Professor Dunne BU PS101 Exam 3

outcomes of indulgent parenting

- Less likely to follow social rules - Children are immature -self centered -narcissistic

What is the Phallic stage?

- Pleasure is derived from sexual organs - Children suffer from oedipus or electra complex

Discriminate attachment behavior

- around 3 months -Preferences are developed for who they like to be cared for by

Separation anxiety

-12-16 months to 2-3 years -Distress over being separated from primary caregiver

Stranger anxiety

-7-18 months -Distress over contact with unfamiliar people

Rationalization

-A false excuse to explain an anxiety arousing behavior that has already occurred -E.G: Someone justifies cheating on an exam by saying their roommate kept them awake all night

Concrete Operational Stage

-Ages 7-12 -Easily able to perform basic mental operations involving tangible problems and situations -Difficulty with abstract reasoning

Specific attachment behavior

-Around 7-8 months -Definitive likes and dislikes of who they want to be cared for by

Formal Operational Stage

-Begins around age 11 or 12 -Able to think logically about concrete and abstract problems -Able to form and test hypothesis

Anal Expulsive

-Caused by kids fighting hard against losing autonomy during anal stage -Kids may be toilet trained, but choose not to act like they are - Results in messy, negative and dominant adults

Dismissive

-Doesn't desire close attachment -Typically comes from neglectful parenting -Low value for caregivers and others

Genital Stage

-Erotic impulses are expressed in sexual relationships

sensorimotor stage

-From birth to age 2 -We explore the world around us through sensory experiences -Object Permanence

Id

-Innermost source of all psychic energy that exists within the subconscious -Seeks release for the sexual and aggressive urges in our unconscious

Fearful

-Low view of one's self -Low view of others -Wants emotional connections, but feels uncomfortable/untrusting with bonding -A result of inconsistent care as a child

preoccupied

-Low view of ones self -High opinion of others -Longs for bonds but feels they aren't valued as highly as those they are bonding with -Typically received inconsistent care

Brain development in infancy and childhood

-Neural Networks develop rapidly -Areas that regulate basic survival functions mature first -Association areas mature -Cerebral hemispheres become more highly specialized

adolescent egocentrism

-Occurs during adolescence -Overestimation of uniqueness of feelings -Oversensitivity to social evaluation

What are the major character traits tested on personality tests?

-Openness -Consciousntesness -Extroversion -Agreableness -Neuroticism

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

-Pleasure centers around the mouth -Satisfaction from eating and sucking -Fixation leads to self-indulgence or dependency

Anal Stage (18-36 months, 2-3)

-Pleasure focused on elimination of body waste -Fixation leads to messy, negative, dominant adult

Centration

-Preoperational The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

Types of attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

-Secure attachment -Insecure types of attachment 1) Dismissive 2) Preoccupied 3) Fearful

Ego

-The executive part of personality that has direct contact with reality -Our sense of self -Decision maker of the personality -Seeks healthy ways of satisfying urges

Superego

-The moral component of personality - What you "should" do

Medial prefrontal cortex

-The part of the brain that becomes active when you think about yourself -Much more active in the developing adolescent brain

Reaction Formation

-Unconsciously switch impulses into their opposites -You take how you really feel and flip it into the opposite, then take this opposite to the extreme

object permanence

-Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer see it -Develops in the sensorimotor stage

outcome of neglectful parenting

-Worst possible outcomes typically -Dismissive attachment -Majority of individuals in jail are a product of neglectful parenting

Preoperational stage

-ages 2-7 -World represented symbolically through words and mental images -Pretend Play -Centration, animism, egocentrism

Indiscriminate attachment behavior

-newborns -Only care about being cared for, not picky about who is doing it

Parenting styles

1) Authoritative 2) Authoritarian 3)Indulgent 4) Neglectful

What are the two general dimensions of parenting styles

1) Warmth vs. Hostility 2) Restrictiveness vs. Permissiveness

psychosexual development stages

1)Oral 2)Anal 3)Phallic 4)Latency 5)Genital

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

What is the age of reason?

7

What is attachment

A strong emotional bond that develops between children and caregivers

Trephination

A whole was cut in the skull of mentally I'll people in order to let the devil out

Difference between fixation and regression

Fixation is doing something day in and day out, regression is reverting to a stage only when experiencing stress

What is binge eating an example of?

Fixation on oral stage

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

What was Freud's psychodynamic perspective on personality?

He said there were three parts to personality: -Id -Ego -Superego

Who was the philosopher who acknowledged a connection between psychological changes and biology?

Hypocrites

At each stage of psychosexual development ->

Id focused on one erogenous body zone

Ages 12 - 20 years (erikson)

Identity or role confusion

Displacement

Impulses are repressed and then shifted onto an easier target

Castration Anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

Assimilation ( In Terms of Schemas)

Incorporating new experiences into already existing schemas

Identity diffusion

Individuals are too young to have their own identity, so their identity is what they're told it should be

Age 6-12 (erikson)

Industry or inferiority

Age 3-5 (erikson)

Initiative or guilt

How does a more active nervous system affect mental health?

It is believed that a more active nervous system means an individual is more sensitive and prone to mental disorders

How is brain growth affected by adolescense?

It slows down

Erik Erikson

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

Are people with depression more or less likely to experience anxiety than non-depressed people?

More likely

Accommodation (In terms of schemas)

New experiences cause schemas to change

What is personality?

Our distinctive and relatively enduring ways of: -Thinking -Feeling -Acting

Personal Fable

Overestimation of uniqueness of feelings and experiences

Identity achievement

Part of the 50% who leave the identity searching phase content with who they are

Projection

People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Denial

Refusal to acknowledge an event or the emotions connected to it

defense mechanisms

Repression Denial Displacement Intellectualization Projection Rationalization Reaction Formation

Latency Stage

Sexuality dormant

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys

What is the difference between sublimation and displacement?

Sublimation is redirection of impulses into something acceptable, while displacement is unhealthily redirecting impulses to an easier target

Imprinting

Sudden, inflexible, biologically primed form of attachment found in nonhuman species

Sublimation

Taboo impulses channeled into socially desirable and admirable behaviors

Capgras syndrome

The Belief that those around you have been replaced by impostors

Critical Period

The age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally

Genie the Wild Child

The first true proof that there are experiences with critical periods, such as being able to speak.

Sensitive Periods

The optimal age range for certain experiences to spur normal development -Flexible, unlike critical periods

Which parent is most influential in a child's id development?

The same sex parent

What is the relationship between superego and id?

The superego strives to control the id

Objective anxiety

There is a concrete threat bringing about anxety

What is a common trend in dating for people with unresolved conflict?

They often date someone with the negative qualities of their opposite parents to try and resolve the conflict

Age 1 (erikson)

Trust or mistrust

Does one's attachment style change throughout their life?

Typically no

Arborisation

We are born with an overgrowth of neurons, then they start wiring and firing together and forming neurotransmitters and networks. Unused neurons are "pruned," leaving us with the normal amount of neurons

vulnerability-stress model

When a persons vulnerabilities are met with stressors, they are more likely to present psychological disorders

Anal retentive

Willingly gave away control as a child, but try to take control back in insignificant ways as an adult

What happens if something goes wrong during one of the first stages of psychosexual development?

You may become fixated due to deprivation or overindulgence during that stage

Intellectualization

a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint

Identity moratorium

a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives

neurotic anxiety

occurs when there is direct conflict between id and ego

Identity foreclosure

premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options

When does adolescence begin?

puberty

Pleasure principle

tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification

When does the Phallic stage occur?

Ages 4-5

Repression

Anxiety-arousing memories, feelings and impulses are prevented from entering consciousness -Motivated forgetting

What parenting styles lead to narcissism?

Authoritarian and indulgent

Age 1-2 (erikson)

Autonomy or doubt

Penis Envy

According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.

When are people down to the normal amount of neurons by?

Adolescence

When is personality formed by?

Age 6

What age range is most responsible for the person you become?

Ages 1-3, relies upon how you are treated by caregivers

When does superego develop?

Ages 4-5

Early maturation is more positive for which gender?

Boys

What is the biggest influencing factor in attachment?

Comfort

What is the #1 stressor?

Death

Historical Explanations of Abnormal Behaviors

Demonic possession Physical diseases Products of psychological conflicts Learned maladaptive behaviors Distorted perceptions of the world