PS 370 2,3, and 4
26. A person who manages his or her anxiety by distorting reality and failing to acknowledge painful events is most likely using: a. Introjection. b. Sublimation. c. Denial. d. Compensation.
C. Denial Reference: page 62
23. The interpretation process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. True or False
False For more information on this topic, see "Relationship Between Therapist and Client" in the text
22. Psychodynamic therapists assume an anonymous stance, called the "blank screen" approach, as a necessary way to foster transference. True or False
False For more information on this topics, see "Therapist's Function and Role" in the text
27. The interpretation process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. True or False
False References: "Relationship Between Therapist and Client"
74. Resistance, in the analytic view, results from either a conscious unwillingness on the part of the client to cooperate, or from the ineptness of the therapist in developing a sound therapeutic program. True or False
False Reference page 75
77. The relational model of psychoanalysis downplays the role of countertransference. True or False
False Reference page 80
56. The ego is the original structure of personality. True or False
False Reference: page 59
60. According to Freud, consciousness constitutes the largest part of one's psychological functioning. True or False
False Reference: page 61
61. Ego-defense mechanisms, by their very nature, imply psychopathology. True or False
False Reference: page 61
63. The major developmental task of the anal stage is acquiring a sense of trust. True or False
False Reference: page 65
66. The phallic stage typically occurs during the ages of 1 to 3. True or False
False Reference: page 65
68. The Oedipal complex and the Electra complex are associated with the genital stage of development. True or False
False Reference: page 65
69. Analytic therapists view transference as a factor that results from ineffective intervention on the therapist's part. True or False
False Reference: page 70
80. Psychodynamic group leaders do not interpret their client's transferences. True or False
False Reference: page 76
In psychodynamic group work, symbolic figures from a client's past may emerge True or False
True For more information on this topic, see "Application to Group Counseling" in the text
21. The psychodynamic model offers a conceptual framework for understanding the history of the members of a group and a way of thinking about how their past is affecting them now in the group and in their everyday lives. True Or False
True For more information on this topic, see "Application to Group Counseling" in the text.
25. Psychoanalysis provides therapists with a conceptual framework for looking at behavior and understanding the origins and functions of present symptoms True or False
True For more information on this topic, see "summary" in the text
81. The working-through process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. True or False
True Reference: Page 70
75. The analysis of transference is a central technique in psychoanalysis. True or False
True Reference page 75
78. Brief psychodynamic therapies target specific interpersonal problems during the initial session. True or False
True Reference page 83
57. The Freudian view of human nature is deterministic. True or False
True Reference: page 59
59. Freud postulated the concepts of both life instincts and death instincts. True or False
True Reference: page 59
64. During the anal stage, children typically experience a range of negative feelings, including rage, hate, and hostility. True or False
True Reference: page 65
65. According to Freudians, greediness and hoarding may develop as a result of not getting oral needs properly met. True or False
True Reference: page 65
67. The latency stage occurs between the ages of 5 to 12. True or False
True Reference: page 65
70. Typically, analytically oriented therapists assume an anonymous stance, which is sometimes called the "blank screen" approach, as a necessary way to foster transference. True or False
True Reference: page 67
58. Traditional analytic therapists make more frequent interpretations of transferences and engage in fewer supportive interventions than is the case with psychodynamic therapists. True or False
True Reference: page 68
71. Free association is one of the basic tools used to gain access to the unconscious. True or False
True Reference: page 68
72. Analytically oriented therapists typically interpret free associations, dreams, resistances, and transferences. True or False
True Reference: page 68
73. Clients in analytic therapy typically free associate to various symbols in their dreams. True or False
True Reference: page 74
62. Freud postulated the theory of sexuality. True or False
True Reference: page 77
79. Brief psychodynamic therapists tend to assume an active role in the therapy process. True or False
True Reference: page 83
76. The relational model of psychoanalysis regards therapy as an interactive process between the client and therapist. True or False
True reference page 80
Contemporary therapy approaches need to be expanded to include which of the following to make them adequate to work with diverse client populations? a. A multicultural perspective b. Methods to shorten the length of the therapeutic process c. Techniques to deal with unconsciousness d. Strategies to study behaviors of a pluralistic society from an individual perspective
a. A multicultural perspective
41. According to Erickson, the basic struggle of early childhood involves: a. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. b. Initiative vs. guilt. c. Identity vs. role confusion. d. Trust vs. mistrust.
a. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Reference: page 65
What is the challenge of fulfilling the spirit of informed consent? a. Tell clients about the nature of confidentiality b. Strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little c. Convince clients that counselors know what they are doing d. Teach clients about state laws that pertain to counseling
b. Strike a balance between giving clients too much information and giving them too little
13. Freud used the term libido in which of the following ways? a. To refer to the death instincts b. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts c. To refer to sexual abuse d. To account for the aggressive drive
b. To refer to the energy of all the life instincts Reasoning: Freud used the term libido to refer to the energy of all the life instincts. See "View of Human Nature."
During her sessions, Justine questions whether she is trying to meet her clients' needs or her own needs. Justine is a. being overly analytical. b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability. c. self-absorbed and insecure. d. behaving unethically since she is preoccupied during her clients' sessions.
b. actively working toward expanding her self-awareness and learning to recognize her areas of prejudice and vulnerability.
Counselors may effectively deal with multiple roles and responsibilities by a. understanding the role-playing purpose and the particular situation b. addressing power differential and boundary issues. c. resolving conflicts on a case-by-case basis. d. following ethics codes.
b. addressing power differential and boundary issues.
Which of the following is not listed as a characteristic of the counselor as a therapeutic person? a. counselors have a sense of humor b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems. c. counselors make choices that are life oriented d. counselors make mistakes and are willing to admit them
b. counselors no longer have to cope with personal problems.
6. A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is a. Openness and self-disclosure. b. A deeply personal and sharing relationship. c. A sense of being anonymous. d. A focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of behavior.
c. A sense of being anonymous. Reasoning: A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is a sense of being anonymous. See "Therapist's Function and Role."
35. A major characteristic of the classical psychoanalytic therapist is: a. Openness and self-disclosure. b. A deeply personal and sharing relationship. c. A sense of being anonymous. d. A focus on specific behavior and an objective appraisal of learned patterns of behavior.
c. A sense of being anonymous. Reference: Page 67
Which of the following is not considered an essential skill of an effective culturally competent counselor? a. Being able to modify techniques to accommodate cultural differences b. Being able to send and receive both verbal and nonverbal messages accurately c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events d. Being willing to seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to enhance their ability to work with culturally diverse client populations
c. Being able to get clients to intensify their feelings by helping them to vividly re-experience early childhood events
54. A person with a __________ personality disorder is characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. This person is lacking a clear sense of identity, has poor impulse control, and an inability to tolerate anxiety. a. Narcissistic b. Dependent c. Borderline d. Obsessive-Compulsive
c. Borderline
36. The primary aim of time limited dynamic psychotherapy is to: a. Explore sources of childhood trauma. b. Deal exclusively with a single presenting problem. c. Change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others. d. Bring about catharsis.
c. Change the client's repetitive patterns of relating to others. Reference: page 83
What is the most recommended practice for therapists using the social media to establish clear boundaries and avoid inappropriate multiple relationships? a. To decide which contacts be kept b. To inform clients at any point of the counseling process that only professional information will be shared c. To separate personal and professional social media d. To work only on the information useful to the counseling process
c. To separate personal and professional social media
You are working with an ethnic minority client who is silent during the initial phase of counseling. This silence is probably best interpreted as a. resistance. b. a manifestation of uncooperative behavior c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context d. a clear sign that counseling will not work.
c. a response consistent with his or her cultural context
Marcus, a therapist in a community agency, recently divorced his wife and seems to be harboring anger towards women in general. His colleagues, who have noticed a change in his attitude and behavior lately, have encouraged him to seek personal counseling to work through his issues. They are a. overreacting to his anger and are overstepping the boundaries by suggesting he go to counseling b. unwise to suggest counseling since he will not benefit from it because he is a therapist and already knows how to deal with his problems c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients. d. being unsupportive colleagues, since they should offer to provide counseling to him and not refer him to a professional outside of the agency
c. acting ethically by recommending counseling for Marcus; as counselors, they recognize that personal issues that have not been worked through are likely to be projected onto clients.
In becoming an ethical practitioner, a crucial task is to a. learn how to arrive at clear-cut answers for difficult situations b. identify a specific ethical code as the source of answers to ethical dilemmas c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations. d. avoid making any mistakes in counseling practice
c. exercise prudent judgment when it comes to interpreting and applying ethical principles to specific situations.
Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses a. are an appropriate part of counseling sessions b. are generally helpful to women clients Both the feminist perspective and the postmodern approaches charge that diagnoses a. are an appropriate part of counseling sessions b. are generally helpful to women clients c. ignore societal contexts. d. are an essential part of the medical model they follow
c. ignore societal contexts.
It is especially important for counselors who work with culturally diverse client populations to do all of the following, except: a. be aware of how cultural self-awareness and sensitivity to one's own cultural heritage are essential for any form of helping. b. be comfortable with differences between themselves and others in terms of race, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs. c. ignore the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate. d. monitor their functioning through consultation, supervision, and further training or education.
c. ignore the cultural context of their clients in determining what interventions are appropriate.
55. The range of emotionally charged responses such as withdrawal, anger, love, annoyance, powerlessness, avoidance, overidentification, control, and sadness of the therapist are often associated with: a. Transference. b. Working-through. c. Interpretation. d. Countertransference.
d. Countertransference. Reference: page 71
Which of the following need to considered when working with diverse client populations? a. Social and economic variables b. Social and environmental variables c. Environmental and biological variables d. Cultural and environmental variables
d. Cultural and environmental variables
11. Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as a. Sublimation. b. Repression. c. Introjection. d. Displacement.
d. Displacement. Reasoning: Directing energy toward another object or a person (when anxiety is reduced by focusing on a "safer target") is known as displacement. See "Ego-Defense Mechanisms."
During an initial session, an adolescent girl tells you that she is pregnant and is considering an abortion. Which of the following would be the most ethical and professional course for you to follow? a. Encourage her to get the abortion as soon as possible, without exploring any other option. b. Steer her toward having her baby and then consider adoption for her baby c. Suggest that she go to church and pray about her situation d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values
d. Help her to clarify the range of her choices in light of her own values
40. If a person becomes fixated in the oral stage of development, later personality problems may include all of the following except: a. Rejecting others' love. b. Fear of intimate relationships. c. Mistrust of others. d. High self-esteem.
d. High self-esteem. Reference: Page 63
19. From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may display all of the following characteristics except a. Discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values. b. Be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach. c. Underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. d. Include ambiguity in most psychoanalytic approaches.
d. Include ambiguity in most psychoanalytic approaches. Reasoning: From a multicultural perspective, classical analysis may discourage clients who do not hold upper-middle-class values, be problematic for clients from cultures that prefer a directive approach, and underscore the role of important cultural and political factors in the client's world. See "Psychoanalytic Therapy From a Multicultural Perspective."
44. Developmentally, Freud's latency stage corresponds to Erickson's stage of: a. Trust versus mistrust. b. Intimacy versus isolation. c. Initiative versus guilt. d. Industry versus inferiority.
d. Industry versus inferiority. Reference: page 65
16. A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of _________ during the_________ stage. a. Intimacy; young adulthood b. Identity; adolescent c. Integrity; later life d. Industry; school age
d. Industry; school age Reasoning: A person experiencing persistent feelings of inadequacy has probably had difficulty attaining a sense of industry during the school age stage. See "Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective."
9. The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as a. Transference. b. Rationalization. c. Countertransference. d. Interpretation.
d. Interpretation. Reasoning: The technique whereby the analyst explains the meaning of certain behavior is known as interpretation. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
43. A person who is suffering from feelings of alienation and isolation has probably failed to achieve a sense of ___________ during the ___________stage of development. a. Identity; adolescence b. Trust; infancy c. Generativity; middle age d. Intimacy; young adulthood
d. Intimacy; young adulthood Reference: Page 65
29. The young adult who adopts his parent's outdated political beliefs to avoid unpleasant feelings of anxiety is an example of: a. Displacement. b. Reaction formation. c. Sublimation. d. Introjection.
d. Introjection. Reference: Page 63
A boundary crossing could potentially benefit a client a. True b. False
false
A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy a. True b. False
false
Clinicians who work in community mental health agencies, private practice, and other human service settings are generally expected to assess client problems within the framework of the National Association of Social Workers' Diagnostic and Assessment Protocol Manual (3rd ed.). a. True b. False
false
Confidentiality can be considered an absolute. a. True b. False
false
If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it. a. True b. False
false
Multiple relationship issues can be resolved with ethics codes alone a. True b. False
false
Overemphasizing cultural differences is always appropriate in a counseling context. a. True b. False
false
Practitioners must have had the same experiences as their clients in order to have empathy for them a. True b. False
false
The DSM-5 is based on a medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with society rather than with an individual. a. True b. False
false
The ethics codes mandate avoidance of all dual or multiple relationships a. True b. False
false
The only setting in which one might be forced to manage multiple roles is in community mental health centers. a. True b. False
false
Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others. a. True b. False
false
Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients' confidence in them a. True b. False
false
Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours a. True b. False
false
A diagnosis provides a working hypothesis that guides the practitioner in understanding the client a. True b. False
true
Becoming an ethical practitioner is not a final destination but a journey that will continue throughout your career a. True b. False
true
Contemporary therapy approaches are grounded on a core set of values, which are neither value-neutral nor applicable to all cultures. a. True b. False
true
Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups a. True b. False
true
Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions a. True b. False
true
Human change is complex and difficult to measure beyond such a simplistic level that the change may be meaningless a. True b. False
true
Ideally, our self-care should mirror the care we provide for others a. True b. False
true
If you are successful in establishing boundaries in various aspects of your personal life, you have a good foundation for creating sound boundaries with clients. a. True b. False
true
If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy a. True b. False
true
It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system a. True b. False
true
The American Counseling Association uses the term "nonprofessional relationships" when referring to dual or multiple relationships a. True b. False
true
The central aim of evidence-based practice is to require psychotherapists to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy a. True b. False
true
The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client a. True b. False
true
The skill of immediacy involves revealing what we are thinking or feeling in the here and now with the client a. True b. False
true
The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions a. True b. False
true
Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior a. True b. False
true
14. What is the correct sequence of the psychosexual stages? a. Anal/phallic/latency/genital/oral b. Oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital c. Oral/anal/latency/genital/phallic d. Latency/oral/anal/phallic/genital
B. Oral/ anal/ phallic/ latency/ genital Reasoning: The correct sequence of the psychosexual stages is oral/anal/phallic/latency/genital. See "Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective."
52. Which statement below is not accurate with regard to the phenomenon of countertransference? a. Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased. b. Countertransference reactions are inevitable because all therapists have unresolved conflicts and personal vulnerabilities that are activated through their professional work. c. Most research on countertransference has dealt with its deleterious effects and how to manage these reactions. d. It is critical that therapists monitor their own feelings during therapy sessions and use their responses as a source for increased self-awareness and understanding of their clients.
a. Countertransference reactions are the weakest source of data for understanding the world of the client since they are so biased. Reference: Page 71
__________ involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it a. Informed consent b. Confidentiality c. Privileged communication d. Breach of confidentiality
a. Informed consent
Which of the following is not considered essential knowledge for a culturally competent counselor? a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions b. Understanding the dynamics and impact of oppression, discrimination, stereotyping, and racism c. Being able to understand the worldview of their clients, and learn about their clients' cultural background d. Being aware of institutional barriers that prevent minorities from utilizing the mental health services available in their community
a. Knowing how to analyze transference reactions
53. Individuals who display exhibitionistic traits, seek attention and admiration from others, and are extremely self-absorbed might have which of the following personality disorders? a. Narcissistic b. Dependent c. Borderline d.Obsessive-compulsive
a. Narcissistic Reference: page 81
8. A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is a. Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. b. Psychoanalytically oriented reality therapy. c. Superego-oriented psychotherapy. d. Psychoanalytic behavior analysis.
a. Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. Reasoning: A more flexible variant of psychoanalysis is psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. See "View of Human Nature."
28. Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego, or to explain away failures or losses, is known as: a. Rationalization. b. Projection. c. Displacement. d. Introjection.
a. Rationalization. Reference: page 62
47. In order to meet the goals of psychoanalytic treatment, Rhonda must help her eating disordered clients to: a. Reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts. b. Replace negative self-talk with positive self-talk. c. Make use of programs such as Weight Watchers or the Atkins diet plan. d. Increase their support networks and develop social interest.
a. Reduce their symptoms and resolve their internal conflicts.
What is the definition of evidence-based practices? a. The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences b. Practices tailored to focus only on the therapist-client relationship without addressing specific problems and symptoms c. A set of actions focused on therapist-created techniques that do not have an empirical basis d. Standardized therapeutic procedures that are not time limited
a. The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences
49. All of the following are true about a therapist's countertransference reactions except: a. They should be avoided. b. They have the potential to interfere with effective treatment. c. They can provide rich understanding of the client's experience. d. They should be carefully monitored by the therapist.
a. They should be avoided. Reference: Page 71
Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except counselors a. avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions b. feel comfortable with their clients' values and beliefs. c. are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients d. employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate
a. avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions
Personal therapy for therapists can be instrumental in assisting them to a. heal their own psychological wounds b. gain an experiential sense of how to control the therapeutic session. c. understand their own needs and motives and how to heal them while counseling others. d. learn how to work through their own personal conflicts while counseling others
a. heal their own psychological wounds
The ethics codes do not mandate that dual or multiple relationships a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical b. are clearly grounds for revocation of one's professional license c. are helpful in case of counseling one's friends or relatives d. are impossible to avoid
a. should be avoided or that nonsexual multiple relationships are unethical
Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the ___________________. a. specific techniques used b. specific words the therapist used c. therapist's theoretical orientation d. aesthetics of the therapeutic setting
a. specific techniques used
Culturally encapsulated counselors would be most likely to a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system b. have an appreciation for a multicultural perspective in their counseling practice. c. recognize the cultural dimensions their clients bring to therapy. d. accept clients who have a different set of assumptions about life
a. use their power to influence clients to accept or adopt their value system
46. Because ego and consciousness are not the same, the slogan for psychoanalysis has shifted from "making the unconscious conscious" to: a. "making the ego conscious." b. "where there was id, let there be ego." c. "get rid of the id, kid!" d. "may the force be within you."
b. "where there was id, let there be ego." Reference: page 60
Identify the only case in which confidentiality must not be breached a. Clients pose a danger to others b. A child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions. c. An older adult is being abused d. The therapist determines that the client needs immediate, involuntary hospitalization
b. A child under the age of 16 requests counseling sessions.
4. Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the a. Oral stage. b. Anal stage. c. Phallic stage. d. Genital stage.
b. Anal stage. Reasoning: Feelings of hostility, destructiveness, anger, rage, and hatred are associated with the anal stage. See "Development of Personality."
30. The ego defense mechanism that consists of masking perceived weaknesses or developing certain positive traits to make up for limitations is known as: a. Sublimation. b. Compensation. c. Introjection. d. Reaction formation.
b. Compensation. Reference: Page 63
The_______________ factors—the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors—are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome. a. Logistical b. Contextual c. Psychodynamic d. Technical
b. Contextual
Which of the following is not a recommendation for counselors to the use of social media? a. Limiting what is shared online b. Limiting the number of contacts based on judgments c. Including clear and thorough social networking policies as part of the informed consent process d. Regularly updating protective settings because social media providers often change their privacy rules
b. Limiting the number of contacts based on judgments
__________ cannot be reduced simply to cultural awareness and sensitivity, to a body of knowledge, or to a specific set of skills. a. Cultural diversity b. Multicultural competence c. Multicultural diversity d. Theoretical pluralism
b. Multicultural competence
2. A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using which ego defense? a. Displacement b. Reaction formation c. Introjection d. Projection
b. Reaction formation Reasoning: A person who unconsciously exhibits overly nice behavior to conceal hostile feelings is probably using reaction formation. See "Ego-Defense Mechanisms."
Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations? a. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult c. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity
b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult
Norcross states that lasting lessons practitioners learn from their personal therapy experiences pertain to interpersonal relationships and the dynamics of psychotherapy mainly to a. work through early childhood trauma b. learns to deal with transference and countertransference c. recognize and resolve their codependent tendencies d. become self-actualized individuals.
b. learns to deal with transference and countertransference
If you are aware of the factors that sap your vitality as a person, you are in a better position to prevent the condition known as a. therapeutic lifestyle changes b. professional burnout. c. Countertransference d. ethical obligation.
b. professional burnout.
In the practice of counseling and psychotherapy, what does assessment refer to? a. Identifying a specific mental disorder b. Forming an explanation of the causes of the client's difficulties c. Evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process d. Gaining an account into how the client's problems developed over time
c. Evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process
12. In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels a. He has behaved in a manner that is inconsistent with his moral code. b. A realistic threat is present in the environment. c. He will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately. d. Guilt associated with past actions.
c. He will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately. Reasoning: In Freud's view, an individual experiencing neurotic anxiety feels he will not be able to control his instincts and will behave inappropriately. See "Structure of Personality."
15. In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is a. Intimacy versus isolation. b. Integrity versus despair. c. Identity versus role confusion. d. Initiative versus guilt.
c. Identity versus role confusion. Reasoning: In Erikson's view, the major developmental task in adolescence is identity versus role confusion. See "Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective."
38. All of the following are true about the superego except: a. It is the judicial branch of personality. b. It is the internalization of the standards of parents and society. c. It governs, controls and regulates the personality. d. It inhibits id impulses.
c. It governs, controls and regulates the personality. Reference: Page 60
37. The main function of the ego is to: a. Inhibit id impulses. b. Seek pleasure in life. c. Mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. d. Strive for perfection.
c. Mediate between the instincts and the surrounding environment. Reference: Page 59
7. The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is a. Forming a contract with the therapist. b. Willingness to do "homework assignments." c. Participating in free association. d. Writing down dreams.
c. Participating in free association. Reasoning: The "fundamental rule" for the client in psychoanalysis is participating in free association. See "Client's Experience in Therapy."
3. Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the a. Oral stage. b. Anal stage. c. Phallic stage. d. Genital stage.
c. Phallic stage. Reasoning: Resolution of sexual conflicts and sex-role identity is a critical function of the phallic stage. See "Development of Personality."
Which of the following statements is not true about guidelines for ethical practice in counseling and psychotherapy? a. Most professional organizations provide broad guidelines b. Therapists ultimately have to discover their own guidelines for reasonable practice c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose d. Ethical issues should be periodically reexamined throughout your professional life
c. Practitioners are free to formulate any ethics they choose
42. The developmental crisis involving initiative vs. guilt occurs during: a. School age. b. Early childhood age. c. Preschool age. d. Adolescence.
c. Preschool age. Reference: Page 65
20. All of the following are a part of Jung's view of development except a. Individuation. b. The shadow. c. Symbiosis. d. Collective unconscious.
c. Symbiosis. Reasoning: Individuation, shadow, and collective unconscious are part of Jung's view of development. See "Jung's Perspective on the Development of Personality."
50. Which of the following statements is true about the relationship a client has with his or her analyst? a. The client is free to express any idea or feeling as long as it is not scandalous. b. The analyst is free to engage in spontaneous self-expression if a client makes an erroneous comment. c. The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile. d. The client is encouraged to use "solution talk" and avoid talking about problems.
c. The client is free to express any idea or feeling, no matter how irresponsible, scandalous, politically incorrect, selfish, or infantile. Reference: page 68
34. Jacqueline feels guilty whenever she considers taking a day off from work for personal reasons. Which of the psychic structures postulated by Freud is fueling her guilty feelings? a. The id b. The ego c. The superego d. The consciousness
c. The superego Reference: Page 60
39. Henry has the impulse to gamble excessively whenever he goes to Las Vegas. Aware of this, he has decided to turn down a job offer in Las Vegas to avoid the temptation to gamble. What part of Henry's personality helped him to reach this decision? a. The id b. The ego c. The superego d. The unconscious
c. The superego Reference: Page 60
48. Which of the following is not a component of the brief psychodynamic approaches? a. Use of interpretation early in the therapeutic relationship b. Targeting a specific interpersonal problem during the first session c. The therapist functioning as a blank slate d. Developing a strong working alliance
c. The therapist functioning as a blank slate Reference: Page 83
The author describes the characteristics of an effective counselor. By including this information in the chapter, he is hoping to convey the message that: a. if you do not possess all of these characteristics, you are doomed to fail in the helping professions b. deficits in these qualities almost always require years of psychoanalysis. c. you will examine it and develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth d. those who possess all of these qualities can bypass the requirement to participate in clinical supervision
c. you will examine it and develop your own concept of what personality traits you think are essential to strive for to promote your own personal growth
10. The concept of resistance can best be described as all of the following except a. Everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material. b. That which needs to be analyzed and interpreted. c. An inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy. d. Invaluable from a theoretical and clinical perspective.
d. Invaluable from a theoretical and clinical perspective. Reasoning: The concept of resistance can best be described as everything that prevents a client from producing unconscious material, that which needs to be analyzed and interpreted, and an inevitable part of psychoanalytic therapy. See "Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures."
45. Who developed the object-relations view that focuses on separation and individuation? a. Perls b. Satir c. Rogers d. Mahler
d. Mahler Reference: Page 81
5. The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to a. Treat specific learning disorders. b. Change overt behavior. c. Correct irrational thinking. d. Make the unconscious motives conscious.
d. Make the unconscious motives conscious. Reasoning: The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious motives conscious. See "Structure of Personality."
33. The basic aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to: a. Treat specific learning disorders. b. Change overt behavior. c. Correct irrational thinking. d. Make the unconscious motives conscious.
d. Make the unconscious motives conscious. Reference: page 61
1. Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes all of the following except a. Dreams. b. Post-hypnotic suggestions. c. Free-association. d. Material derived from introspective techniques.
d. Material derived from introspective techniques. Reasoning: Evidence suggesting the concept of the unconscious includes dreams, posthypnotic suggestions, and material derived from free-association techniques. See "Structure of Personality."
32. The Electra complex and the Oedipus complex are associated with what psychosexual stage of development? a. Anal stage b. Genital stage c. Oral stage d. Phallic stage
d. Phallic stage Reference: Page 65
Which of the following would be the most effective solution when therapists make use of technology? a. Sharing appropriate information with clients b. Following practices that limit the use of technology c. Resolving transference and countertransference issues in the virtual relationship between the therapist and the client d. Setting professional boundaries
d. Setting professional boundaries
In regard to maintaining confidentiality, what would be the best course of action taken by counselors for their clients a. Disclosing confidential matters to only those who claim to have legal privilege b. Withholding certain information from clients early in the counseling process c. Revealing or concealing information for certain clients based on their judgmental stance d. Specifying it in informed consent and discussing their relationships with a supervisor or a colleague
d. Specifying it in informed consent and discussing their relationships with a supervisor or a colleague
31. The process of redirecting sexual energy into some form of socially acceptable behavior is known as: a. Displacement. b. Denial. c. Compensation. d. Sublimation.
d. Sublimation. Reference: page 63
51. In object-relations theory, later relationships build upon: a. The child's search for approval from the father. b. One's birth order. c. One's striving to overcome felt inferiority. d. The child's search for a reconnection with the mother.
d. The child's search for a reconnection with the mother. Reference: Page 81
17. Self psychology and object-relations theory do not emphasize which of the following? a. The influence of critical factors in early development on later development b. The origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self c. The differentiation between self and others d. The similar values of different cultures
d. The similar values of different cultures Reasoning: Self psychology and object-relations theory emphasize the influence of critical factors in early development on later development; the origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self; and the differentiation between self and others. See "Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis."
18. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis? a. The approach is based on an egalitarian model. b. There is an exploration of the subjectivities of both client and therapist. c. Countertransference provides rich information about the client's dynamics. d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship.
d. Therapist anonymity is used to foster the transference relationship. Reasoning: All of the statements except the last one with regard to the relational approach to psychoanalysis are true. See "Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis."
An authentic counselor is best described as a. having the highest regard for all clients b. being willing to be totally open and self-disclosing c. being a technical expert who is committed to objectivity d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted and model that process by the way it is revealed to the client
d. being willing to look at his or her own life and make the changes wanted and model that process by the way it is revealed to the client
According to the text, personal values of the counselor influence all of the following, except: a. our views of the goals of counseling b. the way we conduct client assessments c. the interventions we choose d. how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment
d. how the clients' life progressed prior to treatment
Clients have a right to know about __________ before making highly personal disclosures a. their therapist's qualifications and personal information b. the general goals of the therapist during personal counseling c. the approximate length and details of the therapist's personal relationships d. limits of confidentiality
d. limits of confidentiality
The role of a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting environment in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior and also to: a. teach and persuade clients to act the right way b. maintain an indifferent, neutral, and passive role by simply listening to everything the client reports c. avoids challenging the values of clients. d. not contaminate the counseling process by imposing values
d. not contaminate the counseling process by imposing values
Wampold's meta-analysis of many research studies on therapeutic effectiveness suggests all of the following except: a. the personal and interpersonal components are essential to effective psychotherapy b. the centrality of the person of the therapist is a primary factor in successful therapy c. the person of the psychotherapist is inextricably intertwined with the outcome of psychotherapy d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment
d. therapy techniques are the key component of successful treatment
A therapist should consult with colleagues or specialists under all circumstances except a. when multiple relationships are potentially problematic b. when facing an ethical problem. c. when losing objectivity. d. when discussing past life choices.
d. when discussing past life choices.