Protein Sources

Biuret

Two molecules of urea that have been condensed into a single molecule. Slower release of ammonia than from urea.

BSE

USDA/FDA regulations prohibit feeding meat meal from ruminants to ruminants and from nonruminants to nonruminants in an attempt to prevent spread of the prion that causes __________

45% 28.1%

Urea contains ____% nitrogen and ____% crude protein

ammonia

Urea may result in _______________ toxicity if overfed

small intestine

Usually, a portion of dietary protein resists rumen degradation and passes undegraded to the ____________ _________________.

Urea Biuret Dried poultry waste

What are nonprotein nitrogen sources for ruminants?

Meat meal Meat and bone meal Blood meal Fish meal Other fish and marine products -Liquefied fish -Fish silage -Shrimp meal -Crab meal -Crustacean processing waste Hydrolyzed feathermeal Hydrolyzed hair; hydrolyzed leathermeal Milk products

What are some animal protein sources?

Soybeans Dry beans Fava beans Field peas and lentils Others - cowpea and chickpea

What are some examples of grain legumes?

Soybean meal Cottonseed meal (Whole cottonseeds) Rapeseed and canola meal Linseed meal Peanut meal Sunflower meal Safflower meal

What are some examples of oilseed meals?

Carcass trimmings Condemned carcasses Inedible offal Tendons Ligaments Hides Horns Hair Wool Blood Possibly bone

What are some of the contents of meat meal?

Bacteria Yeast Algae Fungi

What are some single cell protein (SCP) sources?

3 million

It is estimated that ____ _____________ metric tons of cottonseed meal is used for animal feed annually

BSE

Its is thought to be possible to transmit the causative agent for ______ (mad cow disease) through feeding meat meal products that are made from infected animals

35% lysine

Linseed meal is low in protein content (~____%) and is severely deficient in ____________

Whole milk Whey Dried milk products - dried skim milk, dried buttermilk, dried whey (the primary use is for milk replacers or starter diets)

List some milk products

salmonella

Meat meal has a high potential for contamination of ________________ that is transmittable to animals. It is important to properly heat sterilize during processing.

collagen

Meat meal has an unusual amino acid composition because of high content of _____________ (a major constituent of connective tissue)

Grain legumes

Members of Leguminosae family Produce seeds for feed and food Soybeans, field beans, lupins, peanuts, lentils, peas

67%

Menhaden fish meal is ~____% crude protein

high low

Feather meal has a (high/low) crude protein content (85%-90%) and a (high/low) digestibility in native form due to high content of keratin

omega

Fish meal is a major supplier of _____________ protein. Menhaden fish meal is a major source, as well as herring, anchovy, whitefish, redfish meals

bypass

Fish meal is a source of ruminal ______________ protein

25% to 30% 9%

For swine and poultry, cottonseed meal should be no more than ____% to ____% of the protein supplement because of gossypol, low protein quality, and >____% of the diet can kill growing pigs.

high high

Full fat canola seed has (high/low) energy and (high/low) protein. It must be processed prior to feeding to break the hard seed coat

trypsin inhibitors lipogeneses

Full fat soybeans are heated to inactivate ____________ _______________ (toxins) and prevent rancidity (denatures __________________)

oil

Full fat soybeans are used in feeding and high in energy (_____)

free gossypol

Gossypol remains in the meal after cotton oil extraction. It will bind to protein during the heating processes involved in extracting the oil and therefore lower the lysine availability. Toxicity associated with "_________ ______________"

We can cook with steam to produced hydrolyzed feather meal

How can we greatly increase the digestibility of feather meal?

The physical compression of seed to remove the oil The seed is crushed, heated in steam, or cooked, pressed and ground

How does mechanical expression (expeller process) work?

Oils are removed in an organic solvent and then isolated The seed is cracked, heated mildly, rolled, extracted with hexane The flakes are then toasted and ground

How does solvent extraction work?

calcium phosphorus

If meat meal contains bone, it is an excellent source of _____________ and _________________

true absorbed

In biological value, the percent of _________ _______________ protein (or N) from the intestinal tract available for productive body functions.

23% to 25%

In general, dry beans are ____% to ____% crude protein

Maillard reaction

In soybean meal, free amino groups (most commonly on lysine) bind with sugars to produce indigestible brown polymers. What reaction is this?

hydrolytic

Insoluble Protein (RUP) enters the abomasum and small intestine for ______________ digestion

heat treatment

Most deleterious effects can be and are destroyed by _______ ________________ during processing of the soybean-to-soybean meal. However, caution to prevent overheating must be maintained

human

Most grain legumes are for ___________ food. Livestock fed cull seeds, sometimes the forages (stems, leaves)

pre-formed

Nonruminants animals need _____________ amino acids in the diet.

Oilseed meals Grain legumes Milling By-Products Distillery and Brewery By-Products Animal Protein Sources Synthetic Amino Acids Nitrogen Sources for Ruminants Miscellaneous sources

What are some sources of protein?

ANF

Ruminants less sensitive to ______'s (antinutritive factors) in grain legumes

phenoylic glycosides

Safflower contains _______________ _______________ that are bitter and cause a laxative effect

low high

Safflower meal has... (high/low) protein content (18% to 22%) (high/low) fiber content (approximately 40%)

lysine sulfur

Safflower meal is deficient in __________ and __________ containing amino acids (methionine and cysteine)

linoleic acid

Some linseed meals that have been expeller processed may contain high amounts of ______________ ________.

Heat treated SBM Fish meal (there are many more)

What are the bypass protein nitrogen sources for ruminants?

Limit to 1/3 of the total nitrogen 1% of the diet, 3% concentration mix

What are the general rules of feeding urea?

Heat treatment (partially denatured during heating) Coat protein with fat (encapsulation of amino acids; lipid coating prevents bacteria from attacking peptide bonds) Treatment with formaldehyde or tannins (nontoxic; same principle as lipid coating) Use of amino acid analogs (RPAA's : Smartamine, Mepron, MHA) Concentration of protein in diet, passage rates, level of intake can also alter the escape value

What are the methods of "protecting feed proteins from excessive ruminal degradation?

Methionine Lysine Taurine

What are the synthetic amino acid?

Methionine Lysine Taurine

What are the synthetic amino acids?

Mechanical expression (expeller process) Solvent extraction

What are the two methods of extraction of oilseed meals?

Linatine -Di-peptide that is an antagonist of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) -Therefore, signs of B6 deficiency (nervous convulsions due to demyelinization of nerves and swelling and fragmentation of the myelin sheath) Cyanogenic glycosides (similar to those in cassava) -Level not too high to cause cyanide poisoning -Thiocyanate formed in detoxification, goitrogenic -Goiter in fetuses of pregnant ewes fed linseed meal

What are the two toxic factors in linseed meal?

1. Dietary protein escaping rumen degradation (RUP or UIP) 2. Microbial protein - protein contained in bacterial and protozoal cells that flow out of rumen 3. Endogenous proteins contained in sloughed cells and secretions to abomasum and SI

What are three sources of protein?

Distillers dried grains (DDG) Brewers grains

What are two protein distillery and brewery by-products?

Kidney beans Pinto beans Navy beans

What beans are often available as feed (cull beans, surplus crops)

5

What classification number is protein?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

What does BSE stand for?

the relationship of protein (or nitrogen) retention to protein (or nitrogen) absorption

What does biologic value (BV) measure?

Maintaining of vital factors Growth Lactation

What does protein provide amino acids for?

corn gluten meal

What is a protein milling by-product?

methionine

What is the first limiting amino acid in grain legumes?

Urea

What is the most common source of nonprotein nitrogen?

soybean meal

What is the most important protein supplement for livestock feeding in the US (and many other countries)?

a source of readily fermentable carbohydrate in the diet

What is the use of urea dependent on?

Rapeseed/Canola Meal

What makes up 12% of world oil seed production?

Dried poultry waste

What nonprotein nitrogen source has a potential for pathogen contamination and is prevented by composting?

Used: head, feet, undeveloped eggs, intestines Not used: feathers (except traces)

What parts of the chicken are used in poultry byproduct meal? What parts is not used?

soybean meal

What protein feed is the standard to which other protein feeds are compared?

linseed meal

What protein feed meal has the highest content of ꭥ-3 fatty acids of any oil seed (intact flaxseed)?

peanut meal

What protein feed meal is susceptible to alfatoxin?

gossypol

What toxin is in cottonseed meal?

Ruminants

What type of animals can utilize many other nitrogen sources, synthesize amino acids and protein, and have a mechanism to spare nitrogen.

methionine

Soybean meal has a good amino acid profile, but ________________ will be the first limiting amino acid for animal production

phosphorus and zinc

Soybean meal has a high phytic acid content that reduces the availability of __________________ and ________

high low high high high

Soybean meal has a... (high/low) protein content (high/low) fiber content (high/low) digestible energy content (high/low) palatability (high/low) digestibility

Overcooking will convert cystine to lanothine and lysine to lysinoalanine. (just know that over cooking will take out some of the amino acids)

What will happen if we overcook the feather meal?

canola

When glucosinolates and erucic acid have been bred out of the rapeseed plant, it takes on the name ___________.

23% 23% 17%

Whole cottonseed is ____% crude protein, ____% fat, and ____% fiber, which makes it an excellent feed for dairy cows.

gossypol, palatability, protein quality, higher bypass source

Why is cotton seed meal more suitable for ruminants?

the hulls are included

Why is cottonseed meal higher in fiber?

MCP meets the tissue amino acid requirements because there is a lower dietary protein requirement. No need to increase RUP

Why would you increase the RUP value of dietary protein in adult ruminants at maintenance?

Have higher protein requirements to supply amino acids for muscle growth and milk production MCP meets 75% of tissue AA requirements for growth and milk produced •Total NPN intake results in growth or milk production that is 75% of maximum Supplement AA flow to SI by feeding RUP (roasted SBM, fishmeal, feathermeal, SoyPlus, SoyBest, etc). •Can improve growth and milk production

Why would you increase the RUP value of dietary protein in growing or lactating animals?

-Increases quantity of protein or amino acids entering small intestine -Could have added benefit of encouraging rumen microbes to use NPN rather than feed protein N in fermentation activities

Why would you increase the RUP value of dietary protein to protect feedstuff protein from ruminal degradation?

no

Are dry beans normally grown for animal feed?

soft full fat peanuts

"Hogging off" peanuts was an earlier practice common in swine production. It Produces _______ pork due to unsaturated oil consumption. Don't feed ______ ______ _____________for several weeks before slaughter

True

(True/False) Fish meal is a highly digestible protein, but may have a palatability problem due to the fishy smell

True

(True/False) Supplementary protein sources are normally needed in rations for all species of animals

Corn gluten feed

-20 to 25% CP -Lower protein than CGM due to bran content -Energy, fiber, by-pass protein -Ruminants, esp. dairy cattle -Laying hens

Taurine

-Added to companion animal diets -Essential for cats

Methionine

-DL form available -Methionine hydroxy analog -Rumen protected methionine

Lysine

-L-form only one available -No rumen protected sources marketed

Brewers grains

26% to 29% CP 19% CF More suitable for ruminants: bulky, fibrous nature, low energy

Distillers dried grains

26% to 35% CP 9% to 13% crude fiber Protein from grain and yeast High in B vitamins due to yeast

Safflower

An annual plant resembling thistle. Grown as oil seed crop in Middle East, India, US (CA, NE, MN, ND)

E. coli mad cow disease

Animal protein sources are generally high in quality with good amino acid balance. It is currently highly regulated because of safety concerns about __________, _______ ________ ______________, and others

vitamin B12

Animal protein sources were originally fed to provide the "animal protein factor" now known to be _______________ _______

Great Britain

BSE has been observed in ______________ ______________ but not in the US

prion

BSE is caused by a protein called __________.

scrapie

BSE is thought to originate from sheep infected with ____________

variant CJD

BSE transmitted to humans is known as _____________ ________

quality

Biologic value reflects ______________.

low

Blood meal digestibility is often (high/low) due to damage from heat during the drying process

80% lysine

Blood meal is approximately ____% crude proten. It is high in __________ but severely deficient in isoleucine

protein

Bone meal is a source of calcium and phosphors but does not contain ____________

Oilseed meals

By-products of vegetable oil production for edible and industrial purposes

uric

Dried poultry waste has a high nitrogen content due to ________ acid

sinapine

Canola meal has a high quantity of _____________, an astringent phenolic compound that may have adverse effects on palatability. Rhode island reds lack the enzyme used to convert trimethylamine to oxide; fish flavored eggs

sulfur

Canola meal has high ____________ content

lower

Canola meal is (higher/lower) in quality amino acid balance than soybean meal.

10% to 13%

Canola meal is ____% to ____% crude fiber.

38% to 46%

Canola meal is ____% to ____% crude protein.

trypsin

Dry beans contain _____________ inhibitors

lower

Cottonseed meal is (higher/lower) in protein quality and content than soybean meal (approximately 41%CP and 12% CF). Cottonseed meal is also (higher/lower) in lysine and less palatable than soybean meal

semitropical

Cottonseed meal is a __________________ plant grown as an annual

fiber oil

Cottonseed meal is grown first for __________, then for ________ therefore the meal is a secondary by-product

Meat meal

Derived from slaughterhouse waste and products of rendering plants

EAA (essential amino acids)

Diet must supply ________ for monogastric species and suckling ruminants.

oligosaccharides

Dry beans contain __________________________ that are poorly digested and pass to the lower gut where they are fermented -Causes mucosal irritation, abnormal microbial population -Produces gas (flatulence factor)

brush border

Dry beans contain lectins that cause damage to the __________ __________ of the small intestine (kidney beans)

nonruminants

Due to the variability in the composition of feeds, supplementation is required for ______________________ to ensure the intake of all essential amino acids.

crude protein

Even though some forages will have the required amount of _________ ____________, there are not considered protein feeds.

nitrogen

Optimal use is critical for feeding protein because it is far more expensive than energy feeds. When animals are fed excess protein, there will be an increase of ____________ in wastes, which has an undesirable environmental implications

shrimp and crab chitin

Other seafood meals tend to result from crustaceans such as ____________ and _________. It contain high content of __________, which, although it is chemically measured as CP, should be accounted for because it is indigestible.

45 to 50% lysine

Peanut meal contains ____% to ____% crude protein but deficient in ___________

methionine and lysine cystine

Poor amino acid balance in feather meal is deficient in ________________ and _______________ but high in ________________

55% to 65% 16%

Poultry byproduct meal contains ____% to ____% crude protein and no more than ____% ash

concentrate

Protein feeds are generally _________________ feeds.

20%

Protein supplements are arbitrarily defined as having greater than ____% crude protein on a DM basis.

RUP

RUP value for traditional RDP sources: -Ex: SBM has bypass value, not 100% degradable -_______ value of feeds will depend on other feeds in ration

cabbage mustard

Rapeseed/Canola Meal is a member of the Brassica genus, related to _____________ and _____________ (crucifers)

erucic acid

Rapeseed/canola meal contains _________ ________, a toxic fatty acid

glucosinolates

Rapeseed/canola meal contains ___________________ which inhibit metabolism of the thyroid gland (goitrogenic agents). This reduces the palatability ("hot" taste, active ingredients in horseradish and mustard).

soybeans

Raw ________________ are toxic to most animals because they contain protease inhibitors, lectins, phytoestrogens, saponins, goitrogtens, and other toxins

vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Soybean meal is deficient in what vitamin?

44% or 48%

Soybean meal is marketed at standardized protein levels (____% or ____% as fed basis)

annual

Soybeans (Glycine max) are _____________ legumes

China

Soybeans are an ancient crop from _________ that were introduced to the US in 1800

54% 68%

Soybeans constitute ____% of the world's oilseed production. ____% of the total soybean production worldwide was processed into soybean meal and consumed by animals

pig

Spray dried blood, spray dried serum is becoming important in baby _______ diets (segregated early weaning). In dairy calves, colostrum supplements (lifeline) and Gammulin in young calves' diets

phenolic compounds

Sunflower meal contains _____________ ________________ that decrease palatability and may reduce protein digestibility

40% to 45% 11% to 13%

Sunflower meal: ____% to ____% protein but deficient in lysine ____% to ____% fiber due to hull

Protein

The he primary component associated with a majority of animal products produced and marketed.

corn gluten meal

The main by-product used as protein source that is produced in wet milling of corn (40 to 60% crude prorein)

cottonseed meal

The second most important plant protein supplement in the US (12% of world oilseed production)

corn

The whole sunflower plant may be processed as a forage, but has largely been replaced by ________ because of palatability and yield benefits

copper

There is Concern for drug residue in the manure of dried poultry waste. Copper sulfate is feed additive for poultry, therefore you should watch for _____________ toxicity (especially in sheep)

Pancreatic intestinal

________________ and _______________ enzymes break down the three forms of protein (dietary, microbial, and endogenous) so amino acids and peptides can be absorbed in small intestine

Insoluble Protein (RUP)

_________________ ________________ (______) is not degraded by rumen microbial enzymes. It "escapes" or "bypasses" rumen (rumen undegradable protein (RUP), bypass protein, rumen escape protein).