Principles of Macroeconomics (Ch. 8, 9 & 10)
Inflation rate is calculated by
CPI current year - CPI last year / CPI last year x 100
The average of the prices of the goods and services purchased by a typical family is the
Consumer Price Index (CPI).
The price index which is used to measure changed in the cost of living is the
Consumer Price Index (CPI).
You purchase a new Ford Escape Hybrid from a Ford dealer.
Consumption Expenditure
What are the four major components of expenditures in GDP?
Consumption, Investment, Government Purchases, and Net Exports.
If higher tax rates cause more people to hide the income they earn, the measured GDP
Decreases
Purchases of which types of goods are business cycles most likely to affect?
Durable goods.
What is the general relationship between the business cycle and unemployment and inflation?
During an expansion, unemployment falls and inflation increases.
In the circular flow of expenditure and income, why must the total value of production in an economy equal the total value of income?
Every penny spent on a good or service must end up as someone's income.
A new home purchased by a family
Final good
A new pick-up truck purchased by a consumer
Final good
"In-between jobs" is what type of unemployment?
Frictional
The state of Missouri builds a new highway to help improve access to the Ford Escape plant.
Government Expenditure
GDP is an imperfect measure of economic well-being because it fails to measure what types of production?
Household production and the underground economy.
What can we predict about total production-whether or not that production is included in the calculation of GDP-in the economy when workers become unemployed?
If the workers had been paying other people to perform the household activities prior to unemployment, then total production will fall.
When the number of people working outside the home increased, the measured level of GDP
Increases
Final good, intermediate good, or neither? Coffee beans purchased by a coffee shop
Intermediate good
Ford purchases new machine tools to use in its Missouri Escape factory.
Investment Expenditure
Which of the following best describes a current trend in the labor force participation rate?
It is decreasing for men and increasing for women.
Working-age population is calculated by
Labor force/Labor force participation rate
When there is a sharp decrease in the crime rate, the measured level of GDP
May increase or decrease
One share of Google stock
Neither
Ford produces 1,000 Escapes in a factory in Missouri and ships them to a car dealer in Shanghai, China.
Net Export Expenditure
Suppose a house is built and sold in the year 2006. If the house is resold in the year 2015, is the value of the house included in GDP for 2015?
No. GDP for 2015 includes only production that occurs during 2015.
How is the GDP deflator calculated?
Nominal GDP/Real GDP x 100
Ford purchases door handles for the Escape from an auto parts manufacturer in Indiana.
Not included in GDP calculation
You purchase a 2011 (preowned) Ford Escape Hybrid from a friend.
Not included in GDP calculation
Which of the following can give an early warning of future increases in the price level?
Producer price index
The annual growth rate of real GDP is calculated by
Real GDP in current year - Real GDP in previous year / Real GDP in previous year x 100.
According to Dan Sichel, the amount of time a singer spends working on a record album in a recording studio is "quite analogous to a factory investing in a new machine". Which of the following statements is correct?
Song development time produces songs, similar to investment in a factory that produces physical goods.
In calculating GDP, which levels of government spending are included in government purchases?
Spending by federal, state, and local governments.
Which of the following is included in the economists's definition of investment?
The purchase of new machines, factories, or houses.
What two key factors determine labor productivity?
The quantity of capital per hour worked and the level of technology.
Even if GDP included these types of production, why would it still be an imperfect measure of economic well-being?
The value of leisure is not included in GDP, GDP is not adjusted for pollution and it does not account for unequal income distribution, and GDP is not adjusted for crime or other social problems.
Find out the number of unemployed. (Employed=148,739; Unemployment rate=5.3%)
Unemployed/(Employed+Unemployed) = X(148,739+X)=.053
Which equation best represents the relationship between GDP and the four major expenditure components?
Y=C+I+G+NX
Would the services of a real estate agent who helped sell (or helped buy) the house be included in GDP for 2015?
Yes. GDP for 2015 includes the market value of final goods and services. This includes real estate services.
When tax revenue exceeds, equals, is less than government spending there is
a budget surplus; a balanced budget; a budget deficit.
The business cycle refers to
alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession.
An underground economy involves all of the following except
buying and selling of goods and services by obtaining a permit from the government.
Recessions cause the inflation rate to _________, and the employment rate to ________.
decrease; increase
When an unemployed person drops out of the labor force, it
does not affect the employment-population ratio.
In the base year, nominal GDP is ______ to real GDP.
equal to
The financial system of a country is important for long-run economic growth because
firms need the financial system to acquire funds from households.
Businesses demand loanable funds because
firms need to borrow funds for new projects, such as building new factories or carrying out new research projects.
The three types of unemployment are
frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment.
Crowding out occurs when
governments must borrow funds which causes interest rates to rise and thus private investment is reduced.
In the years after the base year, nominal GDP is ______ than real GDP.
greater
Increases in the minimum wage will
increase unemployment among teenagers.
Long-run growth is measured by
increases in real GDP per capita, which depend on increases in labor productivity.
During the expansion/recession phase of the business cycle, production, employment, and income
increases; decreases.
Even though individuals earn interest on financial investments such as bonds, mutual funds, and certificates of deposits, they may still hold wealth in checking accounts because
individuals need money that is available to be spent on goods and services.
Households supply loanable funds because of the
interest income received from the borrowers.
The rule of 70
is a mathematical formula that is used to calculate the number of years it takes real GDP per capita or any other variable to double.
The real interest rate
is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.
In the years prior to the base year, nominal GDP is ______ than real GDP.
less
The ease with which a financial security can be exchanged for money is referred to as
liquidity.
The unemployment rate in the United States is usually _____ than the unemployment rates in most other high-income countries partly because the United States has _____ requirements for the unemployed to receive government payments.
lower; more stringent
Capital refers to
manufactured goods that are used to produce other goods and services.
Ford F-150 trucks, McDonald's Big Macs, Kenmore refrigerators, Huggies diapers, and Caterpillar industrial tractors. Production of this good is likely to fluctuate _________ fluctuations of real GDP during the business cycle
more than; less than; more than; less than; more than
In an economy with rising prices, compared to the base year,
nominal GDP is larger than real GDP in years after the base year.
The difference between a nominal variable and a real variable is that
nominal variables are calculated in current-year prices and the real variables are measured in dollars of the base year for the price index to correct the effects of inflation.
Employment rate is
number of employed/number of people in labor force x 100
The labor force participation rate is
number of people in labor force/number of working-age population x 100
Unemployment rate is
number of unemployed/number of people in labor force x 100
Some countries have larger underground economies than do other countries, because
of government policies that are retarding economic growth.
The employment-population ratio measures the
percentage of the working age population that is employed.
The best measure of the standard of living of the typical person in a country is
real GDP per person.
_______ is not a "loanable fund"
real estate
The internet has ______ the size of menu costs.
reduced
The type of unemployment most likely to result in hardship for the people who are unemployed is
structural because this type of unemployment requires retraining to acquire new job skills.
CPI is calculated by
sum of current year quantity x price / sum of base year quantity x price multiplied by 100
Menu costs are
the costs to firms of changing proves.
Human capital is
the knowledge and skills workers acquire from education, training, or their life experiences. (ex. a worker gets a college degree)
Economists often discuss economic growth in terms of growth in potential GDP, which is
the level of GDP attained when all firms are producing at capacity.
Potential real GDP is
the level of GDP attained when all firms are producing at capacity. (grows over time)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is
the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a period of time.
When the economy is at full employment, unemployment is equal to
the natural rate of unemployment.
Long-run economic growth is
the process by which rising productivity increases the standard of living of the typical person.
Labor productivity is
the quantity of goods and services that can be produced by one worker or by one hour of work.
When the real interest rate is lower then
the situation will be better for the buyer.
Nominal GDP is
the sum of prices x quantity for that year.
Real GDP is
the sum of quantity (in current year) x prices (in base year).
The natural rate of unemployment is
the sum of structural unemployment and frictional unemployment.
When an unemployed person drops out of the labor force, the unemployment rate
understates the true degree of joblessness in the economy.
As the economy nears the end of an expansion,
wages are usually rising faster than prices, interest rates are usually rising, and the profits of firms will be falling.
The extent of job creation and job destruction is
what we would expect in a vibrant market system.
