Protists

Brown Algae: Class Phaeophyceae

Basic form is called Thalus Similar plastids to the chrysophytes and diatoms chloroplasts have abundance of pigment gives brown color carbs stored as laminarin in vacuoles 2 major lineages: 1) those with starch producing pyrenoids in their plastids and those without SPORIC MEIOSIS: alteration of generation diploid sporophytes make plurilocular and unilocular sporangia Plurilocular sporangia form diploid zoospores that produce new sporphytes Meiosis takes place within the unilocular sporangia, producinghaploid zoospores that germinate to produce gametophytes

Brown Algae: Class Phaeophyceae Kelps

Large kelps are differentiated into: holdfast stipe blade meristematic region between blade and stipe algin - mucilaginous intercellular material used to emuslify food. algin + cellulose allows plant to bend with waves, withstand drying, increases buoyancy, stops organisms from sticking wide sieve tubes (+horizontal sieve plates): lateral cells like phloem for transporting food (mannitol) from blade to less well light sections such as holdfast and stipe growth from a meristem within body

Green Algae Chlorophyceae

Mitotic spindle disappeares and a new system of microtubules (phycoplast) is associated with cell division. .

Green Algae Charophyceae

Only green algae to form a phragmoplast

Brown Algae: Class Phaeophyceae Rockweeds

Sargassum more specialized bodies dividied into holdfast, cylindrical main axis, and blades, spherical blades in axils. Some float freely growing in mass. Fucus - bulbus Air bladders near ends of blades holdfast, stipe, forking branching pattern of blades swollen ends of branches called receptacles w/ cavities called conceptacles where sex organs are located. some are dioecious with either antheridia or oogonia in each conceptacles others have both in a conceptacle. Monoecious species of Fucus: large oogonia (each w/ 8 eggs) Much small antheridia exists in groups on short branching filaments within the conceptacle. The conceptacles may also contain sterile filaments called paraphyses

Yellow Green Algae: Class Xanthophyceae

mostly nonmotile (nonmoving) main storage product is oil stored in cytosol as droplets Plastids with chlorophyll but lack a pigment causing their color Cell wall chiefly cellulose

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Volvox

motile colony of chlamydomonas like cells. Arranged in a single layer as a hollow sphered held together by a gelatinous sheath. They rotate circular.

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas

motile, unicelluar similar to green algae. Two flagella at less dense front end. 2 contractile vacuoles in protoplast at base of flagella. Single chloroplast. Slightly light er dot in chloroplast is the pyrenoid associated with starch synthesis. Near the front end is the stigma (Eyespot) thats red/brown. Nucleus is in cytoplasm in the center of the protoplast but is difficult to see. sex may be either isogamous (same size and shape, both motile), anisogamous (male gamete is smaller and both are motile), or oogamous (female bigger and nonmotile, male smaller and motile

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Hydrodictyon

net like. lots of pyrenoids in each cell. reticulate chloroplast. non motile and colonial

Green Algae Ulvophyceae: Ulothrix

ringlike chloroplast, pyrenoid, and large nucleus in each cell. Zoospores contain 4 flagella each. Isogametes are 2 flagelletated.

Green Algae Charophyceae: Spirogyra

tubular chlorplasts arranged along edge. Central nucleas. filaments feel slimy due to water sheatth. sex is isogamous and occurs by tubes conjugation (isogametes move through conjugation tubes. ladder like.

Euglenoids

unicelluar no cell wall plasma membrane supported by internally helically arranged protein derived strips = the pellicle (rigid or flexible) pellicle contortion helps = movement flagellum extends out of pocket called the reservoir (sometimes one flagellum is non-emergent) stigma - red eyespot next to flagellum pocket (reservoir) contractile vacuole - water expelling port paramylon - carbohydrate storage product formed in cytosol pyrenoid (on chloroplast)- protein rich region+enzymes for photosynthesizes.

Golden Algae: Class Chrysophyceae

unicelluar or colonial each cell has two large chloroplasts carb food storage like diatoms stored as chrysolaminarin in vacuoles (usually at posterior/back of cell) cysts flagella

Oomycota: The Oomycetes

water and land molds (one caes late blight in potatoes/downy mildew hyphae: cottony mess of filaments (collectively called a mycelium) Denser areas at tips of the hypae, these individual cells are sporangia. Oogonia (female sex organs with eggs), some of wich have antheridia (male gametes) next to them. Oogonia and antheridia are single celled structures but oogonia is much bigger. have fertilization tubes 2 different length flagella antheridia surround oognoia which surrounds egg heterotroph

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Oedogonium

filamentous like butt beads. oogonia is swollen cell along filaments. anteridia is short boxlike cells on same filament or dwarf male filaments.

Green Algae Ulvophyceae: Ulva

flat thallus undifferentiated body. diploid in sporophyte haploid in gametophyte.

Dictyostelionmycota: Celluar slime molds

freeliving amoeba like cells (myxamoeba), in response to starvation they aggregate into a slug (pseudoplasmodium). eventually developed sporocarp (spore bearing body). form the wierd slimemold shape after aggregation into sporocarp.

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Fritschiella

high differentiated organism , has subterrainean rhizoids, parenchymatous prostrate system and erect branches. kinda bubbly links

Green Algae Chlorophyceae: Eremosphaera

lots of chloroplasts all with pyrenoid light dots. non motile. large circular

Diatoms: Class Bacillariophyceae

2 part cell walls known as frustules (silica) either pennate symmetry - bilaterally or centric symmetry - radially symmetric lack flagella (except on some male gametes) raphe - hole for movement secretions reproduction mainly by asexual but also sexual frustules split in two during a sexual and each regrows oogamous sexual reproduction in the centric one: meaning female gamete is larger, nonflagelated egg + male gamete which is smaler and flagellated. Sex in Pennate is isogamous: meaning both gametes are equal size and nonflagellated. most conspicuous features: brown plastids (has the chlorophyll) usually 2 large plastids in pennate and many disc like plastics in centric. lipid and chrysolaminarin (polysaccharid) stored in vacuoles

Green Algae Charophyceae: Chara (stoneworts)

both male (antheridia-orange red at maturity) and female (oogonia-blackish at fertilization) born on same plant at tips

Green Algae Ulvophyceae: Cladophora

coarse string like texture. peripheral reticulate chrlorpolasts with many pyrenoids and frothy cytoplasm with numerous nuclei. diploid in sporophyte haploid in gametophyte.

Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta

delicate feathery body typically Phycobilins mask chlorpohyll and give red appearence - absorbb green and blue-green light that penetrates deep allowing them to live deep no centrioles or flagellated cells in place of centrioles they have microtubule organizing centers called polar rings Stores food in granules called floridean starch in cytosol loose cellulose microfibrils embedded in polmers mucilages Agar and carrageeneans come from these mucilages. slippery feeling which they slough off as protection against organisms that would occupy and block light some have calcium carbonate and are stiff filament like algae chloroplasts chemically and structurally similar to cyanobacteria from which they were derived following endosymbiosis. cells interconnected by pit plugs reproduce a sexually by discharging spores called monospores into the water which reproduce by mitoses until similar to parent. Sexual reproduction: alternation of generations between two separate mutlicelluar individuals: a haploid gamete producing gametophyte and a diploid spore producing sporpohyte. The gametophyte makes spermatangia structures that release nonmotile male gametes carreid by water to female. Female gamete is lower nucleus containing portion of a structre known as the carpogonium which is on the same gametophyte as the spermatangia. Carpogonium develops a bump (trichogyne) to recieve spermatia. What spermatium contacts the trichogyne the female nuclease migrates down the trichogyne and the two cells fuse. Diploid zygote results from this and it produces diploid carpospores which it releases from the parent gametophyte into the water. If they attach to a surface they grow into a sporophyte and produce haploid spores by sporic meiosis. If these haploid spores surived they attach to a surface and grow into gametophytes. Rather then immediately making spores the zygote nucleus divides repeatedly by mitosis to make a third multicelluar lifestage, the diploid carposporophyte generation. This remains attached to the parental gametophyte and recieves nutrients which allows for rapid proliferation of cells by mitossi. When the carposporophyte reaches maturity mitosis occurs in apical cells giver rise to carpospores. The carposores are relased into the water to settle and grow into seperate diploid sporphytes. In many red algae, a mitotically produced copy of the diploid zygote nucleus is trasfered to another cell of the gametophyte. This cell is the auxiliary cell and serves a host for repeated mitosis by the adopted nucleus. Proliferation of diploid filaments from the auxiliary cell generates a carposporophyte and carpospores. In many forms multiple copies of the diploid zygote nucleus are carried by the growth of long tubular cells through the body and deposited into additonay auxiliary cells. Each diploid nucleus then produces many carposporophytes, which release very large numbers of carpospores into the water. Each carpospore is capable of growing into a usually free living multicelluar diploid generation called the tetrasporophyte. Meiosis occurs in specialized cells of the tetrasporophyte called tetrasporangia. Each of the spores produced can germinate into a new gametophyte. Thus most red algae have 3 life phases: 1) haploid gametophyte 2) diploid phase the carposporophyte 3) second diploid phase the tetrasporophyte. The carposporphyte generation increase the genetics when fertilizatio is low. Alteration of generations with 3 multicelluar stages is only red algae Ability to produce many carposporopytes with the resulting large numbers of carpospores and huge numbers of tetraspores all from a single zygote helps conquer sexual handicaped due to no flagellum,