Proteins

Explain the calorie-protein relationship with regard to the use of protein as an energy source.

For adults (19+), they need: -.8g of protein/kg of body weight or -.36g of protein/lb of body weight Each gram of protein is 4 calories. A mixture of animal and plant foods in a ratio of 30:70, that is, 30 percent of the protein from animal foods and 70 from plant foods, the protein quality would be similar to the use of animal foods alone.

Which plant protein sources compliment each other to make a complete protein?

-Pasta with milk or cheese -Rice and milk pudding -Cereal with milk -Macaroni and cheese -Cheese sandwich -Cheese on nachos -Creamed bean soups -Cheese on refried beans -Rice and bean casserole -Wheat bread and baked beans -Corn tortillas and refried beans -Pea soup and toast -Peanut-butter sandwich

What are the functions of protein in the body?

An essential nutrient that provides structural basis for many of body tissues, forms enzymes and hormones and energy (if inadequate CHO) Protein consists of C, H, O, N & sometimes sulfur.

Complete protein

Complete proteins are those that contain all nine essential amino acids that the human body cannot produce internally and use them to support both life and growth. Animal products such as red meat contain complete proteins, therefore they are a good source of proteins.

What is the fate of protein that is not used for protein synthesis in the body?

For the excess amount of protein that are not used during protein synthesis in the body, some will be excrete through feces and some will be determine by the liver. The liver will strips off the amino acids from proteins to transform them either into fat or excretion.

Be specific and explain the fates of the nitrogen (amino group) and the remaining carbon chain.

If proteins' amino acids (nitrogen) excrete as urine, a lot of water will be taken from body to dilute the amino acids to prevent it from being toxic. If proteins' amino acids remain as the carbon chain, they will be form as carbohydrate fats and store there for later usage of energy.

Incomplete protein

Incomplete proteins are usually from plants and they carry less essential amino acids. More examples of incomplete proteins would be cereals, nuts or legumes.

Nonessential (dispensable) amino acids

Nonessential amino acids may be formed by the human body, therefore they are not as important

In general, is amino acid or protein supplementation necessary for athletes? Why or why not?

Protein supplementation may also help reduce muscle tissue dam- age and soreness during aerobic endurance training, but there is little evidence to support a performance-enhancing, or ergogenic, effect on aerobic endurance following acute or prolonged protein supplementation. Some may increase muscle mass and strength with resistance training and protein supplementation. Amino acid or protein supplementation for athletes appear to be helpful, but most still recommend meals with high proteins instead. Some scientists recommended that both strength and endurance athletes to intake more protein due to the goals they set for their exercises. For strength athletes, they don't use as much carbohydrates, but they want to build more lean muscle mass. In order to do so, they need to consume more proteins in order to repair their muscles and also to acquire sufficient amount of proteins for daily tasks. For endurance athletes, they want to maintain their weights, but they do more of lengthy exercises. Because of that, some consumed proteins will be needed to convert to carbohydrates for energy. Having eating a bit more of proteins help athletes to stay in shape and not to deprive their bodies by over exercising.

Essential (indispensable) amino acids

There are nine essential amino acids: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Since your body can't produce or store essential amino acids, it is important to regularly supply your body with these important building blocks.

How do needs for protein change during one's life?

With newborns, they need the most proteins or 3x of an adult since their bodies are growing fast. Babies and kids also need a bit more proteins than adults (19+) as they are also growing but not as fast. Kid athletes or adult athletes will also need more proteins in order to heal muscles or to have more energy once carbohydrates are used up. Strength-type activities: recommend about 0.55-0.8 g/lb (1.2 to 1.7 grams/kg body weight) More than the RDA b/c they need to build tissue Endurance-type activities: promote synthesis of oxidative enzymes and mitochondria, restore protein used for energy particularly when CHO run low -Higher for intermittent sports -Higher if dieting