition, involves vocal planning, roles, objects, rules, requires will power to stay in role, child is restraining his/her own behavior

In a study of the development of wisdom with adults ranging in age from 20-89, results revealed that ___________

Age is no guarantee of wisdom

What are the criticisms of this kind of theory?

Age isn't the only thing that structures the experiences in our lives

Secondary Aging

Age-related declines due to hereditary defects and environmental influences, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, disease, substance abuse, environmental pollution, and psychological stress

Which statement about executive function in adulthood is true?

Age-related deficits in inhibition lead working memory to be cluttered with irrelevant items

Associative Memory Deficit

Age-related difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information—for example, two items or an item and its context

Presbycusis

Age-related hearing impairment, beginning around age 50 with a noticeable decline in sensitivity to high-frequency sounds, which gradually extends to all frequencies

Successful Aging

Aging in which gains are maximized and losses minimized, enabling realization of individual potential

Longitudinal and Cross sectional evidence reveals that ___________ increases from adolescence through middle age

Agreeableness

Older adults gain modestly in __________ into their 70s although declines tend to occur after age 80

Agreeableness

What is the self-organizing principle?

All parts of the system, whole thing tries to find an efficient organized way, system can get disrupted, learn to adapt to change

Which individual would most likely experience falling living standards after retirement because of government policies?

Allan, a janitor in the US

Which statement about arthritis is true?

Almost all older adults show some osteoarthritis on X rays

In the US, nearly 50% of people age 85 and older live _________

Alone

Which statement about late life friendships is true?

Although friendship formation continues throughout life, aging adults prefer familiar, established friendships over new ones

Which of the following women is most likely to have a negative attitude toward menopause

Amie, a European American dental hygienist who had wanted children, but wasn't able to conceive

Which of the following middle aged adults with a chronically ill parent is likely to experience the most stress?

Aminah, whose father moved into her home after breaking his hip

Which statement about older adults spirituality and religiosity is true?

Among older adults, spirituality and faith may move away from prescribed beliefs toward a more reflective approach

Discuss sexuality in middle adulthood and its association with relationship satisfaction

Frequency of sexual activity among heterosexual couples declines modestly. Intensity of sexual response also diminishes, yet most married people over age 50 say that sex is an important part of a healthy couple relationship

Which statement about psychological well being in midlife is true?

The role of marriage in mental health increases with age, becoming a powerful predictor of well being by midlife

Maximum Lifespan

The species-specific biological limit to length of life (in years), corresponding to the age at which the oldest known individual died

According to continuity theory, most aging adults _________

Try to extend the previous direction of their lives by engaging in new activities but within familiar domains

Which of the following 50 year olds is most likely to experience a rapid decline in hearing?

Will, who is a smoker and works construction

What capacities make up wisdom, and how is it affected by age and life experience?

Wisdom involves extensive practical knowledge, ability to reflect on and apply that knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile, emotional maturity, and altruistic creativity. When age and relevant life experiences are combined, more older than younger people rank among the wise. Having faced and overcome adversity appears to contribute to late life wisdom

Which of the following factors contributes to middle aged women's accelerated loss of bone density compared to that of men?

Women's reserve of bone minerals is lower than men's to begin with

Negative stereotypes of aging are more likely to be applied to __________ than _____________

Women; men

Small scale cognitive training studies targeting executive function that provide intensive training over multiple weeks show promising improvements especially on _______ tasks

Working memory

The intelligence and information processing approaches both tend to rely on the same assumption about cognition in young adulthood. What is this assumption?

Young adults are the pinnacle of measurement

Which of the following is an experience of middle adulthood that leads to increased self acceptance, autonomy, and environmental mastery?

Gains in expertise and practical problem solving

Cross cultural findings reveal similar changes in the "big five" personality traits across adulthood, leading some researchers to conclude that adults personality change is ___________

Genetically Influenced

Primary Aging

Genetically influenced age-related declines in the functioning of organs and systems that affect all members of our species and occur even in the context of overall good health. Also called biological aging

Bridge employment would likely have the most favorable impact on the psychological well being of which older adult?

George, a CPA who retired from an accounting firm and took a seasonal job as a tax preparer for a national chain

Why are the damaging effects potentially life-long?

Gets hardwired right into the plastic brain, harder to change when brain is wired that way early on

What did Erikson say about social feedback and conformity in adolescence?

Getting information about yourself from other people, huge part of how we understand who we are by understanding how people feel and react to us, we care about what others think more than in the past. Makes sense to Erikson because its like a mirror. Conformity in adolescence means liking what in, just mirroring what the cool kids are doing, don't panic about that because moratorium and conformity is normal in that time period. Normal for teens, not normal if it continues

Aspects of language production that are affected by aging include _________

Grammatical Complexity

Over the past two decades, startup businesses in the US owned and operated by women __________, and 1/3 of those firms have _____________

Grew at 1.5 times the national average; ethnic minority owners

How prevalent is ADHD in the U.S.? How has this changed over the last 100 years?

Because our culture is less accepting today of impulsive hyperactive behaviors, a lot more children today are being diagnosed with hyperactive disorders than they were 100 years ago

Which of the following statements about osteoporosis is true?

Because the bones gradually more porous over the years, osteoporosis may not be evident until fractures occur

Possible Selves________________

Become more modest and concrete with age

At what point in your life did/will you have the most synapses?

Before birth

Optimal aging might be a better descriptor than the commonly used term successful again because aging well involves __________

Being able to cope effectively with life's challenges and lossses

What is a criticism/limitation of wear & tear theories? (What evidence is there that is contrary to wear & tear theories?)

Being active helps maintain healthiness versus being sedentary

Compared to their age mates, older adults with the cognitive, reflective, and emotional qualities that make up wisdom are ____________

Better educated

80 year old Michael regrets that there is no time left to compensate for his mistakes in life. Overwhelmed by bitterness and defeat, Michael expresses anger and contempt toward her family members and caregivers. According to Erikson, Michael is likely experiencing

Despair

Ivan feels guilty about his lack of involvement in his children's lives when they were young, so he decided to volunteer for a local after school program for children of working parents. Ivan is reconciling the ___________ task

Destruction-Creation

How did the boy in the video describe his experiences with sensory processing difficulties?

Didn't like wearing labels because itches neck, bare feet more comfortable. Chairs, pencils and books turning which doesn't allow him to focus properly

Studies of terminal decline _________

Differ greatly with respect to its length

Older adults difficulties with prospective memory in the laboratory __________

Do not appear in real life, where adults are good at setting up reminders

What are some reasons why children in the foster care system tend to have difficulty forming organized, secure attachments?

Don't have a solid source to latch on to consistently, keeps changing

According to research, the type A behavior pattern becomes increasingly recognizable

During the busiest years of career achievement

How does Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) describe and explain the development of abilities such as reaching or self-locomotion?

Dynamic Systems Theory (DST)-reaching/walking aren't preprogrammed, gets better with practice

In Schaie's research on verbal ability, what factor was responsible for difference between cross sectional findings and longitudinal findings?

Each new generation experienced better health and education than one before it

Describe cohort effects on intelligence revealed by Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study

Early cross sectional research showed a peak intelligence test performance at age 35 followed by a steep decline, whereas longitudinal evidence revealed modest gains in midlife. Using a sequential design, Schaie found that the cross sectional, steep drop of largely resulted from cohort effects as each new generation experienced better health and education

As ___________ increases, so does length of life

Education & Income

When older adults are directed to use the memory strategy of _______ with word pairs, the young-old difference in associative memory is greatly reduced

Elaboration

Which of the following adults is most likely to increase his or her physical activity?

Ellen, whose workplace has started a reward program for exercise

Which of the following middle aged adults is likely to benefit most in self esteem and psychological well being from sustaining a youthful subjective age?

Ellis who is American

Which of the following adults learners is most likely to succeed academically?

Emilee, who has cultivated personal relationships with several professors

Socioemtional selectivity theory emphasizes that the ____________ function of social interaction becomes most important in late adulthood

Emotion regulating

Midlife gains in __________ may contribute to an increase in effective coping in middle adulthood

Emotional Stability

Interviews with parents age 75 and older in five Western nations revealed that in all countries, aid received from adult children most often take the form of ____________

Emotional support

What are telomeres and what role do they play in the lifespan of a cell?

End cap of chromosomes, duplicate, end piece gets slightly chopped off, repeat until it no longer can, limited number of duplication

New findings indicate that a substantial number of sporadic Alzherimer's cases are due to __________

Epigenetic Processes

Which of the following adult learners is most likely to report high stress?

Erica, A single mother who works part time at a coffee shop

According to Erikson, how does personality change in late adulthood?

Erikson's final psychological conflict, ego integrity vs despair, involves coming to terms with one's life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole and satisfied with their achievements. Despair occurs when older people feel time is to short to attain integrity.

Which older adult is most likely to be involved in both organized and informal religious activities?

Etta, a low SES African American woman

Which statement about institutionalization in later life is true?

European Americans are more likely to be institutionalized than ethnic minorities

What example did I give of a cohort effect in the relationship between a particular trait and behavior/attitude?

Example: Rural Bolivia-Agricultural community for years, illiterate, don't read and write, these 5 aspects don't make sense in this community

How is a synapse strengthened? What weakens it?

Experience, more its used the stronger it gets, less it gets used weaker it gets

Gains in __________ help explain why practical problem solving strengthens rather than declines in midlife

Expertise

The concept of rGE is an attempt to explain what phenomenon?

Explain the casual mechanisms which indicate genetic control over environmental exposure

What dimensions define a person's identity status? Define each status by these dimensions

Exploration & Commitment

Which type A behavior consistently predicts greater heart disease and other coronary problems?

Expressed hostility

Discuss the association of hostility and anger with heart disease and other health problems

Expressed hostility, a component of the Type A behavior pattern, predicts heart disease. Anger suppression is also related to health problems; a better alternative is to develop effective ways of handling stress and conflict

At least half of US adults over age 50 _____________

Have not engaged in any concrete retirement planning

Which of the following is most important contributor to late life wisdom?

Having faced and overcome adversity

For Vygotsky, make-believe play is serious and important business rather than an anything-goes free-for-all where children entertain themselves or relax from the demands of schooling. Explain his reasoning

He considered make-believe play of preschoolers and kindergartners the means by which they overcame the impulsiveness of toddlers to develop the intentional behavior essential to higher mental functions

Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that contributes to longer life expectancy among adults over age 75?

Healthy diet

Is IDS helpful or harmful? Explain

Helpful-baby's like it, attractive to them, carries meaning, they can tell if something is said good or bad, emphasizes certain speech sounds

Burnout occurs most often in the ___________ professions

Helping

How might play be a way to "treat" or prevent ADHD?

Helps them express themselves, helps achieve impressive gains in attention and social skills

Which statement about glaucoma is true?

Heredity contributes to glaucoma, which runs in families

_____________ is/are among predictors of better physical functioning and survival over the next two years in very old people

High T cell activity

What are the major characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)?

High pitched, lots of ups and downs, vowels stretched out

People who flexibly modify their identities in response to age related changes yet maintain a sense of self continuity are __________

Higher in life satisfaction

The average (WEIRD) person's hippocampus shrinks by how much during mid - to late-adulthood?

Hippocampus-starts to age right after prefrontal cortex, losing about 1-2% of its volume

In Denmark, Sweden, and Japan, government sponsored ___________ ease the burden of caring for aging parents

Home helper systems

What does the sociometric approach to peer status refer to?

How children categorize their terms of peer status

What are some ways that this cognitive development influences other areas of the adolescent's life?

How they think about friendships and how they measure you against the ideal friend, good at arguing, can plan based on future

What are the likely factors contributing to this difference?

How we view childbearing in the US-conflicting messages, most countries separate difference from getting pregnant and having sex, messages about sexual behavior-messages about abstinence, access to condoms easily

How does problem solving change in late life?

Hypothetical problem solving declines in late adulthood. In everyday problem solving, older adults are effective as long as they perceive problems as under their control and as important. Older people make faster decisions about health than younger people and often consult others about everyday problems

Why do researchers, health providers, and policy advocates, etc., find functional age a more useful metric than chronological age?

Knowing how old someone is doesn't tell us much in adulthood, marathon runner going to be very different than a sedentary person of the same age, would be treated very differently

Which of the following is considered to be an ingredient of wisdom?

Knowledge about fundamental concerns of life, including human nature, social relations, and emotions

According to Piaget, how do children learn about their world? I.e. Where does knowledge come from?

Knowledge is acquired through action, either physical or mental

What are some activities the occupational therapist used in the video to work on gross motor skills?

Legs on ball, using arms to throw bean bags at target, learning through play, scooting around throwing stuff at buckets

Opportunities for blue collar workers to shift to less physically demanding works are usually ________

Limited

In terms of proximity and communication, which sibling relationship is typical for aging Americans?

Liz and her sister Lenora live in a different Atlanta suburbs, talk on the phone several times a month and visit several times a year

Which design should you use if you want to avoid cohort effects completely? Why?

Longitudinal-only one cohort

________ contributes to older adults reduced ability to adapt to hot and cold temperatures

Loss of the skin's layer of fatty support

Which statement about elder suicide in the US is true?

Losses and severe illnesses prompt suicide in late life

Which statement about older adults and continuing education is true?

Low SES adults are more likely to use community senior centers than to attend university-based lifelong learning programs

Hormone Therapy

Low daily doses of estrogen, either alone or in combination with progesterone, aimed at reducing the physical discomforts of menopause

Japan's leading status in average healthy life expectancy can be attributed to ________

Low rates of obesity and heart disease as well as favorable health care policies

As hearing declines, older people report _____________

Lower self efficacy

______ Cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both genders

Lung

In late adulthood, personal cognitive goals increasingly focus on _______

Maintaining abilities and preventing losses

Which statement about religiosity and older adults is true?

Many older people become modestly more religious as they age, although this trend is not universal

Which of the following adults would stand to benefit the most from attending a retirement preparation program

Marcus, a high school graduate with low life time earnings

________ report more frequent visits with grandchildren than do _____________

Maternal grandmothers; paternal grandmothers

What examples did I give of sexual maturation being influenced by the social environment?

Matters what you are wearing, "I picked this i want to wear this"

Negative life changes, such as bereavement, illness, and dependency, __________

May evoke less stress and depression in older than younger adults

Explicit Memory

Memory that requires controlled, strategic processing

Implicit Memory

Memory without conscious awareness

With respect to life expectancy, because ___________ are at higher risk for disease and early death, they reap somewhat larger generational gains from positive lifestyle changes and new medical discoveries

Men

Discuss the development of practical problems solving expertise, and creativity in middle adulthood

Middle aged adults displayed continued growth in practical problem soling, largely due to gains in expertise. Creativity becomes more deliberately thoughtful and often shits from generating unusual products to integrating ideas, and from concern with self expression to more altruistic goals

Explain the double standard of aging

Middle aged women are more likely than their male counterparts to be viewed unfavorable, especially by men

Discuss career change in middle adulthood

Midlife career changes typically involves leaving one line of work for a related one. Radical career change often signals a personal crisis. Among blue collar workers, midlife career shifts are seldom freely

Which statement about divorce at midlife is true?

Midlifers seem to adjust more easily to divorce than younger people

How were older adults affected by participation in Experience Corps, a program in which volunteers over age 60 tutor and mentor children in low income inner city schools

Mild gains in the size of the hippocampus

Studies reveal that adults with a history of ____________ lifetime adversity exposure report the most favorable adjustment

Modest

Creativity frequently reflects __________ in middle adulthood than it does in adolescence and early adulthood

More altruistic goals

Why did we begin to consider "Middle Adulthood" a distinct period of the lifespan?

More and more people living that long and the baby boomers coming along and there are tons of them, people died way younger back in the day

What are some possible explanations for this relationship?

More fat means less oxygen is getting to the brain leading to earlier deterioration overall

How can early detection of osteoporosis lead to a compression of morbidity?

More likely to fall and break bones, be immobile, take longer to heal, more likely to develop other things

Research confirms that highly generative people are ______

More open to different viewpoints

What is the Hayflick limit?

Cell lines trying to use for research, but you can only use them so many times, limited number of duplication

Slower processing speed predicts lower scores on tests of _________ than ____________

Fluid ability; crystallized ability

How does stress relate to telomere functioning?

1. Chronic stress is related to telomerase shortening, cardiovascular disease 2. Little stress is inevitable and okay

Which statement is true about reminiscence?

For both younger & older adults, reminiscence often occurs during times of life transition

In retirement, a meaningful leisure and community service pursuits are usually __________

Formed earlier in life and sustained or expanded during retirement

Which statement about adapting to the physical changes of aging is true?

In the Untied States, sense of personal control is a strong predictor of older adults health status

Job satisfaction __________ in midlife in __________

Increases; diverse nations and at all occupational levels

What might be an evolutionary argument for the existence of "death genes," genes preprogrammed to cause cell death after reproductive years?

Post reproductive age taking up resources and hindering offspring

Kent is often impatient and subject to angry outburst Compared to his younger brother, who has a more relaxed disposition, research suggests that Kent is more likely to __________

Be at greater risk of heart disease

Which statement about falls in late life is true?

Because a fall promotes of falling again, it can limit mobility and social contact

How can the social information processing model be used to help rejected children?

Can think of that as a task or problem, break down into tiny steps

Why can't this research tell us which explanation is correct?

Can't know for sure because can't put someone on a fat diet for 30 years to compare

What do the videos of people with missing brain tissue have to do with the plasticity of the brain?

Cerbal Cortex picked up for missing cerebellum, shows the brain is plastic because brain was able to compensate for missing portion

Of the one fourth of MIDUS participants who reported experiencing a midlife crisis, most of them attributed it to __________

Challenging life events

What do the results of adoption studies tell us about intelligence?

Children's don't perform as well shows it is related to genes

What are the characteristics of Life Events theories?

Claims there is a social clock, but this is rigid because it does not apply to everyone

Which of the following older adults is more likely to retire than continue working?

Clare, whose husband is retired

Which statement about Alzheimer's Disease is true?

Depression often appears in the early phase of the disease and may worsen

_______ rise(s) during the climacteric and then diminsh(es) after menopause

Depressive Episodes

Many studies report an increase in ______ in women and __________ in men across middle age

"Masculine" traits; "Feminine" traits

Most abusers of older adults are ________

Family members

Know the 4 main statuses and their characteristics

-Popular: friends nominations show up in positive range of a lot of people or on multiple best friends lists -Controversial: Gets a lot of likes, but also gets a lot of dislikes -Neglected: Few ratings, can interact with kids, low social skills, need help to adjust -Rejected: Least likes, can't interact with kids, low social skills

For low SES men with troubled pasts, __________________ can provide a context for high generativity

Fatherhood

How has our life expectancy changed since colonial times?

-Virginia Colony-conditions were rough -1880's Europe-30-40 -US 1900-50 years -US 1930-60-64 years of age -US now-76 years -Poor people have better access to health care than back in the day -Control many diseases that use to kill a lot of people

Under what circumstances do older adults experience despair as the outcome of Erikson's final psychological conflict?

Feeling one has made many wrong decisions

What's different about the male cichlid fish?

Find in wild, freshwater fish, two kinds of males and one female

What was the average life-expectancy at birth in 1900? 1950? Today?

-1900-46-48 years -1950-65-71 years -Today-79 years

How has the proportion of people 65 years and older in the US changed since 1900? (Know the numbers.) What is it projected to be in 2050?

-1990: 4% -Today: 13% -2050: 25%

Compared to your brain now, how big was it when you were born; when you were 3 yrs old?

-Birth: 20-25% of weight of adult brain -1 year: 70% of the weight -3 years: 90% of the weight

Perry's 3 kinds of thinking share characteristics with 3 identity statuses proposed by Erikson (and Marcia). Which overlaps with which? Explain

-Dualism-Foreclosure -Relativism-Moratorium -Commitment within Relativistic Thinking-Achievement

What did Erikson mean by "crisis"? What other word did he use to describe this phenomenon?

-Intensive analysis and exploration -Identity Formation

What other important characteristics (not just motor skills) are influenced by gross motor skills (or their absence)?

-Muscular Strength -Muscular Endurance -Motor Planning -Motor Learning -Postural Control -Sensory processing -Balance & Coordination -Muscle Tone

Describe the middle adulthood phase of the family life cycle including marriage, divorce, parent-child relationships and grandparenthood

1. "Launching children and moving on" is the midlife phase of the family life cycle. Adults must adapt as their children launch-return-relaunch, marry, and produce grandchildren, and as their own parents age and die 2. Compared to younger people, middle aged adults seem to adjust more easily to divorce. Martial breakup often severely reduces women's standard of living, contributing to the feminization of poverty 3. Most middle aged parents adjust well to launching adult children, especially if positive parent child relationships are sustained, but adult children who are "off time" in development can prompt parental strain. Low SES parents are able to give less tangible and intangible support to their adult children, and they must divide it among more offspring. As children marry, middle aged parents, especially mothers often become kinkeepers 4. Grandparent's relationships with grandchildren depend on proximity, number of grandchild sets, sex of grandparents and grand child, and in law relationships. In low income families and in some ethnic groups, grandparents provide essential child rearing assistance. When serious family problems exist, grandparents may become primary caregivers in skipped generation families 5. Middle aged adults reasses their relationship with aging parents, often becoming more appreciative. Mother Daughter relationships tend to be closer than other parent child ties. The more positive the history of the parent child tie and the greater the need for assistance, the more help exchanhed 6. Middle aged adults often caught between caring for aging parents, assisting young adult children and grandchildren and meeting work and community responsibilities, are called sandwich generation. The burden of caring for ill or frail parents falls most heavily on daughters, though the sex difference declines in later middle age 7. Parental care giving has emotional and health consequences, especially in cultures and subcultures where adult children feel a particularly strong obligation to provide care Social support is highly effective in reducing caregiver stress

About how many neurons do you have? By what age had you created them all?

1. 100 billion neurons 2. Produced during a short period of time after birth maybe as little as few months or as much as year

When did we begin to consider "Middle Adulthood" a distinct period of the lifespan?

1. 40/45-60/65, 2. Term is slightly different from one person to the next 3. Started 1895

What is the major difference between concrete operational thinking and formal operational thinking?

1. Able to think logically, reason logically about new experiences and things that are impossible to be your reality 2. Concrete get this question wrong: conservation

What societal factors reflect the fact that adolescence was being considered a separate period of the lifespan? About when was this?

1. About 1900 2. Laws (recognizing children should not be accounted as adults, not criminals, delinquents), Education (children should not work and should go to school), Science (G.S. Hall first scientist to focus on adolescence, wrote book

Describe Levinson's and Vaillant's views of psychosocial development in middle adulthood, and discuss similarities and differences between men and women

1. According to Levinson, middle aged adults confront four developmental tasks requiring them to reconcile opposing tendencies: young-old, destruction-creation, masculinity-femininity, engagement-separateness 2. Middle aged men show greater acceptance of traits of nurturance and caring, while women are more open to characteristics of autonomy and assertiveness 3. Vaillant found that adults in their late fifties and sixties become guardians of their culture

Discuss Robert Peck's and Joan Erikson's view of psycho-social development in late adulthood, along with implications of the positivity effect and reminiscence for older adult's lives

1. According to Robert Peck, attaining ego integrity involves three distinct tasks: ego differentiation, body transcendence, and ego transcendence 2. Joan Erikonson believes these attainments represent an additional psycho-social stage, gerotranscendence, evident in inner calm and quiet reflection. More evidence, however, is needed to confirm this late life stage 3. Most older people display a positivity effect- a bias toward emotionally positive information-likely because they have become expert in emotional self regulation 4. Reminiscence about one's past can be positive and adaptive for older people. But many well adjusted older adults spend little time seeking greater self understanding through life review. Rather, they are largely present- and future oriented, seeking opportunities for personal fulfillment

What are some of the known factors that influence the timing of puberty?

1. Adrenal glands 2. Hereditary 3. Nutrition / exercise 4. How much fat women have (more fat get period earlier) 5. Where you live altitude 6. Single mother home with step father, begin earlier 7. Emotional relationship between child and parent

What does it mean that infants are "universal listeners?" When do we stop being universal listeners?

1. Children stop being universal listeners at 10 months. 2. Universal listeners can distinguish the difference in sounds in similar languages. Can hear difference between ba and pa

Discuss the challenges that adults face in returning to college, ways to support returning students, and benefits of earning a degree in midlife

1. Adults returning to college and graduate school are more often women. Returning students must cope with a lack of recent practice at academic work; negative aging, gender, and ethnic stereotypes; and demands of multiple roles 2. Social support from family and friends and institutional services can help returning students succeed. Further education results in enhanced competencies, new relationships, inter generational contact, and reshaped life paths

Discuss mental disabilities associated with late adulthood

1. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, often starts with severe memory problems. It brings personality changes, depression, disintegration of purposeful movements, loss of ability to comprehend and produce speech, and death. Underlying these changes are abundant neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques and lowered neurotransmitter levels in the brain 2. Familial Alzheimer's related to genes to involved in generation of harmful ayloid, generally has an early onset and progresses rapidly. About half of sporadic Alzheimer's victims have an abnormal gene that results in insulin deficiency linked to brain damage 3. Diverse environmental factors including a high fat diet, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, smoking, chronic depression, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and head injuries, increase the risk of Alzheimer's. A "Mediterranean Diet", education, an an active lifestyle are associated with lower incidence. Better educated people may develop a cognitive reserve that increases the aging brain's tolerance to injury 4. Heredity contributes to vascular dementia indirectly, through high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Because of their greater susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, more men than woman are affected 5. Treatable problems such as depression side effects of medication, and reactions to social isolation, can be mistaken for dementia

What are anti-oxidants and what role are they thought to play in slowing the aging process in our cells?

1. Anti-Oxidants-fight against deprivation, help with the cleanup of free radicals, best to get this from food 2. Some evidence that vitamins might be detrimental to health, over doing vitamins not good

What are the criticisms of these kinds of theories?

1. Argue that it should be about the events that happen to people not by age 2. The daily day to day events that may have a greater and longer lasting impact on us than the big things 3. Too much focus on the big events

Which brain area shows the earliest and most significant signs of aging?

1. Asynchrony-different parts develop at different times 2. Prefrontal cortex-first to start developing, last to finish, most susceptible to aging

Active

1. At older ages, becomes more common 2. Individuals seek out environments that are compatible with their genetic tendencies (seek out environments that allow for "optimal gene expression") -Example: Well-coordinated muscular child spends more time at after-school sports 3. Choose environments consistent with your genetics 4. Engage in niche picking (the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity) -Example: thrill-seeking and skydiving

According to the research I described in class, what is the relationship between body size and brain size in older adults?

1. Being overweight is bad for your brain, predicts problems from early to late adulthood 2. The heavier 70+ year-olds had smaller brain volumes, and obese had even smaller

What example did I give of cohort effects in relationship between a particular trait and a behavior/attitude?

1. Born in 1960-Potentially having kids in their 20's, relationship between openness and having kids, lower you are in openness more likely you are to have more kids, high in openness likely to have less kids 2. Born in 1920-No relationship with openness and how many kids you were likely to have, around the end of WW2, pro fertility, not worried about population size

Describe the changes that take place when a cichlid fish becomes dominant

1. Brain changes- HPG axis, make more connections in hypothalamus, set point changes so that it is no longer happy with low level of testosterone 2. Body changes- bright color, stripe on face, guard water, look for fights

Why can't we conduct experimental research to determine if emotional factors within the family cause earlier puberty?

1. Cannot force family issues and disrupt an adolescent's development 2. Cannot get permission

When are these behaviors counterproductive or potentially harmful? Explain

1. Child can become dependent on a reward and some can get the wrong message as well as punishment can cause fear in the child 2. "If you don't have your shit together why would the child listen to you"

Passive

1. Child has no control over it 2. Early on, parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity 3. Example: parents who are good athletes emphasize outdoor activities and enroll their children in swimming and gymnastics -Besides being exposed to an "athletic environment", the children may have inherited their parent's athletic ability and are likely to become good athletes for both genetic and environmental reasons

In what ways does make-believe play rely on and provide practice for a child's developing executive functions?

1. Children create an imaginary situation, take on and act out roles, and follow a set of rules determined by those specific roles 2. Each of these features plays an important function in the development by those specific roles 3. Each of these features plays an important function in the development of higher mental functions 4. Vygotsky associated the creating of an imaginary situation and the acting out of roles with children's emerging ability to carry on two types of actions, external and internal, internal actions being a defined characteristic of a higher mental function 5. In play these internal actions-"operations on the meanings"-remain dependent on the external operations on the objects 6. The very emergence of the internal actions signals the beginning of a child's transition from earlier forms of thought process-sensory motor and visual representational-to more advanced symbolic thought

Evocative

1. Children evoke responses that are influenced by the child's heredity and these responses strength the child's original style -Example: a cooperative, attentive child probably receives more patient and sensitive interactions from parents than an inattentive, distractible child 2. Genetic predispositions behaviors traits -Behaviors/traits evoke responses in others -These responses create environment consistent with your genetics 3. People can elicit certain responses from their environments (based, in large part, on their genome)

What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? Recognize the different kinds of tasks that measure each

1. Fluid Intelligence: the ability to reason abstractly 2. Crystallized Intelligence: Accumulated information and verbal skills -Examples: Verbal comprehension (Includes but not limited to Vocabulary) and how to make sense of them, Number Reasoning

What are free radicals and what do they have to do with aging?

1. Free floating biproducts of normal body functioning that can be harmful 2. Wearing & tearing down your cells

What is functional age? What are the 3 different domains of functional age?

1. Functional age: ability of the individuals to perform desired activities with ease and grace 2. Psychological 3. Biological 4. Social

What does rGE stand for?

1. Gene Environment Correlation- our genetics influence the environment to which we are exposed 2. Demonstrates the importance of examining genetic influences on behaviors and environments 3. Have some control over the environments we end up in- this control, just like anything else, is influenced by our genes to some extent

According to Erikson, how does personality change in middle age?

1. Generativity expands as middle aged adults face Erikson's psychological conflict of generativity vs stagnation 2. Highly generative people appear especially well adjusted. Stagnation occurs when mid-lifers become self centered and self indulgent

What stage in Erikson's theory occurs during middle adulthood? Why does it happen at this age?

1. Generativity vs Stagnation- Resolved positively if the adult can integrate personal goals with the welfare of the larger social world. The resulting strength is the capacity to give to and guide the next generation 2. Internal- Think about how much time you have left instead of time to go 3. External-The job you did or didn't get

How are gross and fine motor skills developing during early childhood?

1. Gross Motor -2 years old-can hop jump off small ledge, skip -4 years old can run way better 2. Fine Motor -Power Grip-Holding a marker -Tripod Grip-1st grade ish, thumb and two fingers, drawings get better -Can run, draw, write by age 4

Cite factors related to cognitive maintenance and change in late adulthood

1. Healthy, mentally active people are likely to maintain their cognitive abilities into advanced old age. Diverse chronic health conditions are associated with cognitive declines 2. With age older adults cognitive score become increasingly unstable. As death approaches, terminal decline often occurs

What is the H.O.M.E.? How does is illustrate this difficulty with answering the "How much" question?

1. Home observation measurement of the environment-go into the home and measure environmental factors-who's there? Appropriate toys? Routine? 2. It is bidirectional so sometimes genes influence the environment, and sometimes the environment influence genes

How do rGEs make the behavior geneticists' "How much" question much more complicated than originally thought?

1. How much incident of schizophrenia can be based on genes, if 40% heredity, then 60% environmental 2. rGEs remind us that the genes you have are also because the environment you're growing up in-Gray area

What are the major structures of the HPG axis? What role does each do? Where are they are located?

1. Hypothalamus- part of brain, job is to test what is in bloodstream, feelings of thirst hunger, when levels are too low will signal to pituitary, has set point, before puberty set point changes, begins changing at 6 or 7, have higher levels of hormones 2. Pituitary- sends signal to gonads to do more of their thing 3. Gonads- pump out sex hormones androgens and estrogens

What makes a theory falsifiable? Is it a good thing?

1. If there is a possibility of showing the theory is false 2. It is falsifiable if it is possible to conceive an empirical observation which could refute it 3. Yes, give the option of being open and whether it can be proved right or wrong

Discuss physical disabilities associated with late adulthood

1. Illness and disability increase toward the end of life. Heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, followed by respiratory diseases. Primary aging contributes to frailty, but secondary aging (declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influences) plays a larger role 2. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis increases among older adults, especially women. Type 2 diabetes also rises 3. The death rate from unintentional injuries reaches on all time high from age 65 on largely due to motor vehicle collisions and falls. Declines in physical and cognitive functioning contribute

What kind of processing goes on in the cerebellum?

1. Important role in motor control 2. Cognitive Functions: -Attention -Language -Regulating fear & pleasure

What are the characteristics of Arnett's "emerging adulthood" stage? Describe them

1. In Between-no longer in adolescence, but not really in adulthood 2. Identity exploration-work and love, thinking about and changing major 3. Self-focused-don't have adult obligations to others, make decisions such as what graduate decision to go to, own needs and what is right for you 4. Instability-Moving around a lot, 5. Possibilities-no doors closed to you, endless, might not be Olympic gymnast, but everything else is open

How do sibling relationships and friendships change in late life?

1. In late adulthood, aging typically live nearby, communicate regularly, and visit at least several times a year. In case other family members cannot provide social support, siblings are an important "insurance policy" 2. Late-life friendships serve diverse functions: intimacy and companionship, a shield against negative judgement, a link to the larger community, and protection from the psychological consequences of loss. Older adults prefer established same sex friendships, and women, more than men, have both intimate friends and secondary friends, with whom they spend time occasionally

Describe changes in self concept, personality, and gender identity in middle adulthood

1. In middle age possible selves become fewer in number as well as more modest and concrete. Balanced possible selves enhance motivation to attain self relevant goals 2. Midlife typically brings enhanced psychological well being through greater self acceptance, autonomy, and environmental mastery 3. Daily stressors plateau in early to mid adulthood, and then declines as work and family responsibilities ease. Midlife gains in emotional stability and confidence in handling life's problems lead to increased effectiveness in coping with stressors. But some midlifers are overwhelmed by intense stress, as indicated by the rise in US suicides during middle age 4. In earlier research, both men and women became more androgynous in middle adulthood, due to a combination of social roles and life conditions. This rise in androgyny seems to have spread to other age periods in response to cultural changes favoring gender equality

Discuss the influences of control versus dependency, physical health, negative life changes, and social support on older adult's psychological well being

1. In patterns of behavior called the dependency-support script and the independence-ignore script, older adults dependency behaviors are attended to immediately while their independent behaviors are ignored. Permitting older adults to select areas in which they desire help enables them to use their capacities fully in pursuit of their goals and creates an effective person-environment fit, which fosters psychological well being 2. Physical declines and chronic disease can lead to a loss of personal control and high risk for late life depression. People ages 85 and older have the highest suicide rate of all age groups 3. Although aging adults are at risk for a variety of negative life changes, these events evoke less stress and depression in older than in younger people. But when negative changes pile up, they test older adults coping skills 4. Social support promotes physical health and psychological well being, but excessive assistance or help that cannot be returned often interferes with self-efficacy and amplifies psychological stress. Perceived social support, rather than sheer amount of help, is associated with a positive outlook

Where does handedness come from?

1. In utero-The way the fetus is in the womb helps decide, whichever hand they give more room 2. Polygenic-many genes that decide left or right handed, also influenced by environment 3. 88% of people in America are right handed,12% left handed 4. Some cultures only have 1-2% left handed

Describe some methods that researchers use to try to figure out what infants can see, hear, remember, and understand about their world

1. Infants are capable of controlling where they look, moderately complex not crazy complex, but not boring 2. Control the speed at which they are sucking on a pacifier 3. Can see what they prefer to listen to

What is induction as it relates to moral development?

1. Instills morality, helps the child see what their actions have effect on -Example: "How do you make them feel when you do that", this works well for children because they see what their actions have done to others

What is IGF-1? How is it related to health in adulthood?

1. Insulin like Growth Factor 1-promotes cell growth division, created by liver 2. Don't need as much of it in adulthood

What are the forces that push us into that stage at that point in our lives?

1. Internal-drive to mate and recreate, wanting to be intimate 2. External-Grandma, when are you going to give me grand kids, social cloc

Sequential Design

1. Investigator conducts several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences). These might study participant over the same ages but in different years, or they might study participants over different ages but during the same years 2. Advantages: when the design includes longitudinal sequences, permits both longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons. Also reveals cohort effects. Permit tracking of age-related changes more efficiently than the longitudinal design. 3. Weakness: may have the same problems as longitudinal and cross-sectional strategies, but the design itself helps identify difficulties

Cross Sectional Design

1. Investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time 2. Advantages: more efficient than the longitudinal design. Not plagued by such problems as participant dropout and practice effects 3. Weakness: does not permit study of individual developmental trends. Age differences may be distorted because of cohort effects

Longitudinal Design

1. Investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages 2. Advantages: permits study of common patterns and individual differences in development and relationships between early and later events and behaviors 3. Weakness: age-related changes may be distorted because of participant drop-out, practice effects, and cohort effects

What are the criticisms of defining emerging adulthood as a separate stage of the lifespan?

1. J Cote is worried that emerging adulthood might not be a stage, don't have enough research to support that it is a separate stage, are they really factors? They have themes, but not enough research to say they are 5 distinct meaningful factors 2. Wide variety of experiences, not everyone gets to go through these stages due to economic status or culture in the US let alone in other countries

Describe changes in language processing in late adulthood

1. Language comprehension changes little in late life. Age related losses occur in two aspects of language production: retrieving words from long term memory and planning what to say and how to say it in everyday conversation. Older people compensate by speaking more slowly and using shorter sentences. Aging adults are advantage in narrative competence

What are the major characteristics of Piaget's concrete operational stage?

1. Lasts around seven to eleven years of age and is characterized by the development of organized and rationale thinking 2. Gains the abilities of conservation and reversibility

From an evolutionary standpoint, why might it make sense that we are motivated to take risks and tolerate ambiguity during our adolescent years?

1. Learning and exploration (major, study aboard) 2. Brain areas involved in risk taking also involved in learning 3. More likely to risk it all for big reward even if they will lose it all 4. Learning about self

What anthropological evidence did I discuss that supports the idea that living past the reproductive years might actually be adaptive for the human species?

1. Living past the age of 30 more often 2. Population explosion 3. Old people are wise can provide much information on life 4. Take care of the youth 5. More hands to create things that we need

What are the Adam and Eve principles?

1. Male (Adam Principle)- (to create male add things, add y chromosome, add MIH( inhibits growth of uterus and fallopian tubes), add Testosterone) SRY causes gonads to develop into testes, cells within fetus attoned to testosterone develop male parts, well underway by 12th week 2. Female (Eve principles)- (in the absence of anything added get female) don't get message from SRY so they turn into ovaries, no testosterone so no signal to develop male which then goes down female path

What is AIS? Describe it's development

1. Maria had certificate of female, had Y chromosome, born female raised as female, not trying to hide things from people 2. AIS- androgen insensitivity syndrome, genetically male but most part don't go down male path, has SRY switches on and testes grow but also needs thing on X, mutation on X that makes their body cells insensitive to testosterone, eve tells body to turn to female externally developed as female internal male, AIS is not diagnosed until puberty, enough to develop breasts usually large, clear skin, growth, no period 3. A malfunction on the X chromosome causes AIS

Why do cross-sectional studies probably underestimate intelligence at older ages?

1. Measuring people of different cohorts and different ages 2. The age of perk performance

How does memory change in late life?

1. Memory failures increases with age, especially on explicit memory tasks, which require controlled, strategic processing. Recall of context, source, and temporal order of episodic events declines. Automatic forms of memory, such as recognition and implicit memory, suffers less. In general an associative memory deficit characterizes older adults memory difficulties 2. Contrary to what older people often report remote memory is not clearer than recent memory. Remote memory is best for events that occurred between ages 10-30, a period of heightened autobiographical recall called the reminiscence bump 3. In the laboratory, older adults do better on event based than on time based prospective memory tasks. In everyday life, they compensate for declines in prospective memory by using external memory aids

Give an example of a neo-Piagetian explanation for cognition during childhood

1. Mental capacity is the volume and type of information that can be processed at any given time, such as working memory 2. Mental concepts are schemas about the physical, biological and social world and symbols within the world and mental operations that can be carried out on those schemas and symbols

What are executive functions?

1. Mental processes that enables us to: -Plan -Focus -Attention -Remember instructions -Juggle multiple tasks successfully

What do longitudinal studies typically show regarding changes in intelligence as we move from early to late adulthood?

1. Middle age was a time for peak performance in intelligence 2. Most abilities of cognitive functioning declines in the 60s 3. Verbal ability declines in the 70s 4. All cognitive abilities decline during the 70s and 90s

Discuss job satisfaction and career development in middle adulthood, with special attention to gender differences and experiences of ethnic minorites

1. Middle aged people seek to increase the personal meaning and self direction of their work lives. Job satisfaction increases at all occupational levels, more so for men than for women 2. Burnout is a serious occupational hazard, especially for those in helping professions. It can be prevented by ensuring reasonable workloads, limiting hours of stressful work, and providing workers with social support 3. Both personal and workplace characteristics influence older workers engagement in career development. In companies with a more favorable age climate, mature employees report greater self efficacy, work commitment, and job satisfaction 4. Women and ethnic minorities face a glass ceiling because of limited access to management training and prejudice against women who demonstrate leadership qualities. Many women, including ethnic minorities, further their careers by leaving the corporate world, often to start their own businesses

What parenting behaviors described by social learning theories are helpful in promoting moral development in children?

1. Modeling and reinforcement 2. Modeling: observations, humans use others to see how they behave and what happens, you learn from those and what other people are doing

Why did the elephant calves in herds with the oldest females have the highest survival rate during a severe drought?

1. More likely to survive in a family group if they had an older female 2. Older female who were old enough to live through previous droughts, they knew which watering holes still had water even during a drought

Discuss health and fitness in late life, paying special attention to nutrition, exercise, and sexuality

1. Most older adults rate their health favorably and have a high sense of self efficacy about protecting it. Low SES ethnic minority older people remain at greater risk for certain health problems and are less likely to believe they can control their health 2. In late life, men continue to be more prone to fatal diseases and women to disabling conditions. In industrialized nations, compression of morbidity has occurred, largely as a result of medical advances and improved socioeconomic conditions; further gains will depend on reducing negative lifestyle factors. In the developing world, broad strategies are needed 3. Risk of dietary deficiencies increases in late life. Exercise, even when begun in late adulthood, is a powerful health intervention 4. Though sexual activity declines, especially among women, most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment

Describe cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune system changes and sleep difficulties in late adulthood

1. Reduced capacity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems becomes more apparent in late adulthood, making high physical activity more taxing 2. The immune system functions less effectively in late life, increasing the risk of illnesses and making autoimmune responses and stress induced infection more likely 3. Older adults find it harder to fall asleep, stay asleep, and sleep deeply. Timing of sleep shifts toward earlier bedtime and morning wakening

How did the young males in the group of young elephants relocated to Pilanesberg National Park behave? Why did they behave this way?

1. Relocated 40 female and male elephants to Pilanesberg National park 2. Young Males started being very difficult, turning over cars, raping and killing rhinoceros 3. Musth-Testosterone rises by 60%, lasts a few weeks or months then goes away 4. These males started in this stage for months and months without stopping 5. One of these guys is going to pick on an older adult male, older guy will beat him down and the younger guy will leave the musth state 6. Problem was no adult males

What does empirically sound mean? Is it a good thing?

1. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment 2. Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment 3. Guided by practical experience and not theory

What kind evidence do we have that calorie reduction might lead to an increased lifespan?

1. Research done on fruit flies, reduce their caloric intake drastically they live much longer than their peers 2. Research done on monkeys, lived to 130 in human years with a very reduced diet, but other labs found differently

What are some normative age-graded influences of adulthood? (Know what normative age-graded influences are and be able to recognize examples.)

1. Retirement 2. Age related 3. Happen to not everyone but most people

What are retrospective and prospective memory?

1. Retrospective Memory: memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past; includes all other types of memory including semantic and procedural 2. Prospective Memory: Involves remembering to perform a planned action or intention at the appropriate time; tasks are highly prevalent in daily life and range from relatively simple tasks to extreme life or death situations

Know the reflexes demonstrated in the videos

1. Rooting: touch cheek, baby turns head this way, for feeding 2. Babinski: touch foot, toes expand out 3. Moro Reflex: Scared arms fling out

How is selective attrition different from, and more problematic than, "regular" attrition?

1. Select people drop out in certain groups which leans the data a certain way 2. Example: Poor people

Which design is susceptible to selective attrition?

1. Selective Attrition- refers to the tendency for some people in psychological experiments to be more likely to drop out than others, threatens the validity of the experiment 2. Longitudinal designs are far more likely to be affected by selective attrition than other forms of experiments

The little girl in the video had difficulty with the spindle task in part because her executive functions are still immature. What are some examples of this?

1. She has trouble with flexible shifting in that she can't change from the rule of "0" sticks to "1" stick 2. She has trouble with inhibition because she keeps putting sticks in a certain number box when she needs to stop 3. She has trouble with planning in that she didn't think to start at 0 and work up 4. She has trouble with working memory because she can't remember to think "2", pick up two, and put in two

How helpful is harsh or forceful/physical punishment? Explain

1. Short term it can stop the child's bad behavior but the child will be fearful 2. Fails at everything you have been wanting to achieve, may work short term, but not for the reason you want it to, can cause lifelong damage

Describe midlife sibling relationships and friendships

1. Sibling contact and support decline from early to middle adulthood, but many middle aged sibling feel closer, often in response to major life events. Past and current favoritism influences the quality of sibling bonds 2. In midlife friendships become fewer and more selective. Men's friendships continue to be less intimate than those of women, who have more close friendships

Discuss elder maltreatment, including risk factors, consequences, and prevention strategies

1. Some older adults suffer maltreatment at the hands of family members, friends, or professional caregivers. Risk factors include a dependent perpetrator-victim relationship, perpetrator psychological disturbance, a history of family violence, and inadequate institutional conditions. All forms of elder maltreatment have profound, lasting consequences on victim's physical and mental health 2. Elder abuse prevention programs provide counseling, education, and respites services for caregivers. Trained volunteers and support groups can help victims avoid future harm. Societal efforts that encourage reporting of suspected cases and increase understanding of older people's needs are also vital

How has the concept of "ecological niche" been used by psychologists to explain why stability in personality cannot be attributed entirely to genetics?

1. Something about the environment that might be stable 2. Ecological Niche- Where a species lives and the food that is available to it and the physical traits that make they use to make use of the food 3. Extroverted person choices to put themselves in places that allows them to be extroverted, meanwhile the introvert chooses to stay in 4. You chose what niche you want to be in 5. Remember the ducks-If they don't hear the moms call in the shell they won't go to the mom when born, which must duck's naturally do

Which of the following is true about the impact of ADEPT on older adult's cognitive functioning?

After training, most participants improved in performance on the trained skill

How does information processing change in midlife?

1. Speed of cognitive processing slows with age. According to one view, deteriorating neuronal connections, due to myelin breakdown, reduce reaction time. Another approach suggests that older adults experience greater loss of information as it moves through the cognitive system, resulting in slower processing 2. As processing speed slows, people perform less well on memory, reasoning, and problem solving tasks, especially fluid ability items. But other factors also predict age related cognitive performance 3. Executive function declines with age; working memory diminishes, and inhibition and flexible shifting of attention become more challenging 4. Compared with younger individuals, older adults less often use memory strategies, resulting in decreased recall of studied information. But training, improved design of tasks, and meta cognitive knowledge enable older adults to compensate for age related decrements

How has research on the "Big 5" personality traits provided evidence for both stability and change?

1. Stability-if you score high in one trait when you were younger it is likely you will score high as another age 2. Openness, extraversion, stability tend to start rising in adulthood, general increase from early adulthood to middle adulthood 3. Conscientiousness shows a steady increase throughout adulthood, general trends, but not true for every person

What does learned helplessness refer to?

1. Stop striving for these goals, come to believe they have no control over these and other events in their lives, and fail to exert control even when they could succeed 2. When parents attribute their success to anything but the child's own efforts

What does it mean to have a mastery orientation?

1. Students believe that they have some control over factors related to learning, don't give up easily when a learning task challenges them 2. Comes from parents tell them they put effort in which is why they do well

Describe the differences between subordinate and dominant cichlid fish

1. Subordinate- dull colored, more chill, not fertile 2. Dominant- fertile, colorful, aggressive, guard their area from other males

How do communities, neighborhoods, and housing arrangement affect older adults social lives and adjustment?

1. Suburban older adults have higher incomes and report better health than their inter city counterparts, but the latter benefit from access to public transportation. Small town and rural aging adults, who are less likely to live near their children, compensate by interacting more with nearby relatives, neighbors, and friends. Living in neighborhoods with like minded older people promotes life satisfaction 2. Most older people prefer aging in place, but for those with health and mobility problems, independent living poses risks, and many older adults who live alone are poverty stricken. 3. Residential settings providing assisted living include independent living communities, which offers a variety of hotel like support services, and life care communities, which include a range of housing alternatives guaranteeing that residents changing needs will be met as they age 4. The small number of US older adults living in nursing homes experience extreme restriction of autonomy and low social interaction. Homelike nursing homes that achieve an effective person environment fit foster late-life well being

What do psychoanalytic theories emphasize in describing and explaining the development of morality?

1. Superego is driven by the morality principle 2. It acts in connection with the morality of higher thought and action 3. Instead of instinctively acting like the id, the superego works to act in socially acceptable ways 4. It employs morality, judging our sense of wrong and right and using guilt to encourage socially acceptable behavior

Cite stable and changing aspects of self concept and personality, and discuss spirituality and religiosity in late adulthood

1. The "big five" personality traits remain stable from mid to late life. Older adults accumulation of a lifetime of self knowledge leads to more secure, multifaceted self concepts. Those who continue to pursue hoped for possible selves gain in life satisfaction. Gains in agreeableness and acceptance of change foster resilience, and engaging in cognitively challenging activities promotes openness to experience 2. The late life increase in religiosity is usually modest and is not universal. For many, religiosity is stable throughout adulthood. Faith and spirituality may become more reflective, accepting uncertainty and emphasizing links to others. Religious involvement is especially high among low SES ethnic minority older people and women and is linked to better physical and psychological well being and longer survival

Describe reproductive changes in both sexes, along with associated physical and emotional symptoms during middle adulthood

1. The climacteric in women, which occurs gradually as estrogen production drops and concludes with menopause, is often accompanied by physical and emotional symptoms, including hot flashes and depressive episodes 2. Hormone therapy can reduce the discomforts of menopause, but its use increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers and dementia 3. In men quantity of semen diminishes, and more stimulation is required for an erection. Drugs are available to combat impotence

Discuss cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, noting risk factors and interventions

1. The death rate from cancer multiples tenfold from early to middle adulthood. Heredity, biological aging, and environment all contribute to cancer. Today, 60% of affected individuals are cured. Regular screenings and various preventive steps can reduce the incidence of cancer and cancer deaths 2. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in middle adulthood, especially among men. Symptoms include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, atherosclerosis, heart attack, arrhythmia, and angina pectoris. Quitting smoking, reducing blood cholesterol, exercising, and reducing stress can decrease risk and aid in treatment. 3. Osteoporosis affects 10% of people age 50 and older, primarily woman. Adequate calcium and vitamin D, weigh bearing exercise, resistance training, and bone strengthening medications can help prevent and treat osteoporosis

Discuss the decision to retire, adjustment to retirement, and involvement in leisure and volunteer activities

1. The decision to retire depends on diverse factors, including affordability, health status, nature of the work environment, opportunities to pursue meaningful activities and societal retirement policies 2. Factors affecting adjustment to retirement include satisfactions previously derived from work, sense of personal control over life events, social support, and marital happiness 3. Meaningful leisure and volunteer pursuits are typically sustained or expanded during retirement. Involvement is related to better physical and mental health and to reduced mortality

Describe the physical changes of middle adulthood, paying special attention to vision, hearing, skin, muscle-fat makeup, and the skeleton

1. The gradual physical change begun in early adulthood continue in midlife, contributing to a revised physical self-image, with less emphasis on hoped for gains and more on feared declines 2. Vision is affected by presbyopia (loss of the accommodative ability of the lens), reduced vision in dim light, increased sensitivity to glare, and diminished color discrimination. Risk of glaucoma increases 3. Age related hearing loss, or presbycusis, begins with a decline in detection of high frequencies and then spreads to other tones. The ability to distinguishes sounds occurring in close succession also recedes, and eventually, human speech becomes harder to decipher 4. The skin wrinkles, loosens, dries, and develops age spots. Muscle mass declines and fat deposits increase. Reduced caloric intake and regular exercise, including resistance training, can offset both excess weight and muscle loss 5. Bone density declines, especially in women after menopause. Height loss and bone fractures can result

Describe changes in relationships in late adulthood, including marriage, lesbian and gay partnerships, divorce, remarriage, and widowhood, and discuss never married, childless older adults

1. The social convoy is an influential model of changes in individual's social networks as they move through life. As ties are lost, aging adults seek ways to maintain gratifying relationships and cultivate new ones, though not as many as they did at younger ages 2. Paths of late life martial satisfaction are diverse and depend on such factors as shared activities and financial difficulties. Married older people usually have larger social networks linked to psychological well being and good health 3. Most lesbian and gay older couples also report happy, highly fulfilling relationships. Compared with couples not in a legally recognized relationship, those who are married are advantaged in physical and psychological well being 4. Divorce in late life brings greater stress than for younger people. Although older adults remarriage rates are low, those who do remarry enter into more stable relationships choose cohabitation or "living apart together" as long term alternatives to marraige 5. Adaptation to widowhood varies widely. Aging adults fare better than younger individuals, and women better than men. Efforts to maintain social ties, an outgoing personality, high self esteem, and a sense of self efficacy in handling tasks of daily living promote resilience 6. Most older adults who have remained unmarried and childless throughout their lives develop alternative meaningful relationships. Never married childless women are better adjusted than men, but both find social support

What kinds of skills and tasks does our frontal lobe help us with?

1. Thinking 2. Memory 3. Behavior 4. Movement

Describe the violation-of-expectation method and the general pattern of results

1. Train going down ramp through tunnel, put block in front of it -Should not come out tunnel, but if it does it violates your expectations

What is thinking like in the sensorimotor stage?

1. Trying to make sense of the world 2. Infant is limited to sensory perceptions and motor activities 3. Object Permanence: objects exist even when they are not seen or heard

What do these countries do differently than the US that may explain this?

1. Universal health care 2. Low teen pregnancy

Know the sequence of 6 steps in the development of the social aspects of play

1. Unoccupied Play (Birth-3 months)-Baby is just making a lot of movements with their arms, legs, hands and feet. They are learning about and discovering how their body moves 2. Solitary Play (Birth-2 years)-This is the stage when a child plays alone. They are not interested in playing with others quite yet 3. Spectator/Onlooker Behavior (2 years)- During this stage a child begins to watch other children playing but does not play with them 4. Parallel Play (2+ years)-When a child plays alongside or near others but does not play with them this stage is referred to as parallel play 5. Associate Play (3-4 years)- Child starts to interact with others during play, but there is not a large amount of interaction at this stage. A child might be doing an activity related to the kids around him but might not actually be interacting with another child. 6. Cooperative Play (4+ years)- When a child plays together with others and has interest in both the activity and other children involved in playing they are participating in cooperative play

Describe physcial declines of late adulthood, and changes in the nervous and sensory system

1. With age, growing numbers of older adults experience physical declines, evident in difficulteis carrying out activities of daily living (ADLs) or basic self-care tasks, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), which are necessary to conduct the business of daily life 2. Neuron loss occurs throughout the cerebral cortex, with greater shrinkage in the frontal lobes especially the prefrontal cortex, and the corpus callosum. The cerebellum and the hippocampus also lose neurons. The brain compensates by forming new synapses and , to limited degree, generating new neurons. The autonomic nervous system functions less well and releases more stress hormones 3. Older adults tend to suffer from impaired vision and may experience cataracts and macular degeneration. Hearing impairments are more common than visual impairments, with decline in speech perception having the greatest impact on life satisfaction 4. Taste and odor sensitivity wane, making food less appealing. Touch sensitivity also deteriorates

Does the Big 5 describe personality equally well for all people?

1. Works best on W.E.I.R.D Countries-White, educated, industrialized, rich, & Democratic 2. As a western person these traits make sense and mean something and together describe a whole person 3. Works a lot of places, but not everywhere

Season's of life

1. Young-old 2. Destruction-Creation 3. Masculinity-femininity 4. Engagement-Separateness

How did older vs younger adults differ when asked to remember facts about their testing after participating in research in Sinnott's lab?

1. Younger adults tend to remember more things than older adults 2. Younger adults remembered less relevant information 3. No age difference in the relevant information

Discuss the benefits of stress management, exercise and hardiness in dealing effectively with the physical challenges of midlife

1.Effective stress management includes both problem centered and emotion centered coping, depending on the situation. In middle adulthood, people tend to cope with stress more effectively, often reporting lasting personal benefits 2. Regular exercise offers physical and psychological advantages, making it worthwhile for sedentary middle aged people to begin exercising. Developing a sense of self efficacy and having access to convenient, safe, and attractive exercise environments promote physical activity 3. Hardiness includes three personal qualities-control, commitment, and challenge- that motivates people to turn life's stressors into opportunities for resilience. A modest level of lifetime adversity seems to promote hardiness

How does it compare to other developed countries?

27th out of 30

How did Sinnott test for these and how did older vs younger adults perform?

3. Individuals were asked to recognize or to recall experiences from a 3-day period 2. Age affects retrospective memory but not prospective memory

How are cognitive changes evident in the different kinds of play?

5 year-old children will probably sit through a full game or finish a whole puzzle-brings on the new challenge of playing fair and learning to lose gracefully

When does the HPG axis begin functioning?

6-7 years old

Among older American's, the fastest growing segment is the ______________, which currently makes up nearly 2% of the US population

85 and older group

Type A Behavior Pattern

A behavior pattern characterized by extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, angry outbursts, and a sense of eagerness, hurriedness, and time pressure

Which of the following is an example of the dependency-support script?

A caregiver rushes to get a glass of water for an aging adult who has no difficulty walking

Burnout

A condition in which long-term job stress leads to mental exhaustion, a sense of loss of personal control, and feelings of reduced accomplishment

Presbyopia

A condition of aging in which, around age 60, the lens of the eye loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances

Male fertility drops in middle age due to __________

A decrease in quantity and motility of sperm

Federico has a family history of macular degeneration. Which of the following diets should Federico follow to decrease his own risk of developing macular degeneration?

A diet emphasizing fish high in omega fatty 3 acids

What does it mean that ADHD is dimensional disorder?

A dimensional latent structure across a variety of different analyses and sets of indicators

Glaucoma

A disease in which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure within the eye, damaging the optic nerve. A leading cause of blindness among older adults

Skipped Generation Family

A family structure in which children live with grandparents but apart from parents

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A form of arthritis in which an autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue, particularly the membranes that line the joints, resulting in overall aching, inflammation, and stiffness. Leads to deformed joints and often serious loss of mobility

Osteoarthritis

A form of arthritis that involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints, leading to swelling, stiffness, and loss of flexibility. Also known as "wear-and-tear" arthritis or "degenerative joint disease

Vascular Dementia

A form of dementia that develops when a series of strokes leaves areas of dead brain cells, producing step-by-step degeneration of mental ability, with each step occurring abruptly after a stroke

Person-Environment Fit

A good match between older adults' abilities and the demands of their living environments, which promotes adaptive behavior and psychological well-being

Alethea is an 87 year old woman who has trouble performing daily activities. Which of the following situations might lead her to react with boredom & passivity?

A live in caregiver performs all household chores in addition to physical care of Althea

According to Erikson, a culture's "belief in the species" is ____________

A major motivator of generative action

Social Convoy

A model of age-related changes in social networks, which views the individual as moving through life within a cluster of relationships, with close ties in the inner circle and less close ties on the outside. With age, people change places in the convoy, new ties are added, and some drift off

In the ACTIVE study, gains in processing speed predicted ___________

A more favorable self rated health

Dependency-Support Script

A predictable pattern of interaction in which caregivers attend to older adults' dependent behaviors immediately, thereby reinforcing those behaviors, while ignoring independent behaviors

Independence Ignore Script

A predictable pattern of interaction in which older adults' independent behaviors are mostly ignored and, as a result, occur less often

Dementia

A set of disorders occurring almost entirely in old age in which many aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted

Selective Optimization with Compensation

A set of strategies used by older adults who sustain high levels of functioning. Narrowing their goals, they select personally valued activities to optimize (or maximize) returns from their diminishing energy and also find new ways to compensate for losses

Hardiness

A set of three personal qualities—control, commitment, and challenge—that, together, help people cope adaptively with stress brought on by inevitable life changes

Socioemtional Selectivity Theory

A social theory of aging that states that social interaction in late adulthood extends lifelong selection processes. Aging leads to an increased emphasis on the emotion-regulating function of social interaction, causing older adults to prefer familiar social partners with whom they have developed pleasurable relationships

According to research, normal weight and overweight individuals who engaged in self imposed calorie restriction for 1 to 12 years displayed ___________ than individuals eating a typical western diet

A stronger immune system response

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A structural change in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease, in which bundles of twisted threads appear that are the product of collapsed neural structures and that contain abnormal forms of a protein called tau

Amyloid Plaques

A structural change in the cerebral cortex associated with Alzheimer's disease, in which dense deposits of a deteriorated protein called amyloid develop, surrounded by clumps of dead nerve and glial cells

Sandwich Generation

A term used to describe middle-aged adults who must care for multiple generations above and below them at the same time

Feminzation of Poverty

A trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty, regardless of age and ethnic group

Which statement about older maltreatment is true?

Abusers are often dependent, financially, or emotionally, on their victims

Terminal Decline

Acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death

Gerotranscendence

According to Joan Erikson, a psychosocial stage representing development beyond ego integrity, characterized by a cosmic and transcendent perspective directed beyond the self to affinity with past and future generations and oneness with the universe (Withering of their autonomy)

Dr. Katz, age 58, is attending a conference where he will give a presentation. To recall everything he wants to say, Dr. Katz can rely on ________, which changes little with age

Accumulated meta cognitive knowledge

Functional Age

Actual competence and performance of an older adult, as distinguished from chronological age

_______ is usually the first consideration in the decision to retire

Affordability of retirement

Discuss stability and change in the "big five" personality traits in adulthood

Among the "big five" personality traits, agreeableness and conscientiousness increase into middle age, while neuorticism declines, and extroversion and openness to experience do not change or decrease slightly. Although adults change in overall organization and integration of personality, they do so on foundation of basic enduring dispositions

Positivity Effect

An emotional strength of older adults who, compared with younger people, selectively attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative information

Which example of a child's assistance to a parent age 75 or older is most common in Western nations?

Ana calls her father daily to make sure he is okay and to exchange news with him

Anisha, age 45, has been a pharmaceuticals salesperson for most of her career. Although she is an expert in her field, Anisha was more quick witted and successful in making sales twenty years ago. With that in mind, she has decided to take on a new role as regional manager. What cognitive changes help explain this age related shift in Anisha's career?

Anisha is taking on a job that depends less on cognitive efficiency and more on accumulated knowledge

Compared to suburban older adults, inner-city older people typically ___________

Are better off in terms of public transportation

Sixty percent of individuals affected with cancer __________

Are cured-free of the diseases for fiver years or longer

Grandparents rearing grandchildren report ________ typical grandparents do

As much fulfillment in the grandparent role as

Which statement about vision in midlife is true?

As the lens loses elasticity, the eye rapidly becomes more farsighted between ages 40 and 60

Life Care Communities

Assisted living arrangements for older adults that offer a continuum of housing alternatives, from independent living to residences providing personal and health-related services to accommodate older adults with physical and mental disabilities to full nursing home care. Guarantees that individuals' changing needs will be met within the same facility as they age

Independent Living Communities

Assisted living arrangements for older adults that provide a variety of hotel-like support services, including meals in a common dining room, housekeeping, laundry services, transportation assistance, and recreational activities

Hans and Minoosh have been married for 40 years and report that their marriage is highly satisfying. It is very likely that both Hans and Minoosh __________

Attempt to prevent disagreements from escalating into expressions of anger or resentment

Compared to their white counterparts, African American aging adults who _______________ more often given and receive diverse forms of social support

Attend church regularly

Ewan is low in hardiness. He is more likely to use _____ when faced with a situation he can control

Avoidant coping strategies

Big Five Personality Traits

Five basic factors into which hundreds of personality traits have been organized: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own, such as bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed or a chair, and eating

Participants in lifelong programs such as Road Scholar and Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes tend to _________

Be active, well educated, and financially well off

Fatima regrets having suffered through years of a strife ridden marriage that ended in a contentious divorce. Yet she is glad to have moved on, having derived from the experience a clearer vision of what to look for in a life partner. Compared to Fatima's friend Naomi, who remains resentful of her own ex husband, Fatima is likely to report ____________

Better physical health

When compared to hormone replacement therapy (HRT), estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) intensified the risk of __________

Blood clots, stroke, and gallbladder disease

Among __________ workers, midlife career shifts are rarely freely chosen

Blue Collar

Macular Degeneration

Blurring and eventual loss of central vision due to a breakdown of light-sensitive cells in the macula, or central region of the retina

Which of the following adults displays signs of stagnation?

Brian does not apply himself at work, and he chooses to stay at home rather than attend his son's baseball games

Carol, a social worker who works long hours visiting emotionally abused children living in foster care, is at risk for ___________

Burnout

What factors are associated with resiliency?

Capacity to make realistic plans and take steps to carry them out, a positive view of yourself and confidence in your strengths and abilities, skills in communication and problem solving, the capacity to manage strong feelings and impulses

According to Erik Erikson, the realization in late adulthood that one's own life is part of an extended chain of human existence _______

Can make the inevitability of death less painful

How are the diagonals in the sequential design helpful - what information can you get from them?

Can tell you if you have cohort effects or repeated testing effects

In older adults, engaging in _________ activities can promote openness to expereince

Cognitively Challenging

Which statement about everyday problem solving in late adulthood is true?

Compared with younger married couples, older couples more often collaborate in generating strategies

Over the past several decades, medical advances and improved socioeconomic conditions have contributed to ___________ in industrialized nations

Compression of Morbidity

Among mature age women returning to higher education, which is the most common reason for not completing their degrees?

Conflicting role demands outside of school

What are the limitations, or types of errors typical of preoperational thinking?

Conservation tasks-water in glass

According to socioemtional selectivity theory, which of the following happens as older adults reach their eighties?

Contacts with family and friends diminish gradually in favor of a few very close relationships

Despite a recent move to an assisted living facility, 82 year old Eleanor strives to maintain familiar relationships and activities. She continues to play cards with her sister once a week, and although she shops at a new supermarket, it is part of the same chain as her old one. Eleanor's actions are consistent with ___________

Continuity Theory

_____________ helps us understand why older people's housing preferences reflect a strong desire for __________

Continuity Theory; aging in place

Findings of Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study revealed a(n) ___________ drop in five mental abilities after the mid thirties, but modest _______ gains for those same abilities in midlife

Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Many cross-sectional studies show that ___________ intelligence increases steadily through middle adulthood

Crystallized

For both sexes, number of friends ________ from middle to late adulthood as people ___________

Declines; become less willing to invest in nonfamily ties unless they are very rewarding

Survey's reveal that the frequency of sexual activity among heterosexual couples in midlife _________________

Decreases modestly

Diabetes heightens risk of __________

Dementia

The dependency-support script and independence-ignore script work together to reinforce ______ in older people

Dependent behavior

_______ is the disorder most often misdiagnosed as dementia

Depression

In George Valliant's research on diverse samples of adults followed over the lifespan, ______________ most strongly predicted late-life physical and psychological well being

Factors people can control to some degree

What question did the Erickson research I described in class attempt to answer?

If being overweight was the true connection for an aging brain

How did introducing older elephants into the group help the situation? (What did the older adults do and why did that stop the negative behaviors of the young males?)

Implemented adult males and when the younger ones got beaten down they came out of musth

Like ____________ memory, language comprehension ____________ late in life

Implicit; Changes little

Age differences in _________ memory are much smaller than in _______ memory

Implicit; Explicit

72 year old Ankush is the full time caregiver for his wife, who has Alzheimer's. If Ankush can arrange a few hours of respite from care giving at least twice a week, he is likely to ____________

Improve his own physical and mental health

Ego Integrity vs Despair

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of late adulthood, which is resolved positively when older adults come to terms with their lives and feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements

Generativity vs Stagnation

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of midlife, which is resolved positively if the adult can integrate personal goals with the welfare of the larger social world. The resulting strength is the capacity to give to and guide the next generation

Aging in Place

In late adulthood, remaining in a familiar setting where one has control over one's everyday life

Middle-aged and older adults are especially likely to do worse than younger adults when tested __________

In pressured, classroom like conditions

Discuss types of continuing education and benefits of such programs in late life

Increasing numbers of older people continue their education through university courses, community offerings, and other programs. Participants acquire new knowledge and skills, new friends, a broader perspective on the world, and an image of themselves as more competent

Describe overall changes in cognitive functioning in late adulthood

Individual differences in cognitive functioning are greater in late adulthood than at any other time of life. Older adults can make the most of their cognitive resources through selective optimization with compensation. Personal goals increasingly emphasize maintaining abilities and prevention losses

Dr. Brazelton was an early champion of what idea?

Infants come into the world being able to regulate to some extent

What was Dr. Brazelton illustrating by annoying the poor newborn with the flashlight and rattle?

Infants could keep herself asleep because she is self-regulating

Which older adult is most likely to live in poverty?

Ingrid, an 87 year old widow

Crystallized intelligence

Intellectual skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions—abilities acquired because they are valued by the individual's culture

Fluid Intelligence

Intellectual skills that largely depend on basic information-processing skills—ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, speed of analyzing information, and capacity of working memory. Influenced less by culture than by conditions in the brain and by learning unique to the individual

Lifelong friends Ada and Rita both 82, have coffee together every morning. They often share stories about positive events in their lives and confide in one another about their worries. Which function of late-life friendship do their daily meetings illustrate?

Intimacy and companionship

Describe the characteristics of Erikson's 6th stage.

Intimacy vs isolation—if you want to spend life with someone else, combining two people without losing themselves in the making, previous stages determine how you will solve the next, strong sense of self helps combine with another but not loose self

What questions does the field of behavior genetics address?

Investigate the nature and origins of individual differences in behavior

Glass Ceiling

Invisible barrier to advancement up the corporate ladder, faced by women and ethnic minorities

A typical nursing home in the US, as opposed to one in Europe, __________

Is overcrowded and hospital like

Which of the following middle aged parents is likely to provide the most overall assistance including co residence, advice, and emotional encouragement to his or her young adult children?

Isabel, a low SES Colombian American woman with four children

What does MIH do?

It inhibits the development of the uterus

According to Joan Erikson, which statement about gerotranscendence is true?

It is a cosmic and transcendent perspective that leads to heightened inner calm and contentment

Which of the following adults is likely to attain high wisdom scores?

Jacqueline, who worked as a social worker for 30 years after paying her own education

Largely because they were less willing to endorse individualistic traits, such as self acceptance and autonomy, __________ adults reported lower levels of psychological well being than did same age US MIDUS partcipants

Japanese and Korean

Which statement about midlife sibling ties is true?

Most adult siblings communicate at least monthly

Adults who effectively reduce stress ___________

Move flexibly between problem centered and emotion centered coping

What did Erikson mean by "cogwheeling?" Recognize examples

Movement of one wheel starts to move another

What are some examples of how gross motors skills influence the development of fine motor skills?

Must balance self via gross motor skills to develop fine motor skills

Mounting evidence indicates that ___________ contribute(s) to age related decrements in reaction time and other cognitive abilities in midlife

Myelin Breakdown

Fifty year old Neil was an engineer at a large robotics company, but he recently quit his job and found employment as a bank teller. According to research, what does this dramatic shift say about Neil?

Neil may be experiencing a personal crisis, sparked by nonwork problems

Neo-Piagetians combine Piaget's theory with which other approach to explain cognition in infancy and childhood?

Neo-Piagetian theorists explained cognitive growth along Piaget stages by invoking information processing capacity as the cause of both development from the one stage to the next and individual differences in developmental rate

Which of the following contributes to declines in odor sensitivity in older adults?

Neuron loss in certain brain regions

After subordinate male cichlid fish wins a flight what happens first?

Neurons in hypothalamus of the winning fish reengage and begin functioning

What happens if a child does not receive appropriate responses from a caregiver when overwhelmed?

Never learn how to self sooth, respond without over responding

How does DST explain why new crawlers behave like they don't understand when they're about to crawl off an edge (e.g., the side of a bed)?

New crawlers don't know how to make this new system work properly so they ignore the cliff and go for the toy

Which statement about divorce in late adulthood is true?

New generations of older adults have become more accepting of late life marital breakup

Can you make new neurons now?

New neurons are produced continuously into adulthood-around 1,400 a day

Does the evidence support this approach? Explain

No, the kid fears they will lose their parents and that we wield this over the kids even unintentionally, if you use the withdrawal of love as a motivator then the kid ends up blaming themselves

What can a caregiver do to help an overwhelmed child?

Not to further overwhelm them, take out of situation, speak calmly to them, modeling this behavior

Cultures around the world assume that _____________

Old age and wisdom and go together

Describe older adults relationships with adult children

Older adults are often in touch with their adult children, who more often provide emotional support than direct assistance. Aging parents who provide more help than they receive score highest in life satisfaction. Though typically mild, ambivalent feelings toward adult children undermine psychological well being

The reminiscence bump is evident in the autobiographical recall of ___________

Older adults from diverse cultures

Which statement about the relationships between physical and mental health problems in older adults is true?

Older adults perceived negative physical health is more predictive of depressive symptoms than are actual physical limitations

Which of the following findings supports the existence of an associative memory deficit in late adulthood?

Older adults perform far worse than younger adults on item pair memory tests

Personality characteristics in late adulthood show that __________

Older adults tend to defy aging stereotypes

Which statement about sexuality in late adulthood is true?

Older adults who are married or in a committed relationship are more sexually active

Discuss the meaning of successful aging

Older adults who experience successful aging minimize losses and maximize gains, enabling realization of individual potential. Societal contexts that permit older adults to manage life changes-including well funded social security plans, good health care, safe housing, diverse social services, and opportunities for lifelong learning-foster aging well

Reminiscence Bump

Older adults' heightened autobiographical memory for events that occurred between ages 10 and 30

Ingrid, age 102 years, continues to enjoy several hobbies and an active social life. Which of the following is likely true of Ingrid?

On a personality test, she is likely to score high in tough mindedness and emotional security

How are children with ADHD different, neurologically, from those without?

On average, children with ADHD have a smaller prefrontal cortex than that of an average child, developmentally delayed behind

Discuss health care issues that affect older adults

Only a small % of older Americans are institutionalized, less than half the rates in other Western nations with more generous public financing of institutional care. Through ethnic differences exist, family members provide most long term care in Western Nations. Publicly funded in home help and assisted living can reduce the high costs of nursing home placement and increase older adults life satisfaction

To explain the life expectancy crossover for African Americans, researchers speculate that ____________

Only the biologically sturdiest survive into very old age

Sixty year old Indira is thin and small framed. Throughout her life, her diet has been deficient in calcium and vitamin D. Indira is most likely to suffer from __________

Osteoporosis

Which of the following is strongly associated with cognitive declines?

Osteoporosis

Which of the following techniques increases the effectiveness of educational experiences for older adults?

Pace the presentation of new information over multiple sessions, and create a supportive group atmosphere

Under what circumstances does this happen?

Particular gene that was silent that is now switched on

According to Valliant, the most successful and best adjusted middle aged adults enter a calmer, quieter time of life in which ________ become(s) a major preoccupation

Passing the torch

Which statement about successful aging is true?

People age well when their growth, vitality, and strivings limit and, at times, overcomes physical, cognitive, and social declines

Secondary Friends

People who are not intimates but with whom an individual spends time occasionally, such as a group that meets for lunch, bridge, or museum tours

Which statement about the "big five" personality traits is true?

People who score high or low in the big five traits at one age are likely to do the same at another age

Which type of social support is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities?

Perceived social support

According to Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, which mental ability decreases steadily from the twenties to the late eighties?

Perceptual Speed

Processing speed is a weak predictor of older adults ______

Performance on complex, familiar tasks

Assistance aimed at enabling older adults to use capacities fully in pursuit of their goals creates an effective _______

Person-environment fit

Among older adults, which aspect of feared possible selves becomes more prominent than it was in midlife?

Physical Health

Two aspects of language production show age related losses: word-retrieval and ____________

Planning what to say

Which statement about stereotypes of aging is true?

Positive aging stereotypes reduce stress and foster physical and mental competence

According to findings of the MIDUS study, when adults reported "turning points" in their lives, most were _____________

Positive experiences

Why does it not make sense to blame a child for not having enough "grit"?

Positive, non-cognitive trait based on an individual's passion for a particular long-term goal or end state, coupled with a powerful motivation to achieve their respective objective, being predictive of both success and performance

_________ may be an especially strong motivator of action in midlife, as adults attach increased meaning to time

Possible Selves

A grandparent's __________ is the strongest predictor of frequent, face to face interaction with young grandchildren and a major contributor to feelings of closeness with older grandchildren

Residential Proximity

Discuss the importance of planning for retirement

Retirement brings major life changes, including loss of income and status and increased free time. Besides financial planning, preparing for an active retirement is vital, with a strong impact on happiness. Low-paid workers and women need extra encouragement to engage in retirement planning

Kinkeeper

Role assumed by members of the middle generation, especially mothers, who take responsibility for gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch

___________ is the most common reason given for why mature age women do not finish their degress

Role overload

Give some examples of how these sensory processing difficulties affected the boy's regular day-to-day experiences (and his mother's)

Rush to get his uniform off, anxiety pouring out each day, brushing teeth, brushing hair, shoes socks and coat on

When it comes to problem solving in the health arena, 80 year old Ezra is likely to _________ than his middle aged children and young adult grandchildren would

Select medical treatments more quickly

Which type of reminiscence is linked to adjustment problems?

Self Focused

Midlife Crisis

Self-doubt and stress that prompt major restructuring of the personality during the transition to middle adulthood. Characterizes the experience of only a minority of adults

An important outcome of starting an exercise program in midlife is that sedentary adults gain in ________, which further promotes physical activity

Self-efficacy

What change in the HPG axis plays a role in the start of puberty?

Set point changing

Osteoporosis

Severe age-related bone loss, which greatly magnifies the risk of bone fractures

Which of the following heart attack victims is least likely to have been offered drugs to treat blood clots and costly, invasive therapies such as bypass surgery?

Shawna, an African American woman

What developmental design was used by researchers to investigate this causal link?

Short Term Longitudinal design

In what way are the results of research using VOE inconsistent with Piaget's theory?

Shouldn't show until 10 months of age, last example was in 3 months showing object permanence

Ellen is a 72 year old sedentary adult. If Ellen decides to take up cycling and weight bearing exercise, she will ___________

Show gains in vital capacity that compare favorably with those of much younger individuals

Which of the following older adults is engaging in one of Robert Peck's three distinct tasks for attaining ego integrity?

Silvia, a retired financial advisor who volunteers her time teaching personal finance to low SES teens

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

Tasks necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence, such as telephoning, shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, and paying bills

Dozier attempted to help the parents in their study by teaching them how to provide sensitive care giving. Were they successful? Explain

Taught foster parents synchronous and nurturing, very intense instructions, kids did better in terms of attachment

Compared with younger adults, older adults ___________

Tend to have earlier bedtime and earlier morning wakening

While findings differ greatly on abilities affected and estimated length, it is clear that _________ is a sign of loss of vitality and impending death

Terminal Decline

Newer research indicates that adolescent risk-taking and impulsivity are not indiscriminate. Explain

That are not doing it for no reason, they have a reason, they are taking risks that might give them an award; popularity, trigger of social/emotional network, being seen

Nahid, age 75, endured a painful exercise regimen after knee replacement surgery. In describing her experience to family and friends, she recalled, "Those exercises weren't so bad. I told my doc, However many years I have left, I want to walk into them on my own!" What best explains Nahid's outlook and approach

The Positivity Effect

Which statement about retirement planning is true?

The US does not offer a federal pension system that guarantees an adequate standard of living

Know the difference between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

The cerebrum makes up most of the brain. It contains the four lobes of the brain (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital) and all of the neocortex. The cerebellum, or "little brain" is the small, tough structure that lies underneath the posterior or back part of the brain

Which statement about the double standard of aging is true?

The end of a woman's capacity to bear children contributes to negative judgements of physical appearance

Which statement about the minimization of poverty is true?

The gender gap in poverty is higher in the US than it is in other Western countries

Which statement about widowhood among older people is true?

The greatest problem for recently widowed older people is profound loneliness

Contrary to previous studies, recent self reports show little age related change in men's and women's endorsement of "masculine" and "feminine" traits throughout adulthood, possibly due to ____________

The influence of the women's movement on recent cohorts

Climacteric

The midlife transition in which fertility declines, bringing an end to reproductive capacity in women and diminished fertility in men

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common form of dementia, in which structural and chemical brain deterioration is associated with gradual loss of many aspects of thought and behavior, including memory, skilled and purposeful movements, and comprehension and production of speech

What is myelination? What function does is serve?

The process of coating the axon of each neuron with a fatty coating called myelin, which protects the neuron and helps it conduct signals more efficiently

Reminiscence

The process of telling stories about people and events from the past and reporting associated thoughts and feelings

What is the Flynn effect? What does it tell us about intelligence?

The steady increase in IQ from one generation to the next

What did the teacher do to "fill in" or provide support for the development of these missing abilities?

The teacher tried to scaffold her, help the girl with planning (look at the number, count the number, pick up the sticks, put them in), working memory (remind the girl of what number she has to work on), and inhibition

Possible Selves

The temporal dimension of self-concept—future-oriented representations of what one is striving for and what one is attempting to avoid

What are some differences between childhood and adulthood that make studying the adult population more difficult/complicated?

Their deteriorating health

Why are young children vulnerable to becoming overwhelmed by their experiences and emotions?

They have so many extra synapses and their head is not yet organized

How is the psychometric approach different from other approaches to cognition?

This field is primarily concerned with the study of differences between individuals

At 83 years old, Sheila has maintained ties to many of her old and dear friends who live far away. She also has friends who live close to her, and she interacts with people almost daily on Facebook. The friends she interacts with most and feels closest to are _________

Those who live in her community

What do social learning theories emphasize in describing and explaining the development of morality?

Thoughts, beliefs, morals, and feedback all help to motivate us

What was the first intelligence test designed for?

To figure out which students were having a hard time in school

Discuss outcomes of interventions aimed at helping older adults sustain cognitive skills

Training in cognitive skills can offer large, persisting benefits for older people who have experienced cognitive declines. Community programs in the participatory arts also yield cognitive gains

Describe the responses adolescents and young adults gave to L-V's problems

Treat like strictly logic problem, adolescents say yes this is an easy answer

Jessica is an older adult who participates in a Road Scholar program each summer. Jessica is likely to report an

Understanding of new ideas in many disciplines

In her 70's Milena began experiencing problems with language production. If she is typical of older adults, Milena is likely to use which of the following techniques to compensate?

Use more sentences, but shorter ones, to convey her message

What phenomenon does the "rectangularization" of the population age distribution describe?

Use to be narrower because lots of young not a lot of old, now it is rectangular due to people living longer

Why do we talk about theories in psychology? What do they do for us?

Used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors

How is make-believe play a symbolic activity?

Uses something as a symbol for something else, uses mental representation

Compared to individuals in high earning professional occupations, those in blue collar or clerical positions ____________

Usually retire earlier

Briefly describe some of the social information processing deficits that rejected children often have

Usually seen as the dumb kid, don't want to go to school, don't go through social information processing steps well, rejected kids don't bring in relevant information, don't read facial cues, even when they do they don't interpret the information well

Which of the following middle aged adults is most likely to be generative?

Veronica, a doctor who is married and has three children

Remote Memory

Very long-term episodic recall

Which areas rarely show signs of aging?

Visual & Auditory Cortex-do not show much aging at all, start when you are born and continue on until old age, experience deficits, but not because the changing of the brain

Because lung tissue gradually loses its elasticity, ___________ is reduced by half between ages 25 and 80

Vital capacity

What do wear & tear theories attribute the causes of aging to?

Wear & Tear-things wear out with use

What is "serve and return?"

When an infant or young child babbles, gestures, or cries, and an adult responds appropriately with eye contact, words, or a hug

Which statement about expertise in midlife is true?

When applied to everyday problems, expertise makes middle aged adults more rational decision makers