PSB3340 Compiled Exam Questions
the lasting inactivation of a gene.
"Methylation" refers to
Mammalian axons range from _____ in diameter.
0.5 to 20 um
what 3 techniques causes changes in the brain and measures the behavioral effects?
1. TMS 2. Ablation 3. temporary lesions
Which of the following events could initiate an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)? a. Potassium (K+) exits the cell through voltage-gated channels. b. Sodium (Na+) enters the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. c. Chloride (Cl-) enters the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. d. Potassium (K+) exits the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. e. Magnesium (Mg2+) blocks a neurotransmitter-gated channel.
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A sensory receptor is a specialized neuron that detects a specific physical stimulus. b. Most types of sensory receptors fire action potentials in response to specific sensory stimuli. c. Important sensory modalities generally occupy larger brain regions than do unimportant sensory modalities. d. Umwelt is a species-specific perceptual world. e. Sensory perception is a consequence of brain processing.
B
Which single protein is very important in the evolution of a highly complex, convoluted cortex? a. proopiomelanocortin b. ASPM c. actin d. angiotensin e. carbonic anhydrase
B
Substance P is a(n) _____ involved in pain transmission.
Both a and b
Axo-dendritic synapses
Both a and c: are very common, often terminate on the dendritic spine.
Sodium ions are continuously forced into neurons by
Both b and c: their high external concentration, And negative resting potential
For every 100 people across the world today, about _______ have some form of a neurological or psychological illness.
20
The synaptic cleft is about _______ across.
20 to 40 nm
At this time, the proportion of the world's population suffering from neurologic and/or psychiatric disorders is about
20% or 1 in 5
E
22. The picture at right depicts what plane of section through the human brain? a. horizontal b. coronal c. frontal d. transverse e. sagittal
16. Which would be most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier? a. small, uncharged molecules b. large, charged molecules c. molecules that are not fat soluble d. viruses e. proteins
A
2. Which of the following issues would a Behavioral Neuroscientist be LEAST likely to study? a. How do the id, ego, and superego interact? b. Who is at greatest biological risk for developing schizophrenia? c. What factors predispose an individual to abuse substances? d. How do heredity and the environment interact to influence behavior? e. What are the biological mechanisms that regulate emotions?
A
23. __________ are afferent to the central nervous system; and __________are efferent to the central nervous system. a. sensory neurons; motor neurons b. motor neurons; sensory neurons c. interneurons; glia d. oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells e. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
A
3. An adult male songbird sings his song because circulating testosterone increases and causes changes in the song area of the brain. This is an example of what type of explanation of behavior? a. physiological b. heuristic c. functional d. evolutionary e. ontogenetic
A
30. What is the large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain? a. the corpus callosum b. the limbic system c. the midbrain d. the split brain e. the longitudinal fissure
A
33. Which of the following is NOT found in the midbrain? a. hypothalamus b. periaqueductal gray c. substantia nigra d. reticular formation e. superior colliculus
A
39. What occurs when a stimulus shifts the local membrane potential of a neuron from the resting potential to a slightly less negative potential? a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization c. an action potential d. decreased neurotransmitter synthesis e. decreased neurotransmitter release
A
Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to photoreceptors? a. Some photoreceptors are depolarized, and some photoreceptors are hyperpolarized by light. b. Photoreceptor membranes contain cation channels that are open in the dark. c. When a photon of light strikes a photoreceptor, opsin activates a cascade of chemical signaling. d. Photoreceptors continuously release glutamate in the dark. e. Photoreceptors exhibit graded potential changes when a light is turned on.
A
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. AMPA receptors function as coincidence detectors in associative learning. b. Coordinated glutamate and glycine binding are required at NMDA receptors. c. GABA is enzymatically synthesized from glutamate. d. GABA is the principal neurotransmitter that participates in inhibitory neurotransmission in the forebrain. e. Neuromodulators affect neuronal responses to neurotransmitters.
A
Which of the following is an example of neuroplasticity?
A. Exercise causes an increase in neuron survival. B. An enriched environment causes an increase in the number of synapses. C. The association of a noxious and a harmless stimulus causes an increased response to the harmless stimulus when it is presented alone. CorrectD. All of the above
43. When chloride ions enter the cell, the cell membrane will be __________. a. depolarized b. hyperpolarized c. unpolarized d. refractory e. at rest
B
Which of the following receptors exhibit substantial decreases in activity during prolonged exposure to a stimulus? a. osmoreceptors b. phasic receptors c. tonic receptors d. epicritic receptors e. protopathic receptors
B
Darwin revolutionized Biology by describing __________. a. inherited consolidation b. natural selection c. genetic selection d. natural concordance e. altruism
B
In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. Mueller cells b. glial cells c. horizontal cells d. photoreceptors e. ganglion cells
C
Small-diameter _____ fibers link conduct pain information slowly and adapt slowly
C
What is the preplate? a. the layer of cells in which most proliferation occurs b. a structure that will eventually differentiate into the meninges c. a temporary structure that is not present in the mature brain d. a structure along which most neurons migrate e. the zone in which glial cells form
C
Which neurotransmitter cannot be contained in vesicles, and is released as soon as it is synthesized? a. glycine b. melatonin c. nitric oxide d. adenosine e. dynorphin
C
Temporary lesions
Cool down region of interest to slow/stop neural activity and pharmacologically disrupt neurons from firing
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?
Correlational
An example of epicritic somatosensation is __________; and an example of protopathic somatosensation is __________. a. pain; temperature b. temperature; pain c. sudden deep pressure; gradual light pressure d. sudden light pressure; pain e. temperature; gradual deep pressure
D
If you perceive a light as yellow in color, the electromagnetic energy will likely have which of the following properties? a. saturated with long wavelengths b. saturated with short wavelengths c. a mixture of short and long wavelengths d. a mixture of medium and long wavelengths e. a mixture of short and medium wavelengths
D
In humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway? a. They all go directly to the ipsilateral hemisphere. b. They all cross over to the contralateral hemisphere at the optic chiasm. c. They combine so that each hemisphere receives all the visual information. d. The axons from the medial half of each retina cross to the other side at the optic chiasm. e. The axons from the lateral half of each retina cross to the other side at the optic chiasm.
D
the reason humans can't see heat like snakes can is because of what?
adequate stimulus
Taking supplemental testosterone can sometimes increase
aggression or mania
if newly-developed drug is found to bind dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n)
agonist
action potenial is an _______________________ signal
all-or-none
Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances?
amphetamine
what does the pinna do?
amplifies sound by funneling it into ear canal
The _______ is particularly implicated in odor perception.
amygdala
Complex partial seizures are often preceded by an unusual sensation referred to as
an aura.
hyperpolarization
an increase in membrane potential (the inside of the neuron becomes even more negative)
Studies looking at markers of fetal hormone exposure suggest that as a group, lesbians may have been exposed to slightly higher-than-normal levels of _____ in utero.
androgens
In general, the action potential is initiated at the
axon hillock.
how can drugs affect the brain and behavior?
Drugs also affect the brain and behavior by acting on receptor sites, which affects postsynaptic cell & altering other aspects of neuronal communication, which affects presynaptic cell
anxiety disorders
Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating
"ADME" (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) is an acronym for what branch of pharmacology research? a. pharmacology b. pharmacodynamics c. bioavailability d. pharmacotherapeutics e. pharmacokinetics
E
21. Which of the following cells is responsible for guiding the regrowth of damaged axons in the peripheral nervous system? a. microglia b. astrocytes c. ependymal cells d. oligodendrocytes e. Schwann cells
E
25. Which branch of the nervous system can also be called the thoracolumbar system? a. the central nervous system b. the peripheral nervous system c. the somatic nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system e. the sympathetic nervous system
E
48. What happens once an action potential starts? a. It is conducted the rest of the way as an electrical current. b. It needs additional stimulation to keep it going along the axon. c. It increases in speed as it goes. d. It degrades over space and time. e. It is regenerated at other points along the axon
E
9. If a patient has unilateral neglect, which of the following brain structures is damaged? a. the dorsal roots of the spinal cord b. the ventral horns of the spinal cord c. the right frontal cortex d. the left temporal cortex e. the right parietal cortex
E
After cholecystokinin (a peptide neurotransmitter) stimulates a postsynaptic receptor, what happens to most of the transmitter molecules? a. They remain on the receptor until the receptor is replaced. b. They are metabolized by monoamine oxidase. c. They are used by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d. They are reuptaken by the presynaptic cell. e. They diffuse away and are broken down by proteases.
E
Which of the following is an inverse agonist action? a. blocking a postsynaptic receptor that opens a chloride channel b. reversing a membrane transporter for a neurotransmitter c. increasing actions of a metabolizing enzyme d. activating an autoreceptor e. blocking basal ion conductance through a postsynaptic receptor
E
Microglia
Engulf and destroy debris
opium
Which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies?
Do our brains treat information learned through our own actions differently than information learned through observation of another person's actions?
Yes! The type of input we get shapes the connections and neural activity in our brains!
what is the IV in fMRI studies?
You can manipulate the types of stimuli being presented to participants/ the task participants are doing
The deep folds/valleys on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex are referred to as
Fissures
The first measurements of learning and memory in humans were carried out by
Hermann Ebbinghaus.
Which of the following neurological diseases is/are least prevalent in the United States?
Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases
what is the dependent variable in TMS?
a behavioral response that is performed by the participant
Biopsychology
a branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain (brain's role in behavior)
An afterpotential is
a brief hyperpolarization that follows an action potential ("undershoot").
Which of the following is not a factor in the speed of a knee jerk reflex?
IPSP
Which of the following is not a factor in the speed of the knee jerk reflex?
IPSP
if neurotransmitter causes an EPSP, then inverse agonist would cause an _________--
IPSP
which will decrease the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential, IPSP or EPSP?
IPSP
antagonist
If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n)
relatively the same intensity of spiking from each part.
If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see
what is most important for maintenance of resting membrane potential
K+ movement
what happens after +40 mV?
K+ rushes out of the neuron -->Neuron becomes hyperpolarized (more negative) -->Resting membrane potential is restored
what does zika do?
Kill neural progenitor cells
Which os the following portions of the body are represented most medially in the somatosensory cortex?
Legs
In the tests, the _____ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _____.
Leydig; LH
what do sensory nerves do?
Link sensory receptors to processing circuits in the CNS
serotonin
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter
Based upon differences between Old and New World Monkeys, the photopigments that are though to have differentiated most recently in evolutionary terms are the _____ and _____
M cones; L cones
Do cortical motor neurons encode muscle contraction or movement direction?
M1 neurons code both types of messages, but more neurons code direction of movement
what 2 methods look at structure?
MRI and microscopy
Which of the following is not a key function of astrocytes?
Myelinating axons in the brain
PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?
NMDA
What's special about -40 mV?
Na+ voltage-gated ion channels open when the membrane potential depolarizes to -40 mV (threshold)
According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is caused by
a decrease in the synaptic activity of connections that use norepinephrine and serotonin
The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of
a failure of extinction
node of ravier
a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
Areas with stronger BOLD signal should be areas where ____________ of neural activity is occurring
a greater amount
The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is
a group of cell bodies in the lower middle portion of the hypothalamus
Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?
a high level of androgen during fetal development
range fractionation
a hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities
A cortical motor neuron becomes active in response to
a particular movement in space. and contraction of a particular muscle.
ion channel
a pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channel is open
Which of the following statements is false?
Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light
Some neurons lack which of the following components? a) Myelin b) Dendrite c) Axon d) Nucleus
a) Myelin
Which of the following is true about neurons? a) Neurons typically have one axon b) Neurons typically have one dendritic spine c) Neurons typically have multiple cell bodies d) Neurons typically innervate one postsynaptic cell
a) Neurons typically have one axon
During multiple sclerosis, myelin in the brain is lost. Which cells would be most likely to be trying to replace lost myelin in the brain? a) Oligodendrocytes b) Schwann cells c) Astrocytes d) Both a and b
a) Oligodendrocytes
From a genetic standpoint, what is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell?
Neurons and glial have the same DNA, but they express different genes to make the proteins they need to function
Which of the following terms describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?
Neuroplasticity
Synaptic vesicles
None of the above
Which technique would you use to ask whether the occipital lobe is necessary for vision? a)TMS b)EEG c)ERP d)fMRI
a) TMS
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study? - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats
Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?
Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze.
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?
Observing the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?
Observing the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others.
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital Lobe
Which of the following operations in animals produces a state that serves as a model of human depression?
Olfactory bulbectomy
schizophrenia
On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from
Which of the following statements is false?
Once our brains have developed, we can never grow new nerve cells
_____ women experience(s) depression immediately preceding or following childbirth
One out of every 7
If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n) a) antagonist. b) endogenous ligand. c) prototype. d) agonist.
a) antagonist
Which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies?
Opium
inverse agonist
Opposite effect of neurotransmitter that would normally bind to the receptor ex. if neurotransmitter causes an EPSP, this would cause an IPSP
Vibration of which skin receptor stretches the neuronal membrane, allowing sodium channels to open and action potentials fire
Pacinian corpuscles
Autonomic system of the Peripheral Nervous System
Parasympathetic & Sympathetic
basal ganglia is implicated in what disease?
Parkinson's disease
the basal ganglia is most implicated in what disease?
Parkinson's disease
What is the hypothalamus?
Part of the diencephalon that controls hormone function
absolute threshold
Point at which an individual detects stimulus 50% of the time
What determines the postsynaptic reaction?
Postsynaptic receptors -The same neurotransmitter may produce an EPSP or IPSP, depending on what type of receptor it binds to
Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?
Precentral gyrus
What can easily cross the placental barrier and may alter development of the fetus?
Prescription drugs, Cocaine, Alcohol
Three elements of a synapse
Presynaptic, Synaptic Cleft, Post Synaptic
Which of the following brain regions would share the least similarity between humans and dogs?
Telencephalon
how does diffusion, electrostatic pressure and sodium-potassium pump maintain the resting membrane potential?
Sodium- Potassium pump brings K+ into the neuron K+ leaves the neuron through ion channels (diffusion) As negative charge builds up in neuron, electrostatic pressure pulls K+ ions back inside neuron
Which of the following structures does not contain any parts of the reticular formation?
Telencephalon
Essay. You want to know whether activation in the primary auditory cortex is necessary for discriminating between two pitches. What method will you use to investigate this question and why?
TMS is best for determining what brain regions are necessary for a process. You can ask causal questions about activity of targeted brain regions.
Stroke causes more damage than a TIA
True
TRUE/FALSE An agonist will have the same effect at a receptor site as the neurotransmitter associated with that site
True
With drug tolerance, there is often a shift in the dose-response curve to the right.
True
Individuals that are heterozygous for a particular trait have
Two different alleles of the gene.
How much of the surface of the cortex is hidden within the convolutions of the brain?
Two-thirds
how does sound travel from the outer ear to the middle ear
Tympanic Membrane (Ear drum)
The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display __________________
Unilateral sleep
The cortical region _____ is expecially rich in color-sensitive cells
V4
Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the control of eye movements?
Vagus
At threshold _______ ion channels open, resulting in a rapid depolarization of the membrane.
Voltage-gated sodium channels
The human brain contains nearly a) 100 billion circuits. b) 100 billion neurons. c) 100 billion synapses. d) 100 million glial cells.
b) 100 billion neurons
Do ablations have good or bad temporal resolution?
bad temporal resolution
Does fMRI have good or bad temporal resolution
bad temporal resolution
does microscopy have good or bad temporal resolution?
bad temporal resolution
The human brain contains 100 to 150
billion neurons
the substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads
blocks acetycholine receptors
The cholinergic drug atropine _______ receptors.
blocks muscarinic
In optogenetics, researchers use _______ light to stimulate _______.
blue; channelrhodopsin
When hyperpolarizing or depolarizing electrical stimulation is applied to the cell membrane of a neuron, the resulting change in the membrane potential has a slightly different "shape" from that of the stimulus. This is due to____________.
capacitance of the cell membrane
Which of the following techniques does not provide information about the activity of brain regions? a) PET b) fMRI c) CT d) Autoradiography
c) CT - only useful for visualizing problems such as strokes, tumors, or cortical atrophy
The release of Diablo within neurons is induced by an influx of _______ ions. a) Na+ b) Cl- c) Ca2+ d) K+
c) Ca2+
Which of the following represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron? a) Cell body → axon → axon hillock → axon terminal b) Dendrite → cell body → axon → axon hillock c) Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon d) Dendrite → axon terminal → cell body → axon
c) Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) serotonin. c) GABA. d) acetylcholine.
c) GABA
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) serotonin. c) GABA. d) acetylcholine.
c) GABA
In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is a) serotonin. b) acetylcholine. c) GABA. d) glycine.
c) GABA
A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. a) fMRI b) PET c) MRI d) TMS
c) MRI
A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. a) fMRI b) PET c) MRI d) TMS
c) MRI
Which region of the cortex is crucial for primary motor control? a) Postcentral gyrus b) Parietal lobe c) Precentral gyrus d) Prefrontal cortex
c) Precentral gyrus
Which of the following is not part of the organ of Corti? a) Outer Hair cells b) Inner Hair cells c) The tectorial membrane d) The terminations of the auditory nerve fibers
c) The tectorial membrane
ERPs have ... a) latency b) amplitude c) both
c) both
The ventricular system contains a) the blood-brain barrier. b) blood. c) cerebrospinal fluid. d) the meninges.
c) cerebral spinal fluid
The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by a) the addictive properties of certain drugs. b) the disease of addiction. c) character weakness in addicts. d) a lack of social and community support.
c) character weakness in addicts
Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining a) epigenetics. b) language localization. c) consciousness. d) sensation and perception.
c) consciousness
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the a) intrinsic activity. b) effective dose. c) dose-response curve. d) binding affinity.
c) dose-response curve
The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called a) optogenetics. b) evolutionary psychology. c) epignetics. d) neuroeconomics.
c) epigenetics
A drug that binds to a receptor and affects the function of a receptor (in some way) without impeding the access of neurotransmitter molecules to their binding sites on the receptor is a a) nonselective agonist. b) competitive ligand. c) noncompetitive ligand. d) nonselective antagonist.
c) noncompetitive ligand.
Most IPSPs are attributable to the a) opening of sodium channels. b) closing of potassium channels. c) opening of chloride channels. d) closing of sodium channels.
c) opening of chloride channels.
what do pro- apoptotic factors activates?
caspases
do ablations measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?
causes change in brain and measure effects
intrinsic factors
cell-autonomous ( cell processes are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells)
What determines the cues a particular growth cone is getting?
cell-cell interaction Molecular matching between target cells and growing axons -modified through activity
in the CNS, most neural differentiation is based on what?
cell-cell interactions
what part of the brain is important for monitoring ongoing movement?
cerebellum
The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated _______ channel. a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride
chloride
which plane involves looking at the back of the brain?
coronal
the _________ is the main source of communication between the left and right hemispheres
corpus callosum
The relationship between brain size and learning scores is
correlational
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain?
correlational
Which of the following is not important for maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron? a) Diffusion b) Electrostatic pressure c) Sodium-potassium pumps d) None of the above (all of these forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential)
d) None of the above (all of these forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential)
An action potential can be likened to what common household fixture? a) Microwave b) Water heater c) Dishwasher d) Toilet
d) Toilet
The relationship between brain size and learning scores is a) causal. b) variable. c) not equal. d) correlational.
d) correlational
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the a) brain doctrine. b) theory of the nervous system. c) cortical doctrine. d) neuron doctrine.
d) neuron doctrine
For most senses, the sensory pathway a) goes directly to its designated area of cortex. b) ends at the spinal cord. c) passes through the temporal cortex. d) passes through the thalamus.
d) passes through the thalamus.
The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull. a) ontogeny b) dualism c) epigenetics d) phrenology
d) phrenology
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it a) permits the flow of ionic current across the membrane. b) releases special chemicals that aid conduction. c) increases capacitance. d) resists the flow of current across the membrane.
d) resists the flow of current across the membrane.
On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from a) panic disorder. b) depression. c) autism. d) schizophrenia.
d) schizophrenia
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) norepinephrine. c) glycine. d) serotonin.
d) serotonin
A ligand is a a) type of drug. b) type of electrical stimulus. c) cholinergic synapse. d) substance that binds to receptor molecules.
d) substance that binds to receptor molecules (at the surface of the cell)
During the relative refractory phase, a) voltage-gated sodium channels are open. b)all gated channels are closed. c) no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential. d) the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized.
d) the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized
what is another name for Tympanic Membrane ?
ear drum
what sensory organ processes sound?
ears
Neuronal communication occurs through.....
electrical (action potentials) and chemical (release of neurotransmitters) signaling
The pain control procedure in TENS is based on
electrical stimulation of the skin
Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to gain or loss of
electrons
Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of _________.
electrons
what is Myelin?
fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells, that improves the speed of conduction of action potentials
Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in
fetal alcohol syndrome
Receptor cells and bipolar cells release the neurotransmitter
glutamate
Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?
glutamate; GABA
which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes
golgi
what provides feedback about force of muscle contractions?
golgi muscle tendon
Which proprioceptive receptor will help protect you from placing too much tension on connections between muscles and tendons?
golgi tendon organ
does patch/ voltage clamping have good or bad temporal resolution?
good temporal resolution
The main activity of male and female rats following an intromission is
grooming
The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals (i.e. transduction) by the
hair cells.
one perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they
have strong rewarding properties
The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to
heroin
Drug A out-competes Drug B for a particular receptor, but when it binds, Drug A does not activate this receptor. Drug A has high _________ for the receptors but low _____________.
high affinity, but low efficacy
Will muscles involved in gross movements like the legs have high or low innervation ratio?
high innervation ratio
top-down processing
higher brain regions (cortex, thalamus) can modulate input
which part of the brain is important for forming new memories?
hippocampus
which part of the brain was removed in H.M
hippocampus
Body can counteract effect of a drug! Body works to maintain...
homeostasis
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. The cartoon depiction is referred to as the
homunculus
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the
homunculus.
what is the process of the inside of the neuron becoming more negative called?
hyperpolarization
which part of the brain is important for mating?
hypothalamus
control group
identical to experimental group but doesn't get any treatment
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?
increased heart rate
A factor manipulated by an experimenter is called a(n)
independent variable.
vulnerability
indicates that genes predispose an individual to some disorder; may or may not exceed some threshold to be expressed
Metabotropic receptors
indirectly control ion channels use neurotransmitters that bind to G protein-coupled receptors are associated with slow synapses
what are the 2 group of factors that determine gene expression?
inducing factors and intrinsic factors
A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the
influx of calcium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal.
final common pathway
information-processing pathway consisting of ALL motor neurons in the body
The mood stabilizing drug lithium acts by
inhibiting cAMP
The mood-stabilizing drug lithium acts by ____
inhibiting cAMP
what is the result of the basilar membrane being driven downwards?
inhibition
GABA receptors are
inhibitory
do agonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?
inhibitory effect
one neuron's output zone is another neuron's ______________
input zone
Where does the action potential go first? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone
input zone (specifically the dendrites)
Where do K+ molecules want to go based on electrostatic pressure
inside because K+ is positive and the inside is negative
Are more K+ ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?
inside the neuron
Which statement about white and gray matter is true?
insulation
Where does the action potential go second? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone
integration zone (specifically the cell body and axon hillock)
do antagonists cause change in the postsynaptic neuron?
it causes no change in the postsynaptic neuron
what determines whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibiatory?
it is determined by events that are initiated when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
what is the membrane made up of?
it is made up of lipid bilayer with floating proteins
does Microdialysis measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?
it measure changes in brain activity/chemistry
why is myelin important?
it prevents K+ from leaking, thus depolarization is maintained and spread
what does cocaine do?
it provides a brief feeling of euphoria
what happens during diffusion?
it takes high concentration of something and moves it to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved
when a neuron is at rest, K+ wants to exit or remain in the cell through diffusion?
it wants to exit
Where do Na+ molecules want to go based on diffusion?
it wants to go inside because there is not a lot of them there
Lashley
known for mass action (the amount of tissue destroyed, not the location, determines the amount of function lost) known for equipotentiality (the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole; one part can take over if the other part is damaged)
The phenomenon that you can trick your brain into thinking pressure on your eye is a change in light is called ___________.
labeled lines
The process that acts to enhance the boundaries of visual objects is called
lateral inhibition
CT and MRI brain scans indicate that schizophrenic patients are likely to have:
lateral ventricles that are twice the size of controls
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important
left
what does fMRI measure
localized activity in brain / blood flow
which cell afferents have slow-adapting temporal dynamics?
merkle cell and ruffini ending
what part of the brain will transfer information you get from your eyes to the brain?
midbrain
where is the inferior and superior collculi located?
midbrain
The brainstem consists of the
midbrain, pons, and medulla.
When a transmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor that is coupled to a G protein, part of the G protein complex_____________.
migrates away
what is serotonin involved in?
mood, sleep, higher cognition
what is the precentral gyrus crucial for?
motor control
what is the basal ganglia involved in?
motor functioning
Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively.
motor; sensory
Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of the _____ and _____ cortex, respectively.
motor; sensory
stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of ________ and ________ cortex, respectively
motor; sensory
what do small displacements in the tympanic membrane do?
move the malleus
The vestibular system informs the brain about
movement and position of the body.
which does the cortical motor neurons encode more of: muscle contraction or movement direction ?
movement direction
what is ACh involved in?
muscle contraction
What happens when an action potential reaches the terminal of a neuromuscular junction?
muscle fiber will respond by contracting because there is a lot of ACh being released at terminal
what are the two types of proprioceptive receptors
muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs
The major function of Schwann cells is
myelination of peripheral nerve fibers.
What are muscle fibers made up of?
myofibrils
What is the name for thick filaments
myosin
Wavelengths of light are measured in
nanometers
are proteins negatively or positively charged?
negatively charged
anion
negatively charged ion ( Cl-)
are temporary lesions looking at structure or function?
neither
Interneurons are
neither a specific sensory nor a specific motor funciton
what happens when temporary lesions cool down the region of interest?
neural activity stops/slows down
the level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the ________ level
neural systems
A researcher who is studying the neural mechanisms associated with displays of compassion in tasks involving decision-making is working in the field of
neuroeconomics.
Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs also known as
neuroleptics
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main transmitter used at mammalian __________________.
neuromuscular junctions
Where do motor neurons meet muscle fibers?
neuromuscular junctions (NMJ)
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the
neuron doctrine
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the
neuron doctrine.
what is the neuron's resting state?
neuron is inactive and not receiving or sending information
An action potential is a brief, but large change in what?
neuronal polarization
what did Golgi think about neurons?
neurons are continuous
Phantom limb pain is an example of _____ pain
neuropathic
Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?
neuroplasticity
During a period of normal cell death, developing neurons are thought to compete for _________________________
neurotrophic factors
What causes some connections and neurons to survive, but not others?
neurotrophic factors
what factor suppresses latent biochemical pathway leading to cell death?
neurotrophic factors
absolute refractory period
no AP can happen because voltage-gated Na+ channels are either open or unresponsive
can neurotransmitters freely move in and out of neurons?
no, they need to be packaged into vesicles
The gaps between segments of myelin are known as
nodes of Ranvier
The gaps between segments of myelin are known as
nodes of Ranvier.
is EEG/ERP invasive on non-invasive?
non-invasive
is MRI and fMRI invasive on non-invasive?
non-invasive
is TMS invasive on non-invasive?
non-invasive
is fMRI invasive or non-invasive?
non-invasive
if a drug blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter, but doesn't prevent the neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor, it is classified as a ____________
noncompetative antagonist
The same number of neurotransmitters are able to bind to receptors whether or not Drug A is at a synapse interacting with the same receptors. Drug A must be acting _________________
noncompetatively
do antagonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?
none because it has no effect at all
Synaptic vesicles
none of the above
The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are areas of
nonprimary motor cortex
what does the cell body contain?
nucleus
innervation ratio
number of muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron
Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to the
orbitofrontal cortex.
which skin receptor cell is good at detecting vibrations transmitted through objects being grasped?
pascinian
Level of question: what techniques should you use if you want to look at structure/function of individual neurons
patch-clamp techniques and microscopy
what techniques should you use to look at activity of neurons?
patch-clamp techniques and microscopy
The study of the movement of drugs through the body is termed:
pharmacokinetics
An organism's observable traits are referred to as its
phenotype.
The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific protrusions on the skull.
phrenology
the early 19th century field of ________ claimed to discern an associated between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull
phrenology
The ____ model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict's desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
physical dependence
what does the outer ear contain?
pinna and ear canal
what is frequency perceived roughly as?
pitch
Which theory of pitch perception emphasized the importance of the location of the IHC along the basilar membrane?
place theory
Curare is derived from a type of
plant.
what is equilibrium?
point at which movement of ions across the cell membrane is balanced
The change from a membrane potential of -40 mV to +40 mV is the change in what?
polarization that is characteristic of an Action potential
Cortical neurons that respond to information in more that one sensory modality are known as
polymodal neurons
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep
pontine
If performance on a cognitive task is shown to improve as subjects increase in age, the correlation between task performance and age is
positive
If performance on a cognitive task is shown to improve as subjects increase in age, the correlation between task performance and age is
positive.
cation
positively charged ions (NA+, and K+)
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using
positron emission tomography (PET).
A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before
positron emission tomography.
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using
positron emission topography (PET)
Vasopressin is secreted by the
posterior pituitary
A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the
postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors
what is the membrane selectively permeable to?
potassium
________ is the ion that is most important for establishing resting membrane potential, whereas _______ is the ion most important for changing the polarization of a neuron as it undergoes an action potential?
potassium sodium
What is largely responsible for the negative resting membrane potential (-70mV) in a neuron?
potassium leak currents
The neuromodulator adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on
presynaptic autoreceptors.
The ethicist Peter Singer argues that animal research is justified only when it
produces immediate and measurable benefits.
The ethicist Peter Singer argues that animal research is justified only when it
produces immediate and measurable results.
In order for sexual behavior to occur normally in female rate, _____ receptors must be activated in order to increase the production of proteins of proteins necessary for lordosis
progesterone
Which of the following is not secreted by the pituitary
progesterone
Ion channels are made of__________.
protein
what does a PET scan use when measuring physiological activity of the brain?
radioactive tracers
sensory transduction
receptor cells convert energy into electrical signals
Scientific explanations usually involve analysis on a simpler or more basic level of organization than that of the structure or function to be explained. This approach is known as
reductionism
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as
reductionism
Strong enough stimulation in the supplementary motor area can lead to bilateral movements, which is the role in what...?
role in coordinating movements on two sides of body
The bifurcation that is common to most axons allows a neuron to
send information to multiple neurons
how do we sense stimuli
sensory receptor organs
Vibrations cause changes in IHCs that lead to what?
sensory transduction
Insome insects, the _____ wavelength receptors respond to UV wavelengths that humans cannot see
short
Information about pain and temperature in the anterolateral system crosses the nervous system at the level of the
spinal cord
In healthy young adults, nearly half of all sleep time is spent in
stage 2 SWS
which part of the neuron contains the conduction zone?
the axon
"How" types of questions reflect the biopsychological perspective that focuses on a) the description of behavior. b) the biological mechanisms of behavior. c) the evolution of brain and behavior. d) the development of brain and behavior.
the biological mechanisms of behavior.
what happens in the output zone
the cell sends information to another cell
Michelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble
the midline brain structures.
what is the scala vestbulli attached to?
the oval window
what is the input zone?
the part of the neuron that receives info from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures
receptive field
the region of skin in which a stimulus will modify the firing of an action potential
If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see
the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain.
antagonist drug
there is no effect. it blocks receptor sites so neurotransmitter can't act (no change in postyn neuron)
Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from
decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue
if a neuron leaves the ventricular zone early, it will end up where?
deep layers of cortex
what happens to the neurotransmitter?
degradation or reuptake
binding affinity
degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a binding site
The costs for treatment of _______ alone exceed the costs of treating cancer and heart disease together.
dementia
which part of the neuron contains the input zone?
dendrites
what is it called when message from neuron causes the membrane potential to become less negative?
depolarization
what are the 2 forces that drive K+ in and out?
diffusion and electrostatic pressure
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly their
direction of membrane polarization
do ionotropic receptors directly or indirectly control ion channel?
directly controls ion channel
Bill loves chocolate cake and finds it very rewarding. Which neurotransmitter is involved in his processing of cake?
dopamine
Most addictive substances, increase _________ levels in the nucleus accumbens.
dopamine
Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive terminate on neurons in the
dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord
higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the
dose-response curve
To counteract the effects of a drug acting as an agonist, will a neuron up-regulate or down-regulate?
down-regulate
counteracting agonist involves what kind of regulation?
down-regulation
Descartes's philosophy was called
dualism
Introduction of the atypical antipsychotics has been beneficial because
they do not produce Parkinsonian side effects.
where do oligodendrocytes form myelin?
they form myelin the the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
where do Schwann cells form myelin?
they form myelin the the PNS
what do refractory periods help ensure?
they help ensure that the axon potential is propagated in one direction down the axon
The peripheral nervous system has _______ component(s).
three
why do some neurotransmitters bind to autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron ?
to tell the neuron the concentration of the transmitter in the synaptic cleft
patch-clamp
to use voltage clamping to monitor the flow of current across a tiny patch of membrane taken from a neuron
Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called
tolerance
cross tolerance
tolerance for one drug causes an individual to develop a tolerance of another drug that belongs to the same chemical class
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
was originally developed as an antihistamine, but was first antipsychotic marketed
what is the Independent variable in ERP/EEG
you can manipulate the type of stimulus being presented
what are some invasive techniques?
-clamping -microdialysis -temporary lesion -ablation
Chemical signaling
1. Depolarization in the axon terminal causes voltage- gated Ca2+channels to open 2. Ca 2+ enters the cell and acts on synaptic vesicles 3. Synaptotagmin on vesicles sensitive to Ca2+ which catalyzes membrane fusion by binding to SNAREs 4.Fusion to neuronal membrane (exocytosis or kiss and run) 5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron dendrites (but not all neurons bind on post-syn neuron, some bind to autoreceptors) 7. reactions triggered in post-syn neuron 8. transmitters inactivated or removed
place theory
Area of the basilar membrane that vibrates determines perceived pitch -base of basilar membrane --> high pitch -apex of basilar membrane --> low pitch
cool blood
Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to
Which type of synaptic connection allows the presynaptic neuron to strongly facilitate or inhibit the activity of the postsynaptic neuron?
Axo-axonic
In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found?
Axon terminal
1. The human connectome project attempts to examine __________; and the human proteome project attempts to examine __________. a. how social interactions impact brain functions; interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome b. projections between different brain regions; interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome c. evolutionary relationships between species; the genetic basis of behavior d. the genetic basis of behavior; projections between different brain regions e. interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome; projections between different brain regions
B
12. Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? a. measuring hormones in male rats after exposure to a female rat b. observing the behavioral effects of stimulating the motor cortex in rats c. observing patterns of brain activity in rats trained to traverse a maze d. measuring abnormalities in the brain in patients with schizophrenia e. estimating the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the United States
B
27. What is the function of the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobes? a. processing of somatosensory input b. control of motor behavior c. processing of auditory input d. processing of visual input e. control of speech
B
32. Which brain region is NOT part of the basal ganglia? a. subthalamic nucleus b. red nucleus c. substantia nigra d. caudate nucleus e. globus pallidus
B
36. Which of the following methods uses labelled lengths of nucleic acids to identify neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on? a. autoradiography b. in situ hybridization c. immunohistochemistry d. Nissl staining e. Golgi staining
B
7. An individual with blindsight is impaired because he/she has damage in which part of the brain? a. one retina, but not the other. b. the primary visual cortex. c. the superior colliculus. d. the corpus callosum. e. the parietal lobe.
B
Why does the movement of the basilar membrane matter for transduction of auditory information?
Basilar membrane driven upwards --> shearing motion between tectorial membrane and organ of Corti -->bending of stereocilia --> excitation Basilar membrane moves downward --> opposite --> bending of stereocilia in opposite direction --> inhibition
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain?
Behavioral intervention
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain? Epigenetic intervention Behavioral intervention Correlational Somatic intervention
Behavioral intervention
GABA
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter
What is the main difference between Asperger's Syndrome and Autism?
Better language and communication abilities in Asperger's
spans several scientific disciplines
Biological psychology
Behavioral neuroscience is also known as
Biopsychology
Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?
Bipolar cells
Which of the following is not considered a major anxiety disorder?
Bipolar disorder
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for
Both a and c: removing three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the cell membrane, returning the membrane potential to the resting state
Central Nervous System
Brain & Spinal Cord
snake
Bungarotoxin is derived from a type of
How does the Y chromosome determine maleness in humans?
By containing the genes responsible for the SRY effects.
If you suffer damage to the dorsal stream in area MT (aka V5) what kind of impairment will you experience? a. specific loss of ability to recognize faces b. loss of ability to recognize all objects c. loss of ability to perceive movement d. loss of ability to identify color e. loss of ability to make coordinated movements
C
4 characteristics of TMS
1. good temporal resolution 2. Only used to study surface- level brain structure 3. Stimulates or inhibits brain activity 4. makes us eof properties of magnetism
what are the 3 ways to slice the brain?
1. horizontal 2. sagittal 3. coronal
Sodium-Potassium Pump always pumps out 3________ ions and pumps in 2__________ions
3 Na+ ions and 2K+ ions
In early development, muscle fibers have multiple synapses from motor neurons. What happens if you stimulate one of those motor neuron inputs repeatedly? a. The density of innervations will increase. b. The muscle fiber will grow. c. The other synapses will be pruned. d. Muscle memory will be formed. e. The muscle fiber will die.
C
A
40. In the graph of the action potential, which of the time points is NOT part of the refractory period? a. #1 only b. #2 only c. #3 only d. #1 and #3 e. #2 and #3
Spike-and-wave EEG activity is evident for _______ seconds during a petit mal seizure.
5 to 15
Atypical neuroleptics tend to be most effective on _____ receptors
5-HT2
About how many total nuerons does a human brain have?
86-100 billion
A person whose brother has schizophrenia has a _____% chance of developing the disease as well.
9
substance that binds to receptor molecules.
A ligand is a
raphe nucleus
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the
exogenous Drug
A manufactured drug that activates a particular type of receptor in the brain is called a(n)
temporal summation
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as
Which of the following would not be possessed by an XY individual with a defectice AMH receptor
A small penis and a partially fused labia
Which of the following techniques is used to specifically study white matter tracts in the brain? a) DTI b) CT c) PET d) fMRI
A) DTI
What are typical places of employment for behavioral neuroscientists?
Academia, Government, Industry
common neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh) Glutamate GABA Serotonin Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE)
Chemically related to NE and DA, but cannot directly activate cellular receptors normally stimulated by these NTs. Therefore, it does what?
Act by making more of these naturally occurring NTs available
voltage-gated ion channels
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack
what does retinoic acid do?
Activates retinoid receptors (class of transcription factors) in the nucleus-modulate gene expression
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?
Administering a drug and measuring its effect on anxiety levels
Which of the following statements about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?
Almost all patients with schizophrenia - especially males - show ventricular changes that are evident after the onset of the disorder.
gross neuroanatomy
Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
Movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system is called __________; and formation of insulation around the axons is called __________. a. differentiation; apoptosis b. myelination; differentiation c. migration; myelination d. migration; differentiation e. synaptogenesis; apoptosis
C
The "law of specific nerve energies" attempts to account for what fact? a. Perception of a repeated stimulus fades. b. The speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus. c. Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light, and every stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound. d. If one sensory system is damaged, others will compensate. e. The same neurons are used by multiple sensory systems.
C
The fact that humans evolved a large brain is an example of __________. a. monovalent selection b. convergent selection c. directional selection d. disruptive selection e. divergent selection
C
What is stereoscopic depth perception? a. differentiating the distance of a sound by the input of each ear b. using perspective cues to assess distance c. using differences in what each eye sees to assess distance d. assuming that an object that overlaps another is closer e. adjusting the focus in a microscope
C
What is the name of a presynaptic receptor that responds to a neurotransmitter that is released by its own neuron? a. self-regulating receptor b. heteroreceptor c. autoreceptor d. ionotropic receptor e. metabotropic receptor
C
What type of eye movements are exercised when scanning across the horizon (i.e. without a moving stimulus to track)? a. pursuit movements b. peripheral movements c. saccadic movements d. vergence movements e. conjunctive movements
C
Which of the following areas of the body would have the lowest density of receptive fields? a. the fingertip b. the forearm c. the back d. the face e. the lips
C
Which of the following describes an inhibitory synapse? a. located primarily on dendritic spines, symmetric b. located primarily on dendritic spines, asymmetric c. located primarily on soma, symmetric d. located primarily on soma, asymmetric e. located primarily on soma, can be symmetric or asymmetric
C
Which of the following hormones is hydrophobic? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. insulin c. progesterone d. oxytocin e. vasopressin
C
Which of the following occurred when a monkey was trained to grasp a spinning disc at the farthest limit of its ability to reach? a. Connections between the primary somatosensory cortex and the primary visual cortex were strengthened. b. The receptive fields of the distal digits grew larger. c. The primary somatosensory cortex was reorganized with a larger representation of the distal digits. d. More Pacinian corpuscles were generated in the distal digits of the monkey's forepaws. e. The monkeys escaped and ate all the banana pellets.
C
anandamide
Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors.
Where are corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin (GHIH), and Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) released? a. posterior pituitary b. anterior pituitary c. supraoptic nucleus d. median eminence e. paraventricular nucleus
D
Which of the following does not result from amphetamine usage?
Enhanced long-term memory
Which neurotransmitter is released from varicosities that may either form synapses or leak neurotransmitter diffusely into the extracellular space? a. dopamine b. glutamate c. substance P d. serotonin e. GABA
D
Which of the following best describes Mendel's work with pea plants? a. DNA is the biochemical basis of inherited traits. b. Traits that promote survival are passed on without change from one generation to the next. c. Life experiences alter the expression of specific genes. d. Inheritance is based upon paired units that are maintained across generations. e. Genes are the basic units of heredity.
D
The cell bodies of afferent sensory neurons in the spinal nerves are located in the
Dorsal root ganglion
What does the f in fMRI stand for?
Functional
Which of the following best describes the conclusions of a correlational study?
Experience affect the brain
In the above Ecstasy study, what was the independent variable?
Exposure to Ecstasy
There is only a stereotaxic apparatus for rats.
False
True or false. When ionotropic channels open, neurotransmitters can move in or out of the neuron
False! NTs don't move in and out of channels, they activate channels and IONS move in and out
what does it mean if temporal dynamics are fast?
Fast adaptation --> conveys information about changes in ongoing stimulation (e.g., stimulus movement)
Wundt
Father of Experimental Psychology; founded first psych lab in Germany; distinguished psychology as a science (not bio or philosophy)
Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response (according to LeDoux) to a bear appearing at your picnic?
Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise
Astrocytes
Help form the outer brain membrane
what do Bcl-2 proteins do?
Help maintain homeostasis in cell Potentially controls amount of Ca2+ leaving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is the appropriate technique for visualizing the location of receptors within the cells?
Immonocytochemistry
A researcher interested in determining which brain regions are active when a particular behavior is performed by an animal subject will most likely make use of which procedure?
Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
the destroyed brain regions
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is
axon hillock
In general, the action potential is initiated at the
brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to
left
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.
medial;anterior
In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______.
Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Indirectly, laughing causes you to feel happy.
direction of membrane polarization.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their
What big change happens to membrane potential during an action potential?
Inside of the neuron becomes more positive than the outside of the neuron Occurs because of the movement of ions across the membrane
Which of the following is not a characteristic of adenosine?
It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles
Broca
Found evidence that part of the left frontal lobe of the cortex is specialized for speech production or articulation.
Which of the following describes the blood-brain barrier?
It is a property of the closely packed endothelial cells of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.
Which of the following best describes the blood-brain barrier?
It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.
Golgi stains
Produce sparse and random staining of entire cell bodies and dendrites, Can be used to count dendritic spines, Are useful for determining extent of dendritic branching
A person with damage to the left frontal lobe would most likely have problems
Producing spoken language
What is a similarity between Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease?
Progressive damage in the basal ganglia
Schwann
Provide myelin in PNS
Which of the following statements regarding therapy for depression is true?
Psychotherapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone.
Which of the following is not a good example of how a multipolar neurons' form fits its function?
Pyramidal cells have an extra long apical axon that receives multiple inputs across layers of the cerebellum
What type of glial cells are only found during brain development?
Radial glia
In the human nervous system, most unipolar and bipolar neurons are specialized to
Rapidly bring sensory information into the CNS
Ruffini afferent
Receptive Fields: Large, vague temporal dynamics: slow-adapting -Respond to internally generated stimuli
messiner
Receptive Fields: Larger than Merkel afferents; 4x more sensitive to deformation temporal dynamics: fast-adapting -Detects movement of object across fingers
what does it mean if the brain is compartmentalized?
Regions of the brain are specialized for different functions, which makes the brain efficient at processing multiple sources of information
the concept of dualism was proposed by
René Descartes
what does the ear canal do?
Resonates to boost frequencies amplified by the pinna
when proprioceptive Receptors in Muscles respond?
Respond when muscles contract or stretch
Which of the following represent an alternative pathway for vision?
Retina to superior colliculus to pulvinar to V2
HM had normal function for the following cognitive parameters EXCEPT what?
Retrieval of recent autobiographical memories
How many distinct layers are observed in the human cortex?
Six
what does it mean if temporal dynamics are slow?
Slow adaptation -->information about spatial attributes of stimulus (size and shape)
Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?
Social neuroscience
Which of the following structures is not part of the brainstem? A. Medulla B. Pons C. Reticular formation D. Thalamus E. Midbrain
Thalamus
The diencephalon becomes which of the following structures?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins.
The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the
glutamate
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
Neuron Doctrine
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the
does EEG/ERP MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?
MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry
All of the following are TRUE of meiosis except:
Meiosis does not contribute to the genetic diversity in populations.
which cell afferents have fast-adapting temporal dynamics?
Meissner and Pascinian
Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?
Mental activity and Physical activity
Somatic system of the Peripheral Nervous System
Motor Nerve & Sensory Nerve
Which branch of the nervous system is referred to as the "flight or fight" preparation system, because it coordinates arousal and mobilizes energy resources?
Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System
Which of the following statements about open-loop control systems is false?
The control signal occurs after error is detected
Dementia
The costs for treatment of _______ alone exceed the costs of treating cancer and heart disease combined
When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like _____________________ allele.
The dominant
ventral tegmental area
The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward.
heroin
The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to
phrenology
The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull.
various organs of the body
The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to
axon hillock
The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the
molecular
The level of analysis of the study of membrane permeability of neurotransmitter receptors is the _______ level.
synaptic
The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level.
neural systems
The level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the _______ level.
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The main active ingredient found in marijuana is
Brown eye colour is dominant; blue eye colour is recessive. If a brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have a brown-eyed boy and a blue-eyed girl, we can safely conclude that:
The man is heterozygous for eye colour.
Character weakness in addicts
The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by
Which of the following is a major dopaminergic pathway:
Nigrostriatal, Mesolimbic, Mesocortical
Why do we call the uncovered section of the axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin?
Node of Ranvier
A hormone that is normally found only in males is
None of the aboce
Simon LeVay's discovery of a nucleus inthe brain that is larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men proves that sexual orientation is
None of the above
Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm?
None of the above; they all demonstrate a circadian rhythm (Body temperature, Hormone secretion, Activity levels)
Which of the following statements is false?
Not all animals use DNA to store genetic material
Which of the following statements is false?
Not all animals use DNA to store genetic material.
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?
Observations of patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?
Observations of the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?
Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using
PET
how are messages sent from the cortex?
To create a change in the PNS, cortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract
EEG
To determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an
What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
To protect the brain from bacteria and toxins
Which of the following questions is an example of the "comparative/evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?
To what extent can different species see color?
Which of the following questions reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?
To what extent can different species see color?
Which of the question reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?
To what extent can different species see color?
Which of the question reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology? - How are the visual areas of the brain organized? - What environmental experiences in early life are required for vision to develop normally? - What kind of treatments can correct faulty vision? - To what extent can different species see color?
To what extent can different species see color?
Which of the following does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?
Total lack of wavelength discrimination
Which of the following does the somatosensory cortex process?
Touch
Which of the following statements about oxytocin and vasopressin is false?
They are secreted in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones
Which of the following statements about the use of animal models in neuroscience research is false
Unlike human research, there are no ethical regulations restricting the types of research that can be performed on animals
These are the receiving part of a neuron
Vesicles
Which of the following questions does the "mechanisms" perspective in biological psychology address?
What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?
Which of the following questions is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective in biological psychology?
What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?
Which of the following represents a structural description of behavior?
When an animal learns, the number and morphology of neuron connections changes in specific brain regions.
When would someone use DTI?
When they want to specifically study white tracts in the brain
what does the type of transmitter (released by the presynaptic neuron) and the receptor (to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron.) detemine
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory
type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron.
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the
amphetamine
Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances?
Social Neuroscience
Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?
social neuroscience
Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?
Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?
Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?
Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light
Which of the following is false?
Once our brains have developed, they cannot grow new nerve cells.
Which of the following is false?
What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?
Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology?
Precentral gyrus
Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?
There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease than with stroke
Which statement, about the prevalence of neurological disease in the United States today, is false?
Neuroplasticity
Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?
golgi
Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?
Behavioral intervention
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain?
Correlational
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholamines with a common precursor
True
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
a hyperpolarizing potential in the postsyn neuron that is caused by inhibitory connections. it decreases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential ex. opening Cl- channels
PET studies of schizophrenia have shown
a lack of increased prefrontal metabolic activity during certain cognitive tasks.
Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for
a peptide or protein molecule
An imaging study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed
a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus
depolarization
a reduction is membrane potential (the inside of the neuron becomes less negative)
supplementary motor area
a region of nonprimary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex -movements are based on internal cues (ex stretching)
A group of axons traveling together within the brain is called a a) tract. b) nerve. c) nucleus. d) ganglion.
a) tract
Most neurons are born in the __________________, which lines the neural tube. a) ventricular layer. b) forebrain. c) intermediate layer. d) radial glia
a) ventricular layer
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack a) voltage-gated ion channels. b) sodium channels. c) myelin. d) cell membranes.
a) voltage-gated ion channels
Which statement about white and gray matter is true? a) White matter is like insulation. b) Gray matter is like a chimney. c) White and gray matter are similar. d) Gray matter is not found in the brain.
a) white matter is like insulation
Neurofibrillary tangles are
abnormal tangles of neurofilaments, including tau protein
The process by which the shape of the lens is altered in order to project a sharp image onto the retina is called
accommodation
Cocaine and amphetamines both potently affect the _____ of monoamine neurotransmitters.
accumulation
Muscarine and nicotine mimic the action of____________.
acetylcholine
Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter
acetylcholine
The venom of a black widow spider increases the release of
acetylcholine
Nicotine mimics the action of
acetylcholine.
What is the name for thin filaments?
actin
The "lock and key" analogy relates to the
action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins
The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the
action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins.
in most cases, good temporal resolution = __________ spatial resolution
bad
Do ablations have good or bad spatial resolution?
bad spatial resolution
does EEG/ERP have good or bad spatial resolution?
bad spatial resolution
Does MRI have good or bad temporal resolution
bad temporal reoslution
The caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra comprise the
basal ganglia
The symptoms of Tourettes syndrome resemble those of patients with disease of the
basal ganglia
what part of the brain contains dopamingeric neurons that are greatly affected in Parkinson's disease?
basal ganglia
what part of the brain is important for initiating and terminating movement
basal ganglia
what part of the brain is important for movement based on acquired skills
basal ganglia
Subcortical Motor regions?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the
basal ganglia.
The motion of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani causes vibrations in the what?
basilar membrane
why does fMRI have bad temporal resolution
because it measures blood flow, which tends to be sluggish
why is the sodium potassium pump considered active?
because it requires neurons to expend energy
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will
become free-running.
Action potentials
begin by the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels and are "all-or-none"
which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g. fMRI), while researchers measure the indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain
behavioral intervention
sensory transduction process
bending of stereocilla --> tip links open --> ion channels allow K+ and Ca 2+ to depolarize IHC. Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at base of IHC glutamate is released and binds to the afferent nerve and triggers an AP
Peptide hormones typically affect a cell by
binding to receptors on the cell membrane
Lithium has often been used as a treatment for
bipolar affective disorder.
Both PCP and ketamine act by _____ receptors
blocking NMDA
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to
brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to
brain damage caused by blockage or reduction of blood flow to the brain
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to
brain lesions caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.
what part of the brain would you expect us to have in common with the greatest number of species?
brain stem
Cannabinoids have been found to be widely distributed in the brain, but apparently they are not present in significant numbers in the
brainstem
Which of the following areas is not a sector of the cerebral hemispheres?
brainstem
the short-latency components of event related potentials are associated primarily with
brainstem activity
The short-latency components of event-related potentials are associated primarily with
brainstem activity.
reductionism
breaks a system down into increasingly smaller parts to understand it
The evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation is that it a) prevents fatigue of sensory receptors. b) allows people to attend to the constant excitation of the hairs on the skin by clothing. c) prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little new news about the world. d) allows the human brain to reassign sensory cortex if a limb is lost.
c) prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little new news about the world.
Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in a) addiction to methamphetamine. b) cocaine addiction. c) fetal alcohol syndrome. d) addiction to street-level heroin.
c) fetal alcohol syndrome
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter a) GABA. b) dopamine. c) glutamate. d) acetylcholine.
c) glutamate
Desynchronized EEG electrical activity is seen a) during a seizure. b) only in brainstem structures. c) in a normal active brain. d) only in children.
c) in a normal active brain.
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important. a) right b) top c) left d) bottom
c) left
In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______. a) superior; dorsal b) caudal; anterior c) medial; anterior d) ventral; dorsal
c) medial; anterior
The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels. a) opening; potassium b) closing; potassium c) opening; sodium d) closing; sodium
c) opening; sodium
Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control? a) Postcentral gyrus b) Parietal lobe c) Precentral gyrus d) Prefrontal cortex
c) precentral gyrus
Behavioral neuroscience... a) is concerned with how the functioning of the brain, but not its structure, underlies behavior. b) is concerned with human behavior rather than animal behavior. c) spans several scientific disciplines. d) is not concerned with the treatment of behavioral problems.
c) spans several scientific disciplines.
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as a) active propagation. b) spatial summation. c) temporal summation. d) threshold afterpotential.
c) temporal summation
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______. a) estrogen; decrease b) norepinephrine; increase c) testosterone; increase d) adrenalin; decrease
c) testosterone; increase
Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that a) they must fire a certain number of times a second to communicate information accurately. b) they require a certain amount of stimulus to fire. c) the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus. d) the amplitude of the action potential changes based on the intensity of the stimulus.
c) the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus.
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called a) translators. b) transponders. c) transporters. d) agonists.
c) transporters
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the a) number of action potentials arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal. b) size of the calcium current flowing into the presynaptic axon terminal. c) type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron. d) sensitivity of the presynaptic membrane.
c) type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron
The conduction velocity of an action potential a) is always the same, no matter how large the axon is. b) varies, depending on where it is taking place in the brain. c) varies, depending on the diameter of the axon. d) is dependent upon the water content in the myelin of each specific neuron.
c) varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.
Purkinje cells are located in the
cerebellum
which part of the brain is important for postural control and coordinating well practiced movements?
cerebellum
which part of the brain is involved in motor functioning?
cerebellum
which part of the brain is necessary for coordinating movements during swimming?
cerebellum
what are the subcortical regions that are part of the motor system
cerebellum and basal ganglia
what do these 3 characteristics refer to? 1. All living cells possess an electrical charge (more negative inside than outside) 2. By reversing this charge ( a change in polarization ) --> an action potential is initiated and propagated 3.Changes caused by the action potential help initiate the release of neurotransmitters
action potential
what happens if a combination of inputs drives membrane potential to -40 mV?
action potential is triggered
Brain scans show that different language tasks
activate different brain areas.
G proteins are able to amplify the message from a single receptor because they_____________.
activate second messenger proteins inside the cell
what does the height of sound wave represent?
amplitude
The _____ is particularly implicated in odor perception.
amygdala
which part of the brain is implicated in fear processing?
amygdala
your friend starts making sexual advances towards a car. what part of the brain should you be worried about?
amygdala
In a muscle contraction, thick and thin filaments slide past each other. it is initiated through what?
an action potential
what happens when you reverse an electrical charge in a cell?
an action potential is initiated and propagated
to be detected, a sensory receptor cell must receive what?
an adequate stimulus and stimulus energy passing an absolute threshold
The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that _____ will do so.
an individual in the general population
A drug that binds to a receptor site but does not activate the receptor is known as a ____________and has low _________________
antagonist; low efficacy
Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions? a) Neuroeconomics b) Social neuroscience c) Evolutionary psychology d) Consciousness studies
b) Social neuroscience
Which of the following is not true about action potentials? a) An action potential is a brief, but large change in neuronal polarization b) The amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse. c) An SPSP will increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring d) When a neuron reaches threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open
b) The amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse.
In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _____ and _____.
medial; anterior
in terms of position on your body, your nose is ______ and _______.
medial; anterior
The level of analysis of the study of membrane permeability of neurotransmitter receptors is the _______ level. circuit neural systems synaptic molecular
molecular
The telencephalon in the developing fetus becomes the
cerebral hemispheres.
Studies of identical twins in which one twin has schizophrenia have revealed a relationship between schizophrenia and enlargement of the
cerebral ventricles.
the ventricular system contains
cerebrospinal fluid
The ventricular system contains
cerebrospinal fluid.
What are the cerebral ventricles?
chambers filled with fluid
receptor potential
changes based on input (similar to EPSP)
The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by
character weakness in addicts
In area V5 of the visual cortex, cells appear to be sensitive to _____ but not to _____
movement; wavelength
Autoreceptors are sensitive to a neuron's own
neurotransmitter.
what do synaptic vesicles. store?
neurotransmitters
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it_______________________.
offers considerable resistance to the flow of current
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it
offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current
most sensory input goes through the thalamus except for what sensory system?
olfactory system
In terms of processing pathway, what differs between the olfactory system and other sensory systems?
olfactory system does not pass through the thalamus
what is a dendrite?
one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining
consciousness.
Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining
consciousnness
Electrical messages used by nerve cells are essentially the same in a jellyfish or a cockroach. This observation suggests that this mechanism is a(n) _______ characteristic. - ontogenetic - genetically specified - coevolved - conserved
conserved
Aristotle
considered mental capacities to be properties of the heart; thought the brain was a cooling system for hot blood from the heart
Sexual receptivity, often corresponding with ovulation in female mammals, is necessary for
copulation
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?
correlational
To create a change in the PNS, cortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the _________
corticospinal tract
People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of
cross-tolerance
You are doing an experiment to see how a drug interacts at a binding site for GABA. You find that when the drug is at a synapse, this increases the number of action potentials being triggered in the postsynaptic neuron, which is receiving input from both the GABAergic cell you are studying and many other cells. Your drug is... a) An agonist b) An antagonist c) An inverse agonist d) (b- an antagonist) or (c- inverse agonist)
d) (b- an antagonist) or (c- inverse agonist)
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. a) 10 b) 25 c) 50 d) 100
d) 100
Which of the following is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter? a) Existence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal b) Release of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending c) Existence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane d) Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area
d) Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area
Which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) Epinephrine d) Acetylcholine
d) Acetylcholine
The neuron doctrine.... a) was confirmed using electron microscopy. b) proposed that neurons were functionally, metabolically and structurally independent c) stemmed from the work of the great neuroanatomist Ramón y Cajal. d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which statement about the Pacinian corpuscle is true? a) It is found in skin. b) It is found in muscle. c) Vibration causes it to excite afferent nerves by opening sodium channels. d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following is not true about the patch clamp technique a) It uses the same monitor as a voltage clamp b) It can be used to isolate single ion channels c) It is used to measure current flow across the cell membrane d) All of these are true statements about the patch clamp technique
d) All of these are true statements about the patch clamp technique
In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found? a) Cell body b) Dendritic spines c) Axon hillock d) Axon terminal
d) Axon terminal
_______ coding offers the best current understanding of the mechanism of pitch perception. a) Place b) Temporal c) Fourier d) Both place and temporal
d) Both place and temporal
The swaying of stereocilia in response to sound waves results in an influx of _______ at the base of the hair cell. a) Na+ b) K+ c) Cl- d) Ca2+
d) Ca2+
To determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an a) ERP. b) EKG. c) emergency room doctor. d) EEG.
d) EEG
Which of the following would not be considered an extrinsic influence on cells? a) Experience b) Nutrition c) Induction d) Genes
d) Genes
functional tolerance
decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up and down regulation of receptors; altered sensitivity change within neurons that decrease effectiveness
The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _____ activity in the _____ lobes
decreased; frontal
The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.
decreased; frontal
what is the process of the inside of the neuron becoming less negative called
depolarization
what is the speed of the AP dependent on
diameter of the axon and whether the axon is myelinated
Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection gave rise to two approaches to experimentation, one of which emphasizes
differences among species.
localization of function
different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors
Na+ rushes through voltage-gated channels. Then it opens additional channels, and Na+ continues to enter until the membrane potential of the neuron is +40 mV. This is due to what 2 forces?
diffusion and electrostatic pressure
what are the passive forces for keeping a membrane potential at rest?
diffusion and electrostatic pressure
cocaine is chemically related to which neurotransmitters?
dopamine and norepinephrine
Drugs classed as atypical neuroleptics block
dopamine and serotonin receptors
Cocaine acts at dopamine receptors by blocking what?
dopamine transporters
Drugs that stimulate the _____ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities.
dopaminergic
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors.
dopaminergic
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. a. serotonergic b. dopaminergic c. cholinergic d. muscarinic
dopaminergic
In terms of its position on his body, the top of a dogs head is
dorsal
On entering the spinal cord, the somatosensory projections ascend through the _____ system
dorsal column
In terms of its position on his body, the top of a dog's head is
dorsal.
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the
dose-response curve
The SMA appears to be active especially
during the control of movements that are internally generated
The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by
entering cells and altering gene expression
True or false. the amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse?
false
True or false. The amplitude of an action potential depends on how much excitatory of inhibitory input a neuron receives
false. APs are an all-or-none signal, EPSPs and IPSPs have different amplitudes, but APs do not
True or false. Ions can bind to different sub-receptor types to create different changes in a neuron
false. ions can't bind (only neurotransmitters can)
the speed of getting drugs into body via central injection
fast to very fast. Directly into CNS
The domestic cat is classified as a(n)
feeble dichromat
what is norepinephrine involved in
fight or flight responses
filopodia
fine tubular outgrowths from the growth cone of an axon or dendrite
does microscopy have good or bad spatial resolution?
good spatial resolution (staining techniques allow you to see structures better)
does EEG/ERP have good or bad temporal resolution?
good temporal resolution
does Microdialysis have good or bad temporal resolution?
good temporal resolution
does TMS have good or bad temporal resolution?
good temporal resolution
__________________ allows immature neuron to migrate and become __________ in mature neuron
growth cone axon terminal
what did Cajal use to label individual neurons
he used a golgi stain
Receptors to which ligands bind and immediately cause an ion channel to open are called
iontropic
An experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the change in their sleep patterns - is a behavioral intervention - has no control group - is a within-subjects experiment - is a between-subjects experiment
is a within-subjects experiment
A major site of origin of projections using the transmitter norepinephrine is the
locus coeruleus.
what is the axon hillock?
it originates out of the cell body and functionally, it is the integration zone
does EEG pick up activity over an area or specific neurons?
it picks up activity over an area
why does myelination increase the speed of the Action potential?
it prevents K+ from leaking
what is temporal resolution?
it refers to the precision of a measurement with respect to time
The telencephalon in the developing fetus becomes the
cerebral hemispheres
how was the neuron doctrine confirmed?
it was confirmed by the electron microscopy
will opening Na+ channel depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell?
it will depolarize the cell (making the cell less negative)
agonist drug
it will have the same effect as neurotransmitter (causes change in postsyn neuron)
will opening Cl- channels depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell?
it will hyperolarize the cell (making the cell more negative)
Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the
lateral geniculate nucleus.
what is gluyamate involved in?
learning and memory
Researchers have noted that young rodents develop a capacity to learn before they develop a capacity to form long-term memories. This implies that
learning and memory involve different processes.
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.
left
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important. left right bottom top
left
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting language difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _____ part of the brain appears to be especially important.
left frontal
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting language difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.
left frontal
what do secondary sensory endings respond to?
length
In terrestrial mammals, the _____ is primarily responsible for fine-tuning refraction.
lens
Hyperpolarizations make a neuron
less likely to fire an action potential
both drugs and neurotransmitters can act as what?
ligand
Cocaine was initially used as a(n)
local anesthetic
A researcher can determine how much of the human brain is used for even the simplest of tasks by
looking at brain activity in brain scans.
the higher the amplitude, the ___________ the sound
louder
what is amplitude perceived as?
loudness
do antagonists have high or low efficacy?
low efficacy
Will muscles involved in fine movements like the eyes have high or low innervation ratio?
low innervation ratio
does Microscopy measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?
measure changes in brain activity/chemistry
does patch/ voltage clamping measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?
measure changes in brain activity/chemistry
Helmoltz
measured speed of neural conduction and found it was slower than wires
correlation
measures how closely the body and behavior measures covary
sounds is encoded __________ in the middle ear is converted into _____________________ in the cochlea
mechanically neural energy
Touch, pressure, and vibration information is transduced by receptors in skin and muscles?
mechanoreceptors
LSD appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter _____
serotonin
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter
serotonin
The drug clozapine appears to exert its therapeutic effects via both dopamine receptors and _____ receptors.
serotonin
Which of the following is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter?
serotonin
inducing factors
signaling molecules from other cells -two types: inducer and morphogen
what does the patch clamp isolate?
single ion channels
The motor unit is a
single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Data that support the monoamine hypothesis include the observation that
some older antidepressant drugs inhibit monoamine oxidase
what adequate stimulus is needed to process sound
sound --> change in air pressure (pressure waves, mechanical energy)
complexity of sound
sounds with numerous frequencies of sound blended together
The spatial-frequency filter model is used in studying response to
spacing of stimuli
Biological Psychology
spans several scientific disciplines
The eight-arm radial maze is used primarily for tests of
spatial learning and memory.
Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve
specialized receptor molecules
Soldiers training for parachute jumps have shown
spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.
Stretch reflex does not involve the brain, just the _________and cells in the PNS
spinal cord
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the
spinal cord
The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the
spinal cord.
what pushes on the oval window?
stapes
Just like migrating neurons, filopodia can use ____________ to guide growth
structural support
does MRI look at structure or functional activity of the brain?
structure
does microscopy look at structure or functional change?
structure
Neuroscience
study of the nervous system and behavior
The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the:
synapse
what is the tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other?
synapse
Contact points between neurons are called
synapses
The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level
synaptic
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the _____
synaptic cleft
Muscles that act together are called
synergists
A common movement disorder produced by antischizophrenia drugs is called
tardive dyskinesia
The major factor that determines how many motoneurons will die during normal development is
target size
What general region (lobe) of the brain are you interested in if you're researching how our brain responds?
temporal lobe
which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for auditory processing?
temporal lobe
which brain region is implicated in auditory processing?
temporal lobe and midbrain
Some patients with panic disorder have anatomical anomalies of the
temporal lobes
A single synapse may push the postsynaptic cell to threshold if many EPSPs arrive in quick succession. This process is referred to as
temporal summation.
Muscles are connected to bone by
tendons
At chemical synapses, most of the synaptic delay-the time between the arrival of a presynaptic action potential and the appearance of a postsynaptic EPSP or IPSP-is attributable to
the process of Ca2+ influx at the axon terminal
sensation
the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming them into neural energy
adaptation
the progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained -many receptors become less and less responsive as stimulus is maintained and frequency of firing declines
levels of analysis
the scope of an experimental approach, which ranges from social interaction down to the molecular level
What distinguishes between skin cell receptor (mechanoreceptors) types
the size of receptive fields
what is it called when drugs affect what happens in the synaptic cleft
transmitter clearance
what is it called when drugs affect whether neurons have neurotransmitters to release?
transmitter production
what is it called when drugs affect parts of the transmission process?
transmitter release
When a neuron dies, a surviving neuron that once received inputs from that cell loses some of its dendrites in a process called _____________
transneuronal degeneration
the specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called
transporters
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called
transporters.
In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain (which is difficult to treat), the visual illusion
tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb.
In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain (which is difficult to treat), the visual illusion
tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputates limb
It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, which _______ the reticular formation.
tuberomammilary nucleus; actively inhibits
It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the ________________ which ______ the reticular formation.
tuberomammilary nucleus; inhibits
The nicotine ACh receptor has ___ binding sites.
two
The nicotinic ACh receptor has _______ ligand-binding site(s).
two
counteracting antagonist involves what kind of regulation?
up-regulation
To counteract the effect of an antagonist drug, neurons could__________________
upregulate
It appears that glutamate is cleared from glutaminergic synapses via
uptake into astrocytes.
Withdrawal symptoms produced by abstinence from a drug are
usually opposite to the effects of the drug itself
The conduction of velocity of an action potential
varies, depending on the diameter of the axon
The conduction velocity of an action potential
varies, depending on the diameter of the axon
The conduction velocity of an action potential
varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.
the efferent nerves of the automatic nervous system (ANS) go to
various organs of the body
The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to
various organs of the body.
what do primary sensory endings respond to?
velocity
The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward
ventral terminal area
Most of the mitosis that will give rise to the nervous system takes place in the _____________
ventricular layer
Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel bad when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between _______ and _______ information
vestibular; visual
how do subcortical regions communicate with cortical areas
via the thalamus
the superior collculi is implicated in what type of processing?
visual processing
In a frog, the segregation of inputs from two eyes that are forced to innervate a single optic tectum requires _________________
visual stimulation
the patch clamp technique uses the same monitor as what other invasive technique?
voltage clamp
why can't an action potential occur during an absolute refractory period
voltage-gated Na+ channels are either open or unresponsive
Primary motor cortex is considered an executive region because it appears to control particular kinds of _____ movements
voluntary
frequency
wave length; measured in Hz; perceived roughly as pitch
cell type is dependent on ________
what genes a cell expresses
which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology?
what physiological changes in the brain encode memories
when can EEG activity be measures?
when a person is at rest for clinical diagnostic reasons
what is a pro of TMS?
you can find the answers to causal questions about activity (or inactivity) of targeted brain regions
The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called
ontogeny
The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called reductionism. phrenology. ontogeny. phylogeny.
ontogeny
The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called
ontogeny.
Most IPSPs are attributable to the
opening of chloride channels
Most IPSPs are attributable to the
opening of chloride channels.
The peak of the action potential is caused by the ______ of ______ channels
opening, sodium
which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies
opium
what is the smallest bones in the body
ossicles
which brain region is implicated in spatial processing?
parietal lobe
which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for attentional processing?
parietal lobe
During an fMRI, does the participant have to lie as still as possible or do they perform tasks
participant has to lie as still as possible.
are diffusion and electrostatic pressure active or passive forces?
passive forces
the process of organizing and interpreting this information so it has meaning
perception
difference between phasic and tonic receptors?
phasic shows adaptation and tonic does not
If you take a very young neuron and put it in a different environment, it will acquire the ____________ of its new region
phenotype
The ability of the brain to be changed by environmental inputs during development and over the course of adulthood is called
plasticity
The neuromodulator adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on
presynaptic autoreceptors
The neuron doctrine
proposed the existence of synaptic contacts between neurons
Descartes
proposed the hydraulic model to explain behavior (proposed that animal spirits were pumped through the brain by the pineal gland); was not supported by empirical evidence
what ions are located inside the neuron when it is as resting membrane potential?
proteins and potassium
A major site of origin of neurons that synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin is the ______________.
raphe nucleus
Typically dendrites of a post synaptic neuron
receive signals from the terminal buttons of a presynaptic neuron
merkle cell afferents
receptive field: very small (so has highest spatial resolution) temporal dynamics: slow adapting Good for form and texture (points, edges, curvature)
Neurotransmitters can have different effects, based on the ______________ to which they bind
receptor subtype
what do filopodia have?
receptors for molecules that serve as directional cues
transporter
receptors for the transmitter; specialized receptor in the presynaptic membrane that recognizes transmitter molecules and returns them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse bringing transmitter back into the presyn neuron
Relations between the brain and body are
reciprocal
Relations between the brain and the body are
reciprocal
Relations between the brain and body are
reciprocal.
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by
reuptake and degradation
Neuroimaging studies of brain regions that are active in decision-making have identified two major neuroeconomic brain systems: one that assesses the relative value of choices available and one that
reviews the available choices and makes a conscious decision.
Neuroimaging studies of brain regions that are active in decision-making have identified two major neuroeconomic brain systems: one that assesses the relative value of choices available, and one that
reviews the available choices and makes a conscious decision.
Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured by
rhodopsin
increased pressure in scala tympani -------> bulge in what?
round window
what is the scala tympani attached to?
round window
If a body were cut into a left and right plane, each of the halves would be in the _______ plane
sagittal
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _____ plane.
sagittal
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane.
sagittal
when you slice the brain from ear to ear, which plane is it referring to?
sagittal plane
Drugs that block GABA receptors tend to cause a. hallucinations. b. depression. c. seizures. d. sedation.
seizures
The drug Prozac is an example of a
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
The substance tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in the ovaries of pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of the neuron because it______________________.
selectively blocks sodium channels
selective serotonine repute inhibitors (SSRIs) work by
selectively releasing more serotonin where needed
what process involves a change in membrane potential --> Action Potentials
sensory transduction
The human brain weighs about
1400 g
Which of the following structures is not part of the external or middle ear?
Cochlea
what do motor nerves do?
Transmits information from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands
In general, the action potential is initiated at the
axon hillock
Spinocerebellum
controls muscle tone and coordination
what happens during a rising phase of an action potential?
-40 mV threshold -Voltage-gated Na+ channels open -Na+ rushes into neuron
what are the 3 brain regions involved in motor control
1. primary motor cortex 2. supplementary motor area 3. premotor cortex
how many sodium ions does Sodium-Potassium Pump pump out of the neuron?
3 Na+
There are about _____ million cones in the human eye
4
Which of the following is not a steroid hormone
ACTH
relative refractory period
AP is unlikely because K+ is still rushing out of the neuron and neuron is hyperpolarized (requires a strong stimulation to produce AP)
The basal ganglia include the
All of the above
Which of the following is not part of the female internal genitalia
Clitoris
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin to CNS
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?
Increased heart rate
Which of the following is an example of a *somatic intervention* study?
Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats
What does the Choroid Plexus do?
Produces Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
What term is used for the idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts?
Reductionism
frontal;parietal
The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes.
axon terminal
The output zone of the neuron is the
What's so important about the brain ventricles?
Theses spaces within the brain contains cerebrospinal fluid
receptor
a protein that binds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter
what is a ligand?
a substance that binds to receptor molecules
receptor subtype
any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptor for the same neurotransmitter
The vast majority of neurons
are classified as interneurons.
Cells in the primate LGN have receptive fields that
are concentric
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression
are parallel processes, have no direct causal relation, are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli
what is the midbrain implicated in?
both visual and auditory processing
what does the CNS encompass?
brain and spinal cord
what are the 2 main things involved in apoptosis?
calcium concentration and mitochondria
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the
choroid plexus
the specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the
choroid plexus
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the
choroid plexus.
The study of field potentials of neurons in the hippocampus corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
circuit level
why aren't cochlear implants aren't good for listening tot music
cochlear implants are not as finely tuned as actual hair cells, thus pitch perception is degraded
The long-latency components of event-related potentials are associated primarily with
cognitive processing.
For any behavior or mental processes to occur, neurons must do what?
communicate with each other
A drug that binds to the same location as a neurotransmitter, regardless of what effect it has at the binding site is ________________
comparative
Galvanni
found that stimulating muscles electrically caused them to contract (with frogs)
The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) acts on at least ___ different types of receptors.
four
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts on at least _______ different types of receptors.
four
There are _____ main kinds of spectrally opponent cells in the LGN.
four
The ___ lobe is the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex.
frontal
The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display
unilateral sleep
Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.
unipolar depression
Does MRI have good or bad spatial resolution
good spatial resolution
Does fMRI have good or bad spatial resolution
good spatial resolution
does Microdialysis have good or bad spatial resolution?
good spatial resolution
The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is_______.
150 m/s
Declarative memory is not thought to deal with _______ questions.
"how" (is "why", "where", "what")
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"where"
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"where."
what are protective factors?
-Substances that can inhibit influx of Ca2+ into mitochondria (often indirectly) -Substances that can inhibit caspases -ex. Bcl-2 protein family
The equilibrium potential for sodium is about _______ mV.
+40
The equilibrium potential for sodium is about _______ mV.
+60
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. - 25 - 100 - 10 - 50
- 25 - *100* - 10 - 50
The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is
150 m/s.
Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology? - How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? - What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? - What patterns of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze? - What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance?
- How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? - *What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?* - What patterns of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze? - What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance?
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effects of the drug on the rats' behavior - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats - Measuring the extend of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
- Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - *Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effects of the drug on the rats' behavior* - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats - Measuring the extend of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
A direct function of genes is - building the brain and nervous system - dictating behavior - replication - directing the building of protein
- building the brain and nervous system - dictating behavior - replication - *directing the building of protein*
what do neurotrophic factors do?
-Suppress latent biochemical pathway leading to cell death -Allows connection between neurons to survive -Can also foster synapse rearrangement -More target cells = more connections maintained
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as - correlation - causality - reductionism - fractionation
- correlation - causality - *reductionism* - fractionation
The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one's - genotype - genome - phenotype - meme
- genotype - genome - *phenotype* - meme
Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience? - neurogenesis - neuropathy - neuroplasticity - molding
- neurogenesis - neuropathy - *neuroplasticity* - molding
The early nineteenth-century field of ___ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull. - ontogeny - phrenology - dualism - epigenetics
- ontogeny - *phrenology* - dualism - epigenetics
The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called - optogenetics - neuroeconomics - evolutionary psychology - epigenetics
- optogenetics - neuroeconomics - evolutionary psychology - *epigenetics*
The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called - phrenology - reductionism - phylogeny - ontogeny
- phrenology - reductionism - phylogeny - *ontogeny*
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain? - somatic intervention - correlational - behavioral intervention - epigenetic intervention
- somatic intervention - correlational - *behavioral intervention* - epigenetic intervention
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is - the type of animal being used in the experiment - the destroyed brain regions - the observed changes in sleep - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown
- the type of animal being used in the experiment - *the destroyed brain regions* - the observed changes in sleep - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown
Resting membrane potential is ____________mV; an action potential will be triggered at ___________mV
-50- -90 mV -40 mV
the equilibrium potential for potassium is about ____ mV
-80
what are benefits of using an animal model?
-Ability to study the brain of a living organism using invasive techniques If measuring neuronal activity, animal models are better for spatial resolution than noninvasive techniques
why use second messengers
-Amplification of the effect of the first messenger -Prolong the effect of the synaptic signals a neuron receives -Cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol, arachidonic acid
what are sensory receptor organs?
-Body parts that are sensitive to some forms of energy -Act as filters of the environment (only respond to certain types of energy) Ex. Ears, eyes
neurotransmitter criteria
-Exist in presynaptic terminal -Capable of being produced by the presynaptic cell -Released during an AP -Recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane -Substance produces changes in postsynaptic cell -Blocking release of substance prevents presynaptic activity from affecting postsynaptic cell
Drugs' speed of effects depend on?
-How quickly drug gets into the bloodstream -How quickly drug crosses blood-brain barrier
how do drugs get into the system?
-Ingestion -Inhalation -Peripheral injection -Central injection
ablations
-Most common invasive method -Remove brain structure or sever connections in order to study effect on animal's behavior
Premotor cortex
-Movements based on external cues -With a strong enough stimulation, movement is initiated --> more complex movements than M1 ex. shaping hand movement to reach for something
what is the basic logic of chemical signaling?
-Neurons are structurally independent -Most electrical messages (APs) cannot be sent between neurons -AP causes release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft -Neurotransmitters act on the postsynaptic neurons in various ways
what are the 3 types of cerebellum
-Spinocerebellum: controls muscle tone and coordination Cerebrocerebellum: involved in motor planning, learning, and memory Vestibulocerebellum: implicated in posture and eye movement coordination
Essay. In clinical trials, you determine that your drug is becoming less effective over time. What is this phenomenon called? Given the mechanisms you described, what change in patients' neurons is leading to the decrease in drug effectiveness?
-Tolerance. The drug might have provoked metabolic tolerance when repeated exposure caused the body's metabolic system to become efficient at eliminating the drug from the bloodstream before it affected the brain. Or is could be due to functional tolerance, which neurons down-regulate meaning the number of available receptors to which the drug can bind has decreased, thus becoming less sensitive and countering the drug effect -Neurons can reduce the effects of the drug through maintenance of homeostasis
noncompetitive ligand
-a substance that alters the response to the endogenous ligand without interacting with the endogenous ligand 's receptor site -will bind to different part if receptor site
what are the 4 different components of sound waves that the auditory system detects
-amplitude -frequency -complexity -duration
primary motor cortex (M1)
-consists mainly of precentral gyrus -executive region for the initation of movement -contralateral (left side controls right side and vice versa)
what are some non-invasive techniques?
-fMRI -MRI -TMS -EEG/ERP
Basal ganglia
-important for initiating and terminating movement -Modulates activity in cortical motor regions --> lots of communication with M1 -Important for movement based on acquired skills
what can happen when drugs affect whether neurons have neurotransmitters to release (transmitter production)?
-inhibit NT synthesis -block transport down the axon -inhibit storage in vesicles
Pros of studying human brain via damage
-learn a lot about the brain -working in a human system rather than an animal system provides more info
what can happen when drugs affect parts of the transmission process?
-mess with feedback through autoreceptors -inhibit AP (ex. block voltage-gated Na+ channels) -Inhibit chemical transmission by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
labeled line
-the concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information -Input to a particular type of receptor cell will be interpreted by the brain as a change in whatever modality the cell is supposed to code
what do Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have in common?
-they are glial cells -they form myelin
cons of studying human brain via damage
-very messy and disruptive of individual's life
...
...
Mammalian axons range from _______ in diameter.
0.5 to 20 μm
The human retina has about _____ million ganglion cells
1
Germinal phase
1 week long -little to no differentiation in cell type
embryonic phase
1 week-9 weeks blueprint of the body organs
How does the AP travel
1. AP is regenerated down the axon (voltage-gated channels are crucial for this process) 2. Depolarization of the far end of the axon leads to the opening of nearby voltage-gated Na+ channels 3. Entire process repeats itself down the axon
what were the 2 main theories of neural communication?
1. Golgi- neurons are continuous 2. Ramon y Cajal- neuron doctrine (neurons aren't continuous)
events of cell death
1. Influx of Ca2+ into cell 2. Diablo released from mitochondria 3. IAPs inhibited 4. Caspase cascade activated 5. DNA and proteins 'cut up'
what brain regions are cortical Motor regions?
1. M1 2. supplementary 3. premotor
ESSAY. Describe the sequence of events that take place during an action potential
1. Open K+ channels create resting potential. 2. Any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold -40 mV. So, the inside of the neuron becomes more positive than outside 3. Na+ rushes inside due to diffusion and electrostatic pressure. This opens additional channels, and Na+ continues to enter until the membrane potential of the neuron is +40 mV. 4. Na+ channels close after reaching +40 mV; and then gated K+ channels open and K+ rushes out of the neuron, neuron is hyperpolarized and resting membrane potential is restored.
ESSAY: Explain what forces act to maintain the resting membrane potential in a neuron
1. Sodium- Potassium pump brings K+ into the neuron 2. K+ exits the neuron because it is going where there is less K+ due to diffusion so it can reach equilibrium 3. As negative charge builds up in neuron, electrostatic pressure pulls K+ ions back inside neuron
Neuron Doctrine
1. The brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally 2. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)
what happens after axons reach appropriate targets and begin to form synapses. (Completing of 'hard wiring' of CNS.)
1. differentiation of an axon's growth cone into axon terminal 2. elaboration of a postsynaptic apparatus in the target cell
what forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential?
1. diffusion 2. electrostatic pump 3. sodium-potassium pump
4 characteristics of fMRI
1. excellent spatial resolution 2. Indirectly measures brain activity 3. Sensitive to motion artifacts (must stay still during procedure) 4. Makes use of properties of magnetism
3 characteristics of EEG/ERP
1. excellent temporal resolution 2. indirectly measures brain activity 3. sensitive to eye blinks and muscle tension
3 main ways to choose method to look at brain
1. level of question 2. who are the participants (animals or humans) 3. what is your question
The brightest light we can see is about _____ times as intense as the dimmest light we can see.
10 billion
Most neuronal cell bodies range from _____ in size.
10 to 100 um
Which is the range of sizes of most neuronal cell bodies?
10 to 100 µm
Most neuronal cell bodies range from _______ in size.
10 to 100 μm
pascinian afferents
10-15% -deep in hypodermis -Receptive Fields: Large and ambiguous; but even lower response threshold than meissner afferents -temporal dynamics: fast-adapting -good at detecting vibrations transmitted through objects being grasped
At any given time, a photoreceptor operates approximately over a _____ fold range of brightness
100
In humans, about ____% of the brain is used during routine, day to day activities.
100
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities.
100
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. 25 10 50 100
100
The human brain contains nearly
100 billion neurons
The overall amplitude of the action potential is about
100 mV
The overall amplitude of the action potential is about___________.
100 mV
What percent of the brain is used in day to day activities?
100%
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities
100.
Most sensory fibers do not fire more than
1200 impulses per second
In a knee jerk reflex, the total time between the stimulus and the initiation of the response is about ____ ms.
40
In the knee jerk reflex, the total time between the stimulus and the initiation of the response is about _______ ms.
40
The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about ____ days after conception.
50
The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about _______ days after conception.
50
The numbers of some receptors found in the brain may vary during the day by
50%
At this time, _______ million people in the U.S. population are suffering from mood-related disorders.
60
when the charge across the membrane of a neuron is between __________, the charge is called the ___________. This is due to an __________.
60 and 70mV; resting potential; efflux of positive ions
41. When a neuron is at resting potential, where are the ions more highly concentrated? a. Na+ and Cl- are concentrated in the extracellular fluid; K+ is concentrated in the intracellular fluid. b. Na+ and Cl- are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; K+ is concentrated in the extracellular fluid. c. Na+ and K+ are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; Cl- is concentrated in the extracellular fluid. d. Cl- and K+ are concentrated in the extracellular fluid; Na+ is concentrated in the intracellular fluid. e. Cl- and K+ are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; Na+ is concentrated in the extracellular fluid.
A
47. Which of the following ions is pushed into a neuron at resting potential by both concentration gradient and electrostatic potential. a. Na+ b. Clc. HCO3- d. anionic proteins e. all cations
A
49. The Nernst potential for Ca2+ is +127mV. If the membrane potential is -70mV, and a membrane Ca2+ channel opens, what direction will the net exchange of Ca2+ flow? a. Ca2+ will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force and the concentration gradient. b. Ca2+ will flow out of the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. c. Ca2+ will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. d. Ca2+ will flow out of the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. e. Ca2+ will not flow in either direction, because the cell is at resting potential.
A
8. A patient has a split brain operation to control a severe seizure disorder. The smell of a rose is presented to the patient's right nostril only (i.e. the left nostril is plugged). Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The patient does not say that he smells a rose. b. The patient can reach for the rose with his/her right hand. c. The olfactory information reaches the left hemisphere of the patient's brain. d. In the surgical procedure, the patient's parietal lobe was cut. e. Olfactory inputs to the brain cross over to enter the contralateral hemisphere.
A
Color is associated with__________, purity is associated with __________; and brightness is associated with __________. a. wavelength; saturation; intensity b. saturation; amplitude; hue c. frequency; intensity, saturation d. intensity; saturation, wavelength e. vision; hearing; touch
A
For a given neuron, the resting potential is -70 mV and the threshold is -55 mV. Stimulus A provides 10mV of depolarizing potential at the axon hillock. Exactly one second later, stimuli B and C each provide 10 mV of simultaneous depolarizing potential at the axon hillock. What can we expect to happen? a. Stimulus A will fail to produce an action potential, but stimuli B and C will summate to produce a single action potential. b. Stimulus A will fail to produce an action potential, but stimuli B and C will summate to produce two action potentials. c. Stimulus A will produce an action potential, and stimuli B and C will produce a second action potential. d. Stimuli A, B, and C will summate to produce three action potentials. e. None of these stimuli will produce an action potential.
A
Gastrulation is __________; and neurulation is __________. a. changes in the blastocyst to form the embryo, changes in the embryo to form the central nervous system b. changes in the zygote to form the embryo; changes in the embryo to form the fetus c. changes in the zygote to form the fetus; changes in the fetus to form the embryo d. changes in the blastocyst to form the embryo; changes in the embryo to form the peripheral nervous system e. changes in the embryo to form the central nervous system; changes in the embryo to form the peripheral nervous system
A
How does the nervous system encode information about the frequency of a stimulus when that frequency exceeds the maximal frequency of firing of the neurons? a. Neurons fire action potentials that are phase-locked to the stimulus, but different neurons may be locked to different waves. b. Neurons fire action potentials that are longer in duration. c. The sensory neurons fire in a code of bursts and pauses. d. Neurons that differ in threshold are recruited to fractionate the range. e. Neurons are inactivated by stimulus frequencies that are too high to process.
A
On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred (Sherrington's work with dogs)? a. behavioral observations of reflexes b. the electron microscope c. electrical recordings of single-neurons in a petri dish d. PET scans e. intuition
A
Segmented regions that form the precursors of the hindbrain are called the __________. a. rhombomeres b. prosomeres c. neural groove e. marginal zone e. diencephalon
A
Suppose a father is homozygous for the gene for brown eyes, and a mother is heterozygous for the gene for blue eyes. The gene for brown eyes is dominant and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. What can we predict about their children? a. None of the children will have blue eyes. b. One quarter of the children will have blue eyes. c. One half of the children will have blue eyes. d. Three quarters of the children will have blue eyes. e. All the children will have blue eyes.
A
The relationship between the dose of drug that will cause damage or death, and the dose that will produce beneficial effects is known as the __________. a. therapeutic index b. dose-response curve c. LD50 d. sensitization index e. addiction liability
A
What condition would you suspect if a child had stunted growth, behavioral lethargy, constipation, and straw-like hair? a. psychosocial dwarfism b. hypogonadism c. a pituitary tumor d. hypothyroidism e. adrenocortical insufficiency
A
What does it mean to say that a receptor is ionotropic? a. It contains an ion channel that opens when a neurotransmitter binds. b. It contains an ion channel that closes when a neurotransmitter binds. c. It alters the permeability of the presynaptic neuron. d. It activates a cascade of cytosolic signals to open an ion channel. e. It activates a cascade of cytosolic signals to close an ion channel.
A
What substance is used by neurons to synthesize dopamine? a. tyrosine b. cocaine c. amphetamine d. glutamate e. GABA
A
When elderly people were studied, which of the following predicted decline in cognitive function? a. mood state cluster (depression, anxiety) b. estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) c. intellectual activity and professional career d. use of benzodiazepines e. being married
A
Which of the following characterizes the fovea? a. It conveys the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones. e. It is part of the lens, and it focuses the light.
A
Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's" Principles of Evolution"? a. Parental traits are blended in the offspring. b. Not all the offspring of a given generation survive to reproduce. c. Some of the variation among individuals is inherited. d. Individuals of a given species are not identical. e. Reproduction will tend to increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it.
A
Which of the following is an example of sensory "transduction". a. closing cation channels in photoreceptors b. bending auditory hair cells c. reduction in sensitivity over time to a constant tactile stimulus d. firing action potentials in a retinal ganglion cell e. comparing receptive field inputs in the somatosensory system
A
Which of the following is used by the somatic nervous system to "sharpen up" the information about a tactile stimulus? a. lateral inhibition b. convergent processing in the thalamus c. divergent processing in the cortex d. large receptive fields e. adaptation of tonic receptors
A
Which of the following lists of presynaptic events is in correct chronological order? a. migration, docking, fusion, exocytosis, reuptake b. migration, fusion, docking, exocytosis, reuptake c. fusion, docking, exocytosis, migration, reuptake d. reuptake, migration, exocytosis, fusion, docking e. reuptake, exocytosis, migration, docking, fusion
A
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The development of ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex is guided solely by binocular visual experience. b. Monocular deprivation of a kitten will disrupt the formation of ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex. c. Monocular deprivation of an adult cat will have little or no effect upon ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex. d. The sensitive period for formation of ocular dominance columns is dependent upon the development of GABAergic innervation. e. Monocular deprivation in early development causes deficits in ocular dominance that persist throughout life.
A
Why is the blind spot blind? a. It is on the border between the area with rods and the area with cones. b. It contains no rods or cones. c. It is in the shadow of the pupil. d. Activity of the receptors is silenced by excessive lateral inhibition. e. It is in an area of overlapping receptive fields.
A
__________ is to the parvocellular pathway, as __________ is to the magnocellular pathway. a. detail and color; stereoscopic depth b. shape; texture c. contrast; detail and color d. black and white; color e. orientation; face recognition
A
MRI
A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan.
Colour-blindness is caused by an X-linked recessive allele. Which of the following is true?
A colour-blind female must have a colour-blind father.
Drug craving is
A compulsion to take a drug
action potential
A propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminal
motor unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates, via axonal branches
Which of the following statements about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false?
A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in biological psychology.
Which of the following statements about schwann cells is false?
A single schwann cell can myelinated multiple axons and locations
Sarin is a nerve gas that acts at the neuromuscular junction, leading to paralysis and death. What neurotransmitter system is sarin probably interfering with?
ACh
What neurotransmitter is released at the NMJ?
ACh
There are sex differences in incidence and symptomology of which disorder(s) in children?
ADHD, Autism, Asperger's syndrome
saltatory conduction
AP jumps from node to node
the process of enzymatic degradation.
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by
GABA receptors
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with
Plasticity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following
All of the above
The basal ganglia include the a. caudate b. putamen, c. globus pallidus d. all of the above
All of the above
The neuron doctrine
All of the above
The neuron doctrine - Proposed that neurons are functionally independent, proposed the existence of synaptic contacts between neurons, and stemmed from the work of the great neuroanatomist Ramon y Cajal.
All of the above
The spinal nerves A. Are part of the peripheral nervous system B. Carry both sensory and motor information C. Divide the spinal cord into 31 segments D. Are involved in both the somatic and autonomic nervous system E. All of the above
All of the above
The telencephalon contains which of the following? A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Cerebral cortex C. Limbic system D. Basal Ganglia E. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a type of opiate receptor?
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of synesthesia?
All of the above
Complex partial seizures typically do not
All of the above: involve the entire brain, produce total loss of consciousness, produce total loss of equilibrium
Immune or inflammatory responses may be related to brain damage associated with
Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple sclerosis, Meningitis
Which of the following is a drug that, when used repetitively, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid schizophrenia?
Amphetamine
What is monoamine oxidase?
An enzyme involved in metabolism of catecholamines and indolamines
What is true about amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember events after the trauma.
Which of the following glial cells have sucker-like extensions that contact blood vessels?
Astrocytes
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic & Somatic
Cocaine alters neurotransmission by __________; and valium alters neurotransmission by __________? a. blocking postsynaptic serotonin receptors; blocking postsynaptic opioid receptors b. blocking presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic GABA receptors c. blocking presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic opioid receptors d. reversing presynaptic dopamine transporters; activating postsynaptic opioid receptors e. reversing presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic GABA receptors
B
Lateral geniculate cells have what kind of receptive fields a. square b. concentric circles with inhibitory and excitatory zones c. bar of a particular length with an inhibitory end zone d. moving bars in a specific orientation e. bar in a particular orientation with parallel inhibitory and excitatory zones
B
The fact that humans and chimpanzees __________ provides the strongest support for the conclusion that primates evolved from a common ancestor. a. have opposable thumbs b. share about 98.5% of their DNA c. share color vision capabilities d. share similar patterns of body hair e. have advanced communication abilities
B
What is the most important reason why humans have a greater intelligence than all other species? a. large brains b. neoteny c. compulsory education d. ratio of brain to body mass e. freedom to use hands (bipedalism)
B
What would an investigator find concerning the properties of successive cells in a single column of the visual cortex, outside of a CO blob? a. They vary, but it is not understood in what way. b. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation. c. They have the same degree of strabismus. d. They will exhibit alternating ocular dominance. e. They respond to the same color.
B
Which of the following describes the impact of learning on cells of the dentate gyrus? a. Synthesis of new neurons was increased in rats that experienced learning. b. Survival of newly synthesized cells was increased in rats that experienced learning. c. The stress of the learning experiments destroyed hippocampal cells. d. The learning experiment did not affect cells of the hippocampus. e. The rats that experienced the learning trials died.
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to Berthold's experiment with neonatallycastrated roosters? a. If the testes were re-implanted shortly after castration, the bird exhibited normal rooster development. b. The re-implanted testes were extensively innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. c. The re-implanted testes were extensively vascularized. d. Castrates (without re-implantation) do not attempt to mate with chickens. e. Castrates (without re-implantation) do not develop normal rooster physiology.
B
__________ is a soluble gas; and __________ is an endocannabinoid. a. melatonin; glycine b. nitric oxide; anandamide c. nitric oxide; dopamine d. acetylcholine; 2-arachidonlyglycerol e. acetylcholine; GABA
B
how does BMP become neuron
BMP has to be inhibited
what is the DV in fMRI studies?
BOLD signal
19. Anterograde transport conveys molecules from the __________; whereas retrograde transport conveys molecules from the __________. a. Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus c. soma toward the axon terminal; axon terminal back up the axon d. nucleus to the dendrite; dendrite to the nucleus e. endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus; nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum
C
24. The surface of the brain that is closest to the roof of the mouth is the __________ surface of the brain. a. caudal b. dorsal c. ventral d. anterior e. posterior
C
26. Where is most of the cerebrospinal fluid manufactured? a. the cerebral aqueduct b. the arachnoid villi c. the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles d. the choroid plexus of the third ventricle e. the pia mater
C
28. Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that convey sensory input and neurons that convey motor output? a. internal b. reticular c. somatic d. parasomatic e. autonomic
C
34. The neurotransmitter that is released at target organs of the sympathetic system is __________, and the NT that is released at target organs of the parasympathetic system is __________. a. serotonin; dopamine b. serotonin; norepinephrine c. norepinephrine; acetylcholine d. acetylcholine; dopamine e. acetylcholine; serotonin
C
35. The mesh-like nervous system that is embedded in the walls of the digestive organs is known as the __________. a. cranio-cervical nervous system b. biliary nervous system c. enteric nervous system d. somatic nervous system e. central nervous system
C
37. Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves? a. activation of the sympathetic nervous system b. piloerection c. eye movements, taste, and swallowing d. skeletal muscles of the trunk e. skeletal muscles of the extremities
C
4. The search for the neural circuits that underlie drug addiction is __________; and an animal model in which lever-pressing provides a drug injection is ___________. a. generalization; reductionism b. simplification; reductionism c. reductionism; simplification d. reductionism; generalization e. simplification; generalization
C
44. Which of the following accurately describes afterhyperpolarization (AHP)? a. Sodium is entering the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. b. Excess chloride causes the cell to be hyperpolarized. c. Extracellular potassium is being removed by astrocytes. d. The membrane potential is decreased from -70mV to -60 mV. e. The sodium potassium pump is restoring the membrane potential to its resting state.
C
46. What happens each time the Na+/K+ pump is activated? a. 2 Na+ ions are transported into the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported out of the cell b. 2 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported into the cell c. 3 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 2 K+ ions are transported into the cell d. 3 Na+ ions are transported into the cell, and 2 K+ ions are transported out of the cell e. 3 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported into the cell
C
5. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Descartes sought an interface between the soul and the brain, concluding that the pineal gland is responsible for this interface. b. Evidence that the brain is responsible for behavior includes observations of the behavioral consequences of chemicals and injuries to the brain. c. Monism is the philosophical position that an immaterial mind is responsible for behavior. d. Dualism is the philosophical position that an immaterial mind interacts with a material brain to regulate behavior. e. Mentalism is an unacceptable philosophical position that fails to consider the law of conservation of energy.
C
50. The Nernst potential for Cl- is -88mV. If the membrane potential is -70mV, and a membrane Cl- channel opens, what direction will the net exchange of Cl- flow? a. Cl- will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. b. Cl- will flow out of the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. c. Cl- will flow into the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. d. Cl- will flow out of the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. e. Cl- will not flow in either direction, because the cell is at resting potential.
C
According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, how do we perceive color? a. by the ratio of firing between three types of cones b. by the ratio of activity between horizontal cells and amacrine cells. c. in terms of [medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength], and [medium wavelength + long wavelength] vs. [short wavelength] d. in terms of [medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength], and [short wavelength + long wavelength] vs. [medium wavelength] e. in terms of [short wavelength] vs. [medium wavelength], and [short wavelength + medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength]
C
After repeated exposure to amphetamine, a rat exhibits a greater-than-normal locomotor response to an injection of morphine. This is known as __________. a. sensitization b. tolerance c. cross-sensitization d. cross-tolerance e. addiction
C
After stimulating the vagus nerve attached to one frog's heart, an extract of fluid from that heart made a second frog's heart beat slower. Which neurotransmitter did Otto Loewi discover in this experiment (he called it by a different name at that time)? a. nitric oxide b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. epinephrine e. norepinephrine
C
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain? a. thalamus and cerebellum b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex c. thalamus and superior colliculus d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe e. occipital lobe and temporal lobe
C
Chemical substances released by neurons can be classified broadly as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. According to this idea, __________ is a neurotransmitter; and __________ is a neuromodulator. a. nitric oxide; GABA. b. glutamate; GABA. c. glutamate; dopamine. d. neuropeptide Y; glutamate. e. dopamine; neuropeptide Y.
C
If a retinal bipolar cell in the visual system increases its rate of firing when responding to the color red, it will decrease its rate of firing when acted upon by what color? a. blue b. red c. green d. white e. yellow
C
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Species with more complex brains exhibit pronounced enlargement of rostral structures. b. Evolutionary advances in brain structures involved in language appear to be related to evolutionary advances in the structure of the larynx and pharynx. c. Individual variations in brain mass among humans contribute to individual differences in intellectual abilities. d. Encephalization has led to the loss of lower (subcortical) autonomy in the nervous system of primates. e. Across species, specific brain structures may occupy a greater or smaller proportion of the overall brain mass, in relation to the survival importance of that structure for the specific species.
C
Which of the following treatments would NOT be expected to reduce the experience of pain? a. morphine b. marijuana c. naloxone d. acute stress e. placebo
C
Which statement best describes the "radiator hypothesis"? a. The brain functions to cool the blood. b. Evolution of the brain and the body are interactive processes. c. The skulls of hominids are more porous than the skulls of Australopithecus. d. Hominid species migrated out of Africa and radiated out to populate the world. e. Humans and chimpanzees share about we98.5% of their DNA.
C
With reference to the sensory systems in general, what does "reception" mean? a. the changing of one sensory modality to another (e.g. converting written words into sounds) b a correspondence between the physical stimulus and the neural response c. the absorption of physical energy d. the conversion of physical energy into an electrochemical pattern in the neurons e. release of neurotransmitter
C
Which of the following statements is correct regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord against injury, The brain floats within the CSF, CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
Which of the following is used to study brain structure and diagnosed structural damage?
CT
Which technique does not provide information about the activity of brain regions?
CT
Which technique does not provide information about the activity of the brain regions?
CT
Epigenetics
Can be described as the study of how heritable changes are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, Involve long-lasting, even intergenerational effects, Can be described as the study of how non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to express themselves differently
______________ is a normal part of development, which is evident via ___________________. 1. Cell death; synesthesia 2. Cell death; synaptic pruning 3. Hyperconnectivity; plasticity 4. Hyperconnectivity; synaptic pruning
Cell death is a normal part of development, which is evident via synaptic pruning
Nervous System
Central & Peripheral
In mitosis, two sister chromatids are attached at the
Centromere
what do the changes caused by the action potential help do?
Changes caused by the action potential help initiate the release of neurotransmitters
Which of the following supports the "dopamine hypothesis" of schizophrenia?
Chlorpromazine is an effective antipsychotic drug and blocks dopamine receptors, Reserpine depletes brain dopamine and has antipsychotic properties, Chronic administration of amphetamine can induce psychotic symptoms
The study of field potentials of neurons in the hippocampus corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
Circuit level
what ions are located outside the neuron when it is as resting membrane potential?
Cl-, Na+, and Ca 2+
Which of the following indicates the proper order of neural transmission in a neuron?
Dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button.
what is the function of the corpus callosum?
Connects the left & right hemispheres.
______ can be defined as a state of awareness of one's own existence and experience.
Consciousness
10. Wilder Penfield discovered that the brain has no receptors for pain, allowing improved neurosurgical interventions. What did his work tell us about the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness? a. Personality characteristics can be estimated by measuring bumps on the surface of the brain. b. You can cut into a brain without any impact on the patient. c. Drugs and alcohol alter the experience of consciousness. d. The storage and recall of memories may be encoded in specific circuits in the brain. e. The language center is in the left frontal lobe.
D
11. Which statement about animal research is FALSE? a. Humankind has been using animals throughout its history. b. Strict laws require humane treatment of laboratory animals. c. Most animals in experience do not experience substantial pain or distress. d. Behavior can be studied in cell cultures or computer simulations. e. More animals are killed by humane societies (due to abandonment by pet owners) than are used in research each year.
D
13. ________ build myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system; and ________ build myelin around axons in the central nervous system. a. Astrocytes; radial glia b. Radial glia; astrocytes c. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells d. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes e. Microglia; radial glia
D
18. Which of the following structures is responsible for transport of vesicles along an axon? a. ribosomes b. Golgi apparatus c. mitochondria d. microtubules e. endoplasmic reticulum
D
20. Which of the following cells is responsible for immune function in the central nervous system? a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells c. astrocytes d. microglia e. ependymal cells
D
31. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The limbic system is important for regulation of emotion. b. The basal ganglia are important for regulation of motor behavior. c. Motor neurons exit the spinal cord through the ventral horns. d. The hypothalamus is important for learning and memory and spatial orientation. e. The thalamus is important in control of conscious arousal.
D
45. Which of the following neurons would conduct action potentials at the highest speed? a. a thin unmyelinated neuron b. a thick unmyelinated neuron c. a thin myelinated neuron d. a thick myelinated neuron e. All neurons conduct action potentials at the same speed.
D
6. Which of the following responses would you expect from an individual with blindsight? a. reaching for an object with the hand that is not dominant b. turning toward an object that has been located using the "good eye" c. behaving as if he/she cannot identify the context in which an article is seen d. reaching accurately for an item located in the blind part of the visual field e. verbally describing an object, although the individual claims that he/she cannot see it
D
After norepinephrine stimulates the postsynaptic receptor, what happens to most of the transmitter molecules? a) They remain on the receptor until the receptor is replaced. b) They are metabolized by monoamine oxidase. c) They are used by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d) They are reuptaken by the presynaptic cell. e) They enter the postsynaptic cell through ion channels.
D
How does the nervous system encode information about the intensity of a stimulus when the range of detectable intensities exceeds the maximal frequency of firing of the neurons? a. Neurons fire action potentials that are phase-locked to the stimulus, but different neurons may be locked to different waves. b. Neurons fire action potentials that are longer in duration. c. The sensory neurons fire in a code of bursts and pauses. d. Neurons that differ in threshold are recruited to fractionate the range. e. Neurons are inactivated by stimulus intensities that are too high to process.
D
If a drug has HIGH affinity and LOW efficacy for a postsynaptic receptor, what effect will it have on a neuron? a. It will produce IPSPs. b. It will produce EPSPs. c. It will function as an agonist. d. It will function as an antagonist. e. It will decrease neurotransmitter release.
D
If you wanted to increase the entry of a drug into the brain, what is the best chemical change you could make in the drug? a. Make the charges in the drug more polarized. b. Make the drug molecule larger. c. Make the drug more hydrophilic. d. Make the drug more lipophilic. e. Make the drug resistant to metabolism.
D
Light from the upper half of the visual field strikes what part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. the lower half e. the upper half
D
Paracrine actions are chemical signals that __________; whereas intracrine actions are chemical signals that __________. a. signal directly back to the source cell; alter chemical reactions within the source cell b. signal externally to other organisms; signal directly back to the source cell c. signal to adjacent cells; signal to the immune system d. signal to adjacent cells; alter chemical reactions within the source cell e. signal to distant cells; signal to adjacent cells
D
The central nervous system arises from the __________; and the parasympathetic nervous system arises from the __________. a. neural crest; neural groove b. notochord; neural crest c. neural tube; endoderm d. neural tube; neural crest e. endoderm; mesoderm
D
What does one find when comparing the brains of mammals, such as rats and humans, to fish and reptiles? a. Fish and reptile brains have many structures that mammalian brains do not. b. Mammals have forebrain structures that are not found in fish and reptiles. c. There are three major brain regions for mammals, compared to only two for fish and reptiles. d. The forebrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals than it does in fish and reptiles. e. The hindbrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals than it does in fish and reptiles.
D
What is programmed cell death? a. the growth of an axon in response to NGF b. the death of an axon in response to NGF c. rupture of a cell membrane, triggering immunologic removal of the cell d. breakdown of a cell into membrane bound bodies e. dendritic branching in the sympathetic nervous system
D
What is the major function of the hormone cortisol? a. learning and memory b. resetting the biological clock c. regulating reproductive cycles d. regulating carbohydrate metabolism e. activating the pituitary gland
D
Which of the following describes the gene for the glucocorticoid receptor in offspring of high arched back nursing, licking and grooming (ABN/LG) mothers? a. increased DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation. b. decreased DNA methylation and decreased histone acetylation. c. increased DNA methylation and decreased histone acetylation. d. decreased DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation. e. deletion of the gene.
D
Which of the following hormone classes exerts extremely short-lasting local actions? a. thyroid b. peptide c. amino acid d. prostaglandins e. glycoproteins
D
Which of the following statements best describes a difference between neurotransmitters/neuromodulators and hormones? a. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators are released into synapses. Hormones are not released into synapses. b. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators regulate neural function. Hormones do not regulate neurons. c. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators do not impact immune function. Hormones are closely associated with regulation of the immune system. d. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators activate/inhibit single cells or small populations of cells. Hormones organize and activate/inhibit organ systems and brain regions. e. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators are released by cells that derive from embryonic ectoderm. Hormones are released by cells that derive from embryonic mesoderm.
D
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. β-amyloid plaques and hyper-phosphorylated tau tangles contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. b. Hyper-phosphorylated tau filaments interfere with transport of substances along axons in Alzheimer's disease. c. The hippocampal formation with overlying cortex is the most severely impacted part of the brain in the early progression of Alzheimer's disease. d. Plaques and tangles are only found in people who are severely cognitively impaired with Alzheimer's disease. e. Drugs that increase cholinergic function are helpful in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
D
task (a reversal) was presented. What did the researchers find? a. Species with more complex brains learned the first task better than species with simpler brains did. b. The first task always facilitated learning the second task, but to different degrees. c. Species with greater brain complexity, tended to stick with the first discrimination since they had learned it so well, so learning the second discrimination was impaired. d. Ease of learning the second task was correlated with estimates of brain complexity. e. Species with opposable thumbs learned both tasks better than species lacking opposable thumbs did
D
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is false? A. It supports fine motor control and balance B. It is important for motor learning necessary to play an instrument or sport C. Damage to the cerebellum can impair a person's coordination and gait D. It is part of the mylencephalon E. It contains purkinje cells
D. It is part of the mylencephalon
The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine ____ receptors.
D2
The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors.
D2
the antipsychotic haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine ________ receptors
D2
The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotics/antischizophrenic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to
D2 receptors
The direction of transfer of genetic information in most living things is:
DNA →mRNA →protein
attention
Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair
Which of the following is necessary for the process of apoptosis?
Death genes being expressed
Sensory transduction via mechanoreceptors
Deformation --> channel opens --> Na+ into cell
Which of the following represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?
Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon
an extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons. input zone of a nerve cell
Dendrites are
Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Which of the following is a typical sympathetic nervous system response?
Dilated pupils
what does the neuron resting state depend on?
Distribution of different ions (what is the concentration of ions in and out of the neuron?) Membrane selectivity (how easily can ions cross the membrane?)
alcohol
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on
What neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?
Dopamine
17. If you were examining a projection of a neuron, what feature of the projection would most reliably distinguish whether it is a dendrite or axon? a. if the projection is smooth or spiny b. if the projection is short or long c. if the diameter of the projection is thick or thin d. if the projection is branched or unbranched e. if the diameter of the projection is constant or tapered
E
29. Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes? a. thymus gland b. pineal gland c. salivary gland d. pancreas e. pituitary gland
E
38. What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems? a. The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs. b. The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects. c. The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in reflexive behavior. d. The sympathetic system is inhibitory and the parasympathetic system is excitatory. e. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems often have opposite effects on the same organ.
E
42. Which of the following is an advantage of having a negative resting potential? a. It allows larger action potentials to develop. b. The toxic effects of sodium are minimized inside the cell. c. No energy is required to maintain the resting potential. d. All the ions are maintained in equal concentrations throughout the cytoplasm. e. The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus.
E
In vertebrate retinas, what is the correct sequence through which INCOMING LIGHT PASSES? (Note, do not confuse this with the order of processing of information by neurons.) a. receptor cells, then ganglion cells, then bipolar cells b. ganglion cells, then receptor cells, then bipolar cells c. bipolar cells, then receptor cells, then ganglion cells d. receptor cells, then bipolar cells, then ganglion cells e. ganglion cells, then bipolar cells, then receptor cells
E
Increasing copies of the __________ gene allele is associated with risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease a. presenelin b. tau c. ApoE2 d. ApoE3 e. ApoE4
E
The flipper of a dolphin and the fin of a fish provide an example of __________; whereas the arm of a human and the wing of a bat provide an example of __________. a. homoplasy; analogy b. homology; analogy c. analogy; homology d. homology; homoplasy e. homoplasy; homology
E
What is the name of the pathway that provides information so that daily rhythms can be regulated? a. oculomotor pathway b. striate pathway c. primary visual pathway d. retino-tectal pathway e. retino-suprachiasmatic-hypothalamic pathway
E
What is the shape of the receptive field of a simple cell in the primary visual cortex? a. square b. concentric circles with inhibitory and excitatory zones c. bar of a particular length with an inhibitory end zone d. moving bars in a specific orientation e. bar in a particular orientation with parallel inhibitory and excitatory zones
E
Which area of the human brain is the last to mature? a. the cerebellum. b. the basal ganglia. c. the brainstem. d. the hypothalamus. e. the prefrontal cortex.
E
Which of the following drugs produces "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder"? a. ecstasy (MDMA) b. ketamine (Special K) c. phencyclidine (PCP) d. rohypnol (roofies) e. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
E
Which of the following events will most likely initiate apoptosis? a. low levels of intracellular calcium b. inhibition of Diablo c. exposure to neurotrophins d. physical injury of the cell e. activation of caspase proteins
E
Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary? a. testosterone b. progesterone c. thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone d. cholesterol e. adrenocorticoptropic hormone
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Age-associated memory impairment is difficult to assess because individual subjects have highly different cognitive backgrounds. b. Some people experience rapid cognitive decline in aging, and others experience a slow decline. c. Many small damages may have a debilitating impact on brain function. d. Age-associated memory impairment often includes impairment in recall of word lists. e. Vocabulary, working memory, and executive function decline in age-associated memory impairment, but long-term memory remains intact.
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Axonal growth cones contain fine extensions called filopodia. b. Axonal growth cones can be guided by both chemoattractants and chemorepellants. c. Fasciculation is a process whereby axonal growth cones interact with surface proteins of other cells to guide the direction of their growth. d. The Chemoaffinity Hypothesis is supported by evidence that dissociated cells grown in culture will innervate their targets. e. The Chemoaffinity Hypothesis proposes that axonal growth cones are guided to their targets by gradients of pheromones.
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Differences between human and chimpanzee brains can be attributed in part to large impacts of some very small genetic differences. b. Differences between human and chimpanzee brains can be attributed in part to differences in the amount of expression of specific genes. c. The human brain expresses more genes than any other organ in the human body. d. Differences between human and chimpanzee DNA include insertions, deletions, rearrangements, and one chromosome fusion. e. The difference in genotype between different dogs is greater than the difference between a human and a chimpanzee
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Down syndrome is usually caused by an extra chromosome 21. b. Phenylketonuria is caused by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. c. Children affected with severe fetal alcohol syndrome can have abnormal brains structures and lack a corpus callosum. d. Children of malnourished pregnant mothers have greater vulnerability for intellectual handicaps and schizophrenia. e. Fragile X syndrome is caused by breakage of an unstable region on the long arm of the X chromosome.
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Hydrophobic hormones are carried through the circulation by attaching to proteins. b. Steroid hormones are synthesized in glands. c. Protein hormones can bind to other proteins in the circulation. d. Steroid hormones can cross the blood-brain barrier. e. All hormones are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis
E
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the incentive-sensitization theory of drug abuse? a. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms precipitate relapse for drug-taking behaviour. b. Drug abusers lack the moral character or self-control to function in society without drugs. c. Genetic factors predispose certain individuals to take drugs. d. A person who abuses drugs is sick, and requires medical treatment. e. Repeated drug exposure increases craving for the drug, but decreases its hedonic value.
E
to determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an
EEG
ESSAY. As a follow-up experiment, you want to understand how quickly our brains can detect a mistake in a musical passage. You plan to compare how the brain responds to musical passages with and without mistakes. What method will you use to investigate this question and why?
EEG/ERP because it looks at brain regions that are involved in a process. In addition, it has better temporal resolution than fMRI
which will increase the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential, IPSP or EPSP?
EPSP
what is the dependent variable in ERP/EEG
ERPs are measured; amplitude of response; timing of response
conserved
Electrical messages used by nerve cells are essentially the same in a jellyfish or a cockroach. This observation suggests that this mechanism is a(n) _______ characteristic.
In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is
GABA
In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is ____________.
GABA
The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?
GABA
Which neurotransmitter is involved in general inhibition in the brain?
GABA
in the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is
GABA
One of the most prominent mechanisms through which alcohol alters the functioning of the brain is its interaction with
GABA receptors
One of the prominent mechanisms through which alcohol alters the functioning of the brain is its interaction with ___
GABAa receptors
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats
Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.
What neurotransmitter is critical for long-term potentiation?
Glutamate
Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?
Golgi
The ridges or "hills" that increase surface area on the cerebral cortex are also know as
Gyri
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Methylphenidate (aka Ritalin)
Has paradoxical calming effects in those with ADHD
Who first measured the speed of conduction in the nervous system? Luigi Galvani Wilhelm Wundt Rene Descartes Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz
Which of the following is the best example of the *circular relationship* between biology and behavior?
High levels of testosterone are associated with aggressive behavior, and aggressive behavior is associated with the release of testosterone.
dose-response curve
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the
Which histological technique is used for tract tracing?
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
Which of the following questions derives from the systematic description of behavior?
How do specialized patterns of behavior contribute to mating and care of offspring.
Which of the following questions derives from the systematic description of behavior?
How do specialized patterns of behavior contribute to mating and care of offspring?
Which of the following neurological diseases is/are least prevalent in the United States?
Huntington's and Parkinson's disease
less likely to fire an action potential
Hyperpolarizations make a neuron
Which route of administration is associated with the most rapid onset of drug action?
Intravenous
voltage-gated ion channels
Ion channels that open when a specific membrane potential is reached
In 1957, this monoamine oxidase inhibitor became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:
Iproniazid
Retrograde labeling
Is a method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region
The loss of function found in HM tells us what about the medial temporal lobe?
It is important for consolidation of memory
refractory period
It is unlikely or impossible for another AP to be initiated
The "search for the engram" of memory is especially associated with René Descartes. Roger Sperry. Thomas Mann. Karl Lashley.
Karl Lashley
What does the brain do to reduce the effects of drugs?
Maintenance of homeostasis- drug alters normal functioning, so neurons can react to this
Which of the following procedures would be part of a correlation study?
Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia
What does it mean to say, "What is true of E. Coli is true of the elephant?
Mechanisms of inheritance are to a large degree relevant across biological organisms.
Midline brain structures:
Michelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble
what technique should you use to measure brain chemistry in animal models?
Microdialysis
What dissection plane would cut through the corpus callosum and divide the brain into left and right hemispheres?
Midsaggital
You want to be able to view the neural structures that lie on the midline of the brain. In which view of the brain would you be able to see the corpus callosum, the pituitary, and the cerebellum?
Midsagittal plane
Following birth, most cells born in the dentate gyrus of adults
Migrate to other regions of the hippocampus
The study of membrane permeability of GABA receptors corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis
Molecular level
The study of membrane permeability of GABA receptors corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
Molecular level
Which of the following asserts that the "mind" is the product of activity in the brain and nervous system, rather than a separate and nonphysical entity?
Monism
Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
Motor and sensory
what is dopamine involved in?
Motor function, reward, high cognition
what causes a change in polarization?
Movement of specific ions into or out of the neuron
Which disease is associated with selective degradation of myelin?
Multiple sclerosis
What is the most common shape for neurons in the brain?
Multipolar
Which of the following receptors is likely to respond to change in muscle length?
Muscle spindle
Some neurons lack which of the following components?
Myelin
The speed of the action potential is determined by
Myelin sheaths, saltatory conduction, length of axon
Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?
Negative symptoms, such as deficits in movement, are not specific to schizophrenia and can occur in other neurological disorders
Which of the following statements is false?
Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light.
The study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
Neural Systems level
The study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
Neural systems level
Which field of study best describes a researcher studying the neural mechanisms associated with displays of compassion in tasks involving *decision-making*?
Neuroeconomics
In an experiment with hamsters, one day the light timer is changed so that the lights now switch on and then off 6 hours earlier than before. The animals will show which of the following responses?
Phase shift
Which of the following classes of drugs is not used to treat depression?
Phenothiazines
The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one's Meme Genotype Phenotype Genome
Phenotype
The fact that monozygotic twins do not have identical phenotypes despite the fact that they may look alike is an indication that
Phenotypes are a result of both the genotype and environmental influences.
Researchers hypothesized that the drug Ecstasy interferes with the brain's activity to adequately bind serotonin to its receptor sites. To test their hypothesis, they gave Ecstasy to one group of pigs. They compared PET scans in areas known to be rich in serotonin for the Ecstasy-exposed pigs and non-Ecstasy-exposed pigs. Which group of pigs were in the experimental group?
Pigs Given Ecstasy
Which of the following statements about rod receptors is false
Rods outnumber cones by 4 to 1
which skin receptor cell respond to internally generated stimuli?
Ruffini
coding
Rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus Frequency of action potentials Rhythm of action potentials Number of neurons firing action potentials Identity of neurons firing
Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit markedly the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?
SSRIs
muscle spindles
Send action potentials to the CNS in response to lengthening of muscle and velocity of muscle stretch contains primary sensory endings and secondary sensory endings
What condition lacks functional cochlear hair cells
Sensorineural deafness
what does the blood-brain barrier do?
Separates CNS from circulatory system
We discussed the role of androgens for aggressive responding. Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?
Serotonin
Which if the following is not a catecholamine receptor?
Serotonin
Hebb
Showed that cognitive processing could be accomplished by networks or activation patterns into functional circuits
consciousness
Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining
How is neuronal activity measured in rodent subjects in an experiment?
Staining of an immediate early gene, c-fos
motor;sensory
Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively.
homunculus
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the
How are messages sent from subcortical regions
Subcortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the extrapyramidal system
Which of the following was not an outcome of the Schacter and Singer experiment?
Subjects exposed to an angry confederate were more likely to report feeling elated.
Which of the following is involved in pain pathways in the spinal cord
Substance P
Sister Bernadette can be considered an example of:
Successful cognitive aging, despite Alzheimer's like deposition of plaques and tangles
The study of neurotransmitter release corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?
Synaptic level
Where are neurotransmitters packaged
Synaptic vesicles
The main active ingredient found in marijuana is
THC
what non-invasive technique activates discrete areas of the cortex through a a process of electromagnetic induction
TMS
Level of question: what brain regions are necessary for process?
TMS (or brain lesion)
The painful sensations induced by capsaicin are mediated by
TRPV1
corpus callosum
The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres.
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which of the following occur?
The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.
Reductionism
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as
midbrain, pons, and medulla
The brainstem consists of the
Which of the following is the best definition of *biological psychology* ?
The branch of psychology in which the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes are studied.
varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.
The conduction velocity of an action potential
Which of the following is true of the facial expression of emotion?
The facial expression of emotion involves the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere., Facial expressions of emotion are the same in blind children as in sighted children., These appear to involve unlearned behavior patterns, as suggested by Darwin.
saltatory conduction.
The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called
nodes Ranvier
The gaps between segments of myelin are known as
opening;sodium
The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels.
PET
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using
sagittal
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane.
William James
The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.
temporal theory
The rate of neuronal firing is directly related to the frequency
they release different neurotransmitters.
The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because
Which of the following statements about photopic and scotopic vision is false
The receptive field of cone receptors is small outside the fovea
correlational
The relationship between brain size and learning scores is
gyri
The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called
transporters
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called
choroid Plexus
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the
How does the brain signal muscles to move?
The spinal cord and brain control our muscles through motor neurons
epigenetics
The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called
epignetics
The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called
blocks acetycholine receptors
The substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads,
interneurons
The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as
cerebrospinal fluid
The ventricular system contains
Which of the following statements describes the spatial-frequency model?
The visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark (or color) patches in any stimulus.
Which of the following statements about the prevalence of neurological disease in the US today is false?
There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimers than with stroke
In mammals, what is the effect of lesions of visual cortex on the rhythms of the SCN?
They are not altered
what happens after neurotransmitters fuse with the cell membrane?
They release their contents into the synapse.
Which of the following statements about retrograde synapses is false?
They typically involve dendro-dendritic activity
ESSAY. Your friend saw a news report about the dangers of eating puffer fish that hasn't been properly cleaned. The report said that the toxin selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Explain to her why this toxin is problematic for neuronal functioning.
This toxin prevents action potential from occurring by blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron. This prevents the nervous system from carrying messages and can lead to paralysis and death
The process of synthesizing mRNA along a DNA template is called
Transcription
_______ was a pioneer in mapping the brain through electric stimulation.
Wilder Penfield
The beginnings of modern biopsychology are attributed to the work of _______, who proposed that cognitive processes are properties of the nervous system.
William James
The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.
William James
The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology. Hermann Ebbinghaus Henry James Donald Hebb William James
William James
The publication of Principles of Psychology by __________ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.
William James
testosterone; increase
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______
testosterone;increase
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.
Which energy source is used to make CT scan images?
X-rays
Is calcium involved in muscle contraction?
Yes
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
a depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory connections. It increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential ex. opening of Na+ channels (Na+ wants to go inside neuron)
caspases
a family of protein that regulate cell death
reflex
a simple, highly stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus
second messenger
a slow-acting substance in a target cell or postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates chemical activity within that cell
inducer
a substance that causes differentiation
competitive ligand
a substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule -binds to identical site as neurotransmitter
Cholinergic receptors use _______ as their synaptic transmitter. a) ACh b) dopamine c) AChE d) nicotine
a) ACh
Drug A has higher efficacy at a binding site than Drug B. Which of the following is true? a) Drug A will have a stronger effect than Drug B b) Drug A will have a weaker effect than Drug B c) Drug A will bind to receptors more strongly than Drug B d) Drug A will bind to receptors less strongly than Drug B
a) Drug A will have a stronger effect than Drug B
Which process is not involved in chemical synaptic transmission? a) Electrical conduction across the synaptic cleft b) Binding to autoreceptors c) Influx of calcium at the presynaptic membrane d) Reuptake
a) Electrical conduction across the synaptic cleft
The brainstem contains which of the following structures? A) Medulla b) Inferior colliculus c) Corpus callosum d) Central sulcu
a) Medulla
This technique involves using radioactive tracers to measure the physiological activity of the brain a) PET. b) CT. c) DTI. d) electron microscopy
a) PET.
Which skin receptors are especially sensitive to stretching of the skin? a) Ruffini's endings b) Pacinian corpuscles c) Merkel's discs d) Meissner's corpuscles
a) Ruffini's endings
The term "adequate stimulus" refers to a) the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted. b) the lowest level of a stimulus that elicits a response. c) a highly reliable stimulus. d) None of the above
a) the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted.
Which of the questions reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology? a) To what extent can different species see color? b) What environmental experiences in early life are required for vision to develop normally? c) What kind of treatments can correct faulty vision? d) How are the visual areas of the brain organized?
a) To what extent can different species see color?
The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the a) action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins. b) activation of the nerve impulse. c) degradation of transmitter molecules by enzymes. d) binding of G proteins to transmitter receptors.
a) action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins
If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor for a longer time period than drug B does, then drug A is said to have greater ___________. a) affinity b) selectivity c) potency d) efficacy
a) affinity
If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B, then drug A is said to have greater a) affinity. b) selectivity. c) potency. d) specificity.
a) affinity
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to a) brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain. b) brain damage caused by external toxic agents such as drugs. c) brain damage due to head trauma. d) any process that causes a sudden intellectual deterioration.
a) brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.
A patient complains of hearing loss. The patient has trouble hearing his family and friends, but can hear his own voice well enough. Based on these symptoms, you would suspect the patient is suffering from a) conduction deafness. b) sensorineural deafness. c) selective listening deafness. d) central deafness.
a) conduction deafness.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their a) direction of membrane polarization. b) degree of effect. c) ease of elicitation. d) overall speed.
a) direction of membrane polarization.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their a) direction of membrane polarization. b) degree of capacitance. c) ease of elicitation. d) overall amplitude.
a) direction of membrane polarization.
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for a) exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment. b) initiating the action potential. c) maintaining the equilibrium potential. d) exchanging three potassium ions for every two sodium ions from the intracellular environment.
a) exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment.
By definition, a manufactured drug that interacts with a particular type of receptor in the brain is a(n) _______ ligand. a) exogenous b) endogenous c) excitatory d) competitive
a) exogenous
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because they have a) few voltage-gated ion channels. b) sodium channels. c) no myelin. d) mitochondria
a) few voltage-gated ion channels.
The canals of the cochlea are filled with a) fluid. b) air. c) otoliths. d) ampullae.
a) fluid
The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes. a) frontal; parietal b) parietal; occipital c) frontal; temporal d) temporal; occipital
a) frontal; parietal
The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called a) gyri. b) sulci. c) nuclei. d) ganglia.
a) gyri
Frequency of sound is measured in a) hertz. b) Fourier units. c) dynes. d) decibels.
a) hertz.
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the a) homunculus. b) petite fille. c) grand homme. d) mini-self.
a) homunculus
A tap on the patellar tendon activates a) the knee jerk reflex. b) an oscillator circuit. c) the flexion reflex. d) the yawning reflex.
a) knee jerk reflex
Hyperpolarizations make a neuron a) less likely to fire an action potential. b) more likely to fire an action potential. c) more likely to trigger a postsynaptic potential. d) less likely to trigger a postsynaptic potential.
a) less likely to fire an action potential
Genes are less likely to be expressed if they have undergone a chemical modification called _______________. a) methylation b) acetylation c) dimeration d) tardistation
a) methylation
The level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the _______ level. a) neural systems b) synaptic c) circuit d) molecular
a) neural systems
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using a) positron emission tomography (PET). b) computerized axial tomography (CT). c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d) electron microscopy.
a) positron emission tomography (PET).
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane. a) sagittal b) frontal c) coronal d) horizontal
a) sagittal
People who take a drug for a period of time may come to experience an increased effect of the drug even with no increase in the dosage. This is an example of ___________. a) sensitization b) tolerance c) withdrawal d) cross-tolerance
a) sensitization
Grafting an extra leg onto a developing tadpole or chick results in an increased _______ for motor neurons. a) survival b) differentiation c) migration d) apoptosis
a) survival
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is a) the destroyed brain regions. b) the observed changes in sleep. c) possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown. d) the type of animal being used in the experiment.
a) the destroyed brain regions.
Sodium-Potassium Pump (ion transporter)
active transport -3Na+ ions pumped out of the neuron and 2K+ ions pumped into the neuron
The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as
adaptation
The external genitalia of a human females can have a masculine form at birth as a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal
adrenal glands
The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they
affect the secretion of other endocrine glands
When Drug A and Drug B are at a synapse in equal concentration, Drug A is bound to more receptor molecules. Drug A has a higher ___________ than Drug B.
affinity
tonotopic organization
all levels of the auditory pathway are spatially arranged according to auditory frequencies to which they respond
Which of the following statements indicated that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia
all of the above
what does the PNS encompass?
all other nerves and neurons not in the brain and spinal cord
A newly discovered drug that blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors and seems to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia would be classified as a(n) ________________
atypical neuroleptic
the inferior collculi is implicated in what type of processing?
auditory processing
Research has shown that certain EEG patterns may be an early marker for what disorder?
autism spectrum disorder
where are a lot of voltage-gated Na+ channels located?
at the axon hillock
Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair
attention
event-related potentials (ERP)
averaged EEG recordings measuring brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus
Once a cell has made it to its final location, it can extend what?
axon
action potentials are actively propagated along the_________
axon
the output zone of the neuron is the
axon
A high concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels are located at what part of the neuron?
axon hillock
In general, the action potential is first initiated at the_____________.
axon hillock
The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the
axon hillock
The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the
axon hillock.
which part of the neuron contains the output zone?
axon terminals
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain? a) Somatic intervention b) Behavioral intervention c) Correlational d) Epigenetic intervention
b) Behavioral intervention
The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors. a) D1 b) D2 c) D3 d) auto-
b) D2
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with a) myelin. b) GABA receptors. c) benzodiazepine receptors. d) genes.
b) GABA receptors
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with a) myelin. b) GABA receptors. c) benzodiazepine receptors. d) genes.
b) GABA receptors
Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes? a) Nissl b) Golgi c) Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) d) Anterograde labeling
b) Golgi
A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which of the following would provide the most rapid route of administration? a) Pill b) IV drip c) Subcutaneous shot d) Oral syrup
b) IV drip
A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which of the following would provide the most rapid route of administration? a) Pill b) IV drip c) Subcutaneous shot d) Oral syrup
b) IV drip
Which of the following is a consequence of sympathetic activation? a) Increased salivation b) Increased heart rate c) Decreased blood pressure d) Increased digestion
b) Increased heart rate
Which of the following is a true of conventional fMRI? a) Participants must fast before testing. b) Participants must lie as still as possible in the scanner. c) It involves the use of X-rays. d) Participants must perform specific cognitive tasks - you would never measure someone's resting state (the default network).
b) Participants must lie as still as possible in the scanner.
In what way do receptor subtypes differ from each other? a) They bind different neurotransmitters b) They have different functional characteristics when bound by transmitters c) They vary in whether they appear on the presynaptic or postsynaptic neuron d) There are two receptor subtypes: one that is metabotropic and one that is ionotropic
b) They have different functional characteristics when bound by transmitters
Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology? a) How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? c) What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance? d) What pattern of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze?
b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?
we ask questions in behavioral neuroscience at many different levels of analysis. One of these is studying the biological mechanisms of behavior. Which of the following questions fits this analysis level? a) How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? c) What are the prospects for a "smart pill" to improve memory performance? d) What pattern of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze
b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?
Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors. a) hashish b) anandamide c) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) d) dynorphin
b) anandamide
The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the a) dendrites. b) axon hillock. c) dendritic spine. d) axon terminal.
b) axon hillock
The translation of stimulus energy into nerve cell impulses so that the diverse input from the environment can be processed in a series of all-or-none signals is called a) filtration. b) coding. c) masking. d) analgesia
b) coding.
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. a) serotonergic b) dopaminergic c) cholinergic d) muscarinic
b) dopaminergic
Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of a) protons. b) electrons. c) neutrons. d) positrons.
b) electrons
The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs, such as morphine, implies that the body must make an _______ substance to interact with the same receptors. a) exogenous b) endogenous c) excitatory d) extemporaneous
b) endogenous
Sensory transduction is the process by which a) electrical responses are converted into movement. b) energy is converted into a change in membrane potential - electrical information that a neuron can process. c) adaptive responses are produced. d) one type of sensory stimulus is converted into a different type of sensory stimulus
b) energy is converted into a change in membrane potential - electrical information that a neuron can process.
Which of the following imaging techniques is used for studies of the functional activity of the brain? a) CT scan b) fMRI scan c) MRI scan d) All of the above are used for studies of the functional activity in the brain.
b) fMRI scan
The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals by a) the cochlear microphonic. b) hair cells. c) ossicles. d) otoliths.
b) hair cells.
One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they a) evoke hallucinations. b) have strong rewarding properties. c) cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome. d) cause bursts of intense activity.
b) have strong rewarding properties.
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation? a) Increased salivation b) Increased heart rate c) Dilation of blood vessels in the skin d) Increased digestion
b) increased heart rate
Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively. a) sensory; motor b) motor; sensory c) language; emotion d) emotion; language
b) motor; sensory
The major function of Schwann cells is a) transmission of nutrients to neurons. b) myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. c) scavenging of cellular debris. d) myelination of axons in the brain.
b) myelination of peripheral nerve fibers
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a) afterpotentials. b) the process of enzymatic degradation. c) postsynaptic receptors. d) reverse transmitters.
b) process of enzymatic degradation
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the a) locus coeruleus. b) raphe nucleus. c) basal forebrain. d) substantia nigra.
b) raphe nucleus.
The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called a) Ranvier diffusion. b) saltatory conduction. c) progressive conduction. d) insulated diffusion.
b) saltatory conduction
Bungarotoxin is derived from a type of a) mushroom. b) snake. c) spider. d) plant.
b) snake
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as a) active propagation. b) spatial summation. c) temporal summation. d) threshold afterpotential.
b) spatial summation
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as a) active propagation. b) spatial summation. c) temporal summation. d) threshold afterpotential.
b) spatial summation.
does patch/ voltage clamping have good or bad spatial resolution?
good spatial resolution
According to the range fractionation hypothesis, a) multiple sensory cells respond to exactly the same range of stimulus energies. b) specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale. c) multiple nerve cells in a particular sensory system have approximately the same thresholds. d) a large group of nerve cells can only respond to a small range of stimulus intensities.
b) specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale.
The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level. a) neural systems b) synaptic c) circuit d) molecular
b) synaptic
The brain can differentiate between each sensory modality because a) the action potentials, sent along the same nerve tracts, get sorted by the thalamus. b) the action potentials for each one are sent along separate nerve tracts. c) each sense uses different neurotransmitters. d) each sensory input, passing through the same lines, triggers action potentials in a different pattern
b) the action potentials for each one are sent along separate nerve tracts.
Dendrites are a) a type of glial cell. b) the input zone of a nerve cell. c) the conduction zone of a nerve cell. d) small interneurons.
b) the input zone of a nerve cell.
After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a) afterpotentials. b) the process of enzymatic degradation. c) postsynaptic receptors. d) reverse transmitters.
b) the process of enzymatic degradation.
If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see a) different gradations of spiking activity. b) the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain. c) variable intensity of spiking depending on the locus of seizure onset. d) no activity in brainstem structures during the seizure.
b) the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain.
A sensory receptor that stays sensitive to sustained stimulation, rather than adapting is known as a _________________. a) sustained receptor b) tonic receptor c) phasic receptor d) persistent receptor
b) tonic receptor
Several regions of the auditory cortex show _______ mapping. a) topographic b) tonotopic c) tomographic d) tonic
b) tonotopic
Which technique would you use to ask whether individuals with ASD have a delayed reaction to processing facial expressions? a)TMS b)EEG c)ERP d)fMRI
b)EEG
To directly measure activity from a neuron, a researcher might use... a)An ablation study b)The patch-clamp technique c)Golgi staining d)fMRI
b)The patch-clamp technique
James
book called Principles of Psychology; considers psych ideas, such as consciousness and other aspects as properties of the nervous system; bio psych approach emerged after that
A 'nucleus' is
both a and b
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for
both a and c
Research indicated that treating postmenopausal women with low doses of _____ can revive sexual interest
both androgen and estrogen
Sodium ions are continuously forced into neurons by
both b and c
Phrenology
bumps on the skull result from enlargements of regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties
how do neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic cell?
by binding to receptor molecules
How can you look at tissue?
by using microscopy, prepared with various staining techniques
Midbrain structures (e.g., superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, reticular formation, red nucleus) are involved in ____________. a) Motor functions b) Sensory functions c) (a) and (b) d) neither (a) nor (b
c) (a) and (b)
Which part of the neuron serves as the integration zone? a) Synaptic vesicles b) Axon terminal/synaptic bouton c) Axon hillock/soma d) Dendrites
c) Axon hillock/soma
Which of the following sounds causes the greatest amount of deflection at the base of the basilar membrane? a) Low-frequency sound b) Both low- and high-frequency sound c) High-frequency sound d) None of the above; the basilar membrane does not move.
c) High-frequency sound
Which statement about apoptosis is true? a) It refers to any kind of cell death. b) It results from the inhibition of calcium entry into the cell. c) It results from a molecular cascade in which a protein is released from mitochondria. d) It results from a larger-than-normal availability of target neurons.
c) It results from a molecular cascade in which a protein is released from mitochondria.
Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience? a) Molding b) Neuropathy c) Neuroplasticity d) Neurogenesis
c) Neuroplasticity
Tom is having problems regulating his sleep, has lost an interest in having sex, and feels down about his life. If you had to guess, which neurotransmitter system is dysregulated in Tom's brain? a) Dopaminergic b) Noradrenergic c) Serotonergic d) Cholinergic
c) Serotonergic
A manufactured drug that activates a particular type of receptor in the brain is called a(n) a) exogenous drug. b) endogenous mimic. c) agonist. d) antagonist.
c) agonist
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on a) cocaine. b) amphetamine. c) alcohol. d) heroin.
c) alcohol
Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances? A) Nicotine b) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) c) Amphetamine d) Cocaine
c) amphetamine
The _______ is particularly implicated in odor perception. a) hypothalamus b) fornix c) amygdala d) cerebellum
c) amygdala
Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating a) schizophrenia. b) severe depression. c) anxiety disorders. d) Alzheimer's disease.
c) anxiety disorders.
Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating a) schizophrenia. b) severe depression. c) anxiety disorders. d) Alzheimer's disease.
c) anxiety disorders.
In general, the action potential is initiated at the a) synapse. b) outer reaches of the dendrite. c) axon hillock. d) node of Ranvier.
c) axon hillock
The part of the axon down-which the action potential is propagated is called the _______. An action potential is initiated (input to the neuron is integrated) at the _________. a) dendrite; axon hillock b) dendrite; node of Ranvier c) axon, axon hillock d) axon, node of Ranvie
c) axon, axon hillock
What ion is ultimately responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation?
calcium
higher frequency of AP = higher amount of ____________ in axon terminal
calcium
Verapamil inhibits neurotransmitter release by blocking
calcium channels
You discover a compound that has a similar molecular structure to amphetamine. This compound will probably affect _______ receptors. a. catecholamine b. acetylcholine c. endogenous opiate d. GABA
catecholamine
do temporal lesions measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?
causes change in brain and measure effects
which part of the neuron contains the integration zone?
cell body (soma) and axon hillock
lack of neurotrophic factors lead to what?
cell death
neural progenitor cells
cells that give rise to other cells
The pattern of regeneration of the frog visual systems supports the __________ hypothesis proposed by Sperry.
chemoaffinity
Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining
consciousness
Drug A binds to a different site on a receptor than a neurotransmitter, but has the same effect as the NT. This makes it a ____________
competitive agonist
The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are
concentric
The punch-drunk syndrome typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor
concussions.
Where does the action potential go third? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone
conduction zone (specifically the axon)
With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, the rest of the cranial nerves
connect to the brainstem
between-subjects experiment
control group is a separate group of people; treated identically except for the manipulation
within-subjects experiment
control is the same set of subjects, just tested before the treatment
Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? a) Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia b) Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze c) Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats d) Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.
d) Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.
In normal development, which molecules usually are involved in differentiation, but not the survival or death of neurons? a) IAPs b) Neurotrophic factors c) Hormones d) Inducers.
d) Inducers.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by a) selectively releasing more serotonin where needed. b) allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. c) blocking degradation enzymes. d) blocking serotonin release.
d) allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft.
The substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads, a) selectively blocks sodium channels. b) selectively blocks potassium channels. c) increases levels of acetylcholinesterase. d) blocks acetylcholine receptors.
d) blocks acetylcholine receptors
Otto Loewi's experiments showed that the _______ releases acetylcholine, which _______. a) heart; affects the vagus nerve b) vagus nerve; increases heart rate c) vagus nerve; decreases heart rate d) brain; decreases heart rate
d) brain; decreases heart rate
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the a) tectum. b) meninges. c) corpus callosum. d) choroid plexus.
d) choroid plexus
Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to a) remove wastes from the body. b) control behavior. c) contain the soul. d) cool the blood.
d) cool the blood
The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres. a) cortex b) basal ganglia c) cerebellum d) corpus callosum
d) corpus callosum
People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of a) sensitization. b) tolerance. c) withdrawal. d) cross-tolerance.
d) cross-tolerence
The main active ingredient found in marijuana is a) hashish. b) tetracycline c) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). d) phencyclidine (PCP).
d) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
The nervous system develops from the _____________. a) endoderm b) neuroderm c) mesoderm d) ectoderm
d) ectoderm
The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to a) cocaine. b) amphetamine. c) alcohol. d) heroin.
d) heroin
The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as a) bipolar neurons. b) motoneurons. c) sensory neurons. d) interneurons.
d) interneurons
Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for a) producing action potentials. b) synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitters. c) saltatory conduction. d) maintaining ionic gradients.
d) maintaining ionic gradients
The brainstem consists of the a) spinal cord, cerebellum, and medulla. b) spinal cord, cerebellum, and pons. c) midbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. d) midbrain, pons, and medulla.
d) midbrain, pons, and medulla
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as a) correlation. b) causality. c) fractionation. d) reductionism.
d) reductionism
Neurotransmitters are stored inside ___________, which then fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents into the synapse. a) soma (cell body) b) dendritic spines. c) axon hillock. d) synaptic vesicles.
d) synaptic vesicles.
The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because a) they are controlled by different brain regions. b) they innervate different organ systems. c) they work in opposition to each other. d) they release different neurotransmitters.
d) they release different neurotransmitters.
Neighboring stereocilia on hair cells are joined by a) trap doors. b) tuning curves. c) traveling waves. d) tip links.
d) tip links.
An action potential can be likened to what common household fixture? a) Microwave b) Water heater c) Dishwasher d) Toilet
d) toilet
Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called a) substance abuse. b) addiction. c) withdrawal. d) tolerance.
d) tolerance
The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to a) the brain. b) cranial nerves. c) voluntary muscles. d) various organs of the body.
d) various organs of the body
The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward. a) substantia nigra b) locus coeruleus c) raphe nucleus d) ventral tegmental area
d) ventral tegmental area
TMS is distinct from fMRI and EEG because........ a)It is noninvasive b)It has excellent spatial resolution c)It has excellent temporal resolution d)It can be used to test causal claims about brain function
d)It can be used to test causal claims about brain function
A sex-limited gene __________; whereas a sex-linked gene __________. a. is only active during sexual activity; no longer exerts an effect once the animal reaches sexual maturity b. no longer exerts an effect once the animal reaches sexual maturity; is only active during sexual activity c. is present in members of one sex and absent in members of the other sex; is responsible for differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes d. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome e. is found on the X or Y chromosome; is activated more strongly in one sex than in the otherd. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome
d. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome
What is it called when auditory nerve cells are not excitable in typical manner?
deafness
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significants in their
direction of membrane polarization
Ionotropic receptors
directly control ion channels are ligand-gated are associated with fast synapses
Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of
electrons
Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of
electrons.
The limbic system plays an important role in
emotion
The structures of the limbic system are particularly implicated in
emotion and learning.
what do ossicles do?
encode frequency and intensity in their vibrations
what is a natural ligand for cannabis/THC?
endocannabinoids
Hormone-producing glands are called _____ glands.
endocrine
The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs, such as morphine, implies that the body must make an _____ substance to interact with the same receptors.
endogenous
are neurotransmitters endogenous or exogenous?
endogenous
Alcohol's calming influence may be attributed to its ability to
enhance postsynaptic inhibition
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called ____________
entrainment
degradation
enzymes break down the neurotransmitter (specific enzymes for specific transmitters)
The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called
epigenetics
In the body's synthesis of steroids, _____ is (are) synthesized from _____.
estrogens; androgens
the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for
exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment
what is the result of the basilar membrane being driven upwards?
excitation
do inverse agonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?
excitatory
The inhibitory ligand-gated receptors for GABA and glycine appear similar to
excitatory nicotinic ACh receptors.
Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _____ glands
exocrine
are drugs endogenous or exogenous?
exogenous
Just as neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites to cause effects in the postsynaptic neuron, ___________________________ (e.g., drugs) can bind to receptor sites and cause effects in the postsynaptic neuron
exogenous substances
Neural activity may stimulate release of neurotrophic factors, thus ____________ helps drive connections
experience
Then enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is necessary for the development of the
external genitalia in normal males
Which of the following body parts are not highly represented on the sensory homunculus
eyes
what technique should you use to see which brain region activates?
fMRI
what technique uses the BOLD signal?
fMRI
level of question: what brain regions are involved with a process?
fMRI, EEG
The _______ lobe is the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex.
frontal
Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the
frontal cortex
which brain region houses regions important for both motor and executive functions?
frontal lobe
which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for higher cognitive functioning?
frontal lobe
the central sulcus divides the ________ and _________ lobes
frontal; parietal
does patch/ voltage clamping look at structure or functional change?
functional
is EEG/ERP structural or functional?
functional
is TMS structural or functional?
functional
does fMRI look at structure or functional activity of the brain?
functional activity
Sperm and ova are known as _____, and when they fuse they form a(n) _____.
gametes; zygote
what is GABA involved in?
general inhibition
Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are
generated by the activity of populations of neurons
Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are
generated by the activity of populations of neurons.
Epigenetics
genes (nature) do not code for behavior; experiences (nurture) can change how the genes are expressed changes in phenotype, never the genotype behavior = genes x environment
Whether an individual is XX or XY refers to her or his
genetic sex
Nature is to nurture as
genetics is to experience
which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study
giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rat's behavior
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter
glutamate
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter ___________.
glutamate
Which neurotransmitter is involved in learning and memory in the brain
glutamate
The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called
gyri
the ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called
gyri
The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called
gyri.
Place theory involves ___________ and temporal theory involves____________
hair cell location AP frequency
Individuals with blindsight
have no conscious perception of visual stimuli but are still able to discriminate better than would be predicted by chance alone
One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they
have strong rewarding properties
do agonists have high or low efficacy?
high efficacy
do inverse agonists have high or low efficacy?
high efficacy
Sperry Newt project
his experiment showed that axons have differential markers that correspond to markers on a target cell and axonal growth is directed by markers to establish specific connections
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the
homunculus
what does amplitude mean in respect to EEG/ERP
how large the neural response is
what does latency tell us
how long after the stimulus onset the ERP occur. (time interval/delay between the stimulation and response)
heritability
how much of a behavior or trait is due to genes
The notion of dualism as proposed by Descartes stated that
humans have a nonmaterial soul and a material body that are not the same.
According to the lecture, all of the following are components of an emotional response EXCEPT
hunger
clinks nervous system to endocrine system (pituitary gland)?
hypothalamus
which part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
which part of the brain is important for feeding, fleeing, fighting, and mating?
hypothalamus
what determines a cell's location?
if it leaves the ventricular zone early or late Neuron leaves early -> goes to deep layers of the cortex neuron leave late --> goes to superficial layer
Damage to the right hemisphere
impairs recognition of emotions expressed by others.
Vestibulocerebellum
implicated in posture and eye movement coordination
what is the function of the cerebellum?
important for monitoring ongoing movement -Modulates activity in cortical motor regions--> lots of communication with SMA -works via inhibition
where are most merkle cell afferents located?
in the fingertips
At end of axon, depolarization occurs where?
in the presynaptic terminal
myelin resists the flow of current across the membrane, therefore the speed of conduction ___________
increases
what is the integration zone?
initiates nerve electrical activity and decides whether or not to send a signal based on the info it receives
electrostatic pressure
ions moving towards the areas with the opposite charge
what sensory receptor cells processes sound?
inner hair cell
Where do Na+ molecules want to go based on electrostatic forces?
inside because Na+ is positive and wants to go negative
Are more proteins located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?
inside the neuron (where it is more negative)
amplitude
intensity; wave height; measure in dB
Whether connections get strengthened depends on ____________ interactions
intercellular
The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as
interneurons
is Microdialysis invasive or noninvasive?
invasive
is clamping invasive on non-invasive?
invasive
is microscopy and microdialysis invasive on non-invasive?
invasive
is microscopy invasive or non-invasive?
invasive
is patch/voltage clamping invasive or non-invasive?
invasive
Cerebrocerebellum
involved in motor planning, learning, and memory
what are the different types of receptors?
ionotropic and metabotropic
The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane __________________
is impermeable to most popular molecules and ions
mind-body problem
is the mind (mental processing) part of the body, or is the body (neurons/brain structure) part of the mind?
does TMS MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?
it CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects
what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor?
it activates g-protein
what happens if bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) is inhibited?
it becomes neurons
what happens if bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) act on cells?
it becomes skin
do agonists cause change in the postsynaptic neuron?
it causes some change in the postsynaptic neuron
does fMRI MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?
it measures changes in brain activity/chemistry
what does EEG measure?
it measures the electrical potential of the brain through electrodes placed on scalp and the change in brain activity
what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to ionotropic receptor?
it opens ion channels
what is TMS?
magnetic fields induced by electromagnetic coils stimulate neurons of the underlying cortical surface. changes in magnetic field causes weak electrical currents on the surface of the brain
what is fMRI?
magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task
Neurons, glial cells and organelles cannot be seen without what?
magnification
Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for
maintaining ionic gradients
Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for
maintaining ionic gradients.
In comparison with the REM sleep of adults, the REM sleep of young children
makes up a greater proportion of the overall amount of sleep
somatic intervention
manipulates the body to affect behavior
behavioral intervention
manipulating the behavior to affect the body (and brain)
Muscarinic receptors
may be either excitatory or inhibitory.
Decussation (cross-over) of the fibers in the pyramidal motor system occurs at the level of the
medulla
what maintains basic functions like respiration?
medulla
your friend broke his neck and over time he recovered mentally. However, he is paralyzed from the neck down and uses a machine to control his breathing. what did he damage?
medulla
which skin receptor cell detect light touch?
meissner
which cell afferent has the highest spatial resolution?
merkle
which skin receptor cell detect fine touch?
merkle
what is the only afferent to sample information from receptor cells located in epidermis
merkle cell afferents
the speed of getting drugs into body via inhalation ?
moderate to fast; goes in nose and lungs and then to bloodstream
which afferent innervates the skin more densely than Merkel cell?
messiner
The neuron doctrine states that neurons are independent ___________, ___________, and ____________.
metabolically, functionally, and structurally
Match up the correct receptor type and effect:
metabotropic; 2nd messenger effects in neuron
Postmortem brains of suicide victims with childhood histories of abuse show
methylation of a gene that regulates stress hormone responses
Postmortem brains of suicide victims with childhood histories of abuse show
methylation of a gene that regulates stress hormone responses.
A cut in the _______ plane would sever all of the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
mid-sagittal
the speed of getting drugs into body via peripheral injection
moderate to fast. Subcutaneous (under the skin) and intravenous (directly into circulation/bloodstream
What happens when there is an increase in overlap between thick and thin filaments
muscle contraction
are ablations looking at structure or function?
neither
In open-loop control mechanisms, activity is
preprogrammed
if you get into physical fight, what neurotransmitter gets released?
norepinephrine
list ways that a drug can affect neuronal transmission presynaptically
o Effects on transmitter synthesis 1. Inhibition of transmitter synthesis 2. Blockade of axonal transport 3. Interference with storage of transmitters o Effects on transmitter release 4. Prevention of synaptic transmission 5. Alteration of synaptic transmitter release 6. Alteration of transmitter release through modulation of presynaptic activity o Effects on transmitter clearance 7. Inactivation of transmitter reuptake 8. Blockade of transmitter degradation
list ways that a drug can affect neuronal transmission postsynaptically
o Effects on transmitters receptors 1. Blockade of receptors 2. Activation of receptors o Effects on cellular processes 3. Regulation of the number of postsynaptic receptors 4. Modulation of intercellular signals
Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?
observing brain patterns of animals in a maze
The drug clomipramine has been shown to bring about significant improvement in many people suffering from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual processing?
occipital lobe
which zone does the process of sending information from one cell to another cell occur?
output zone
Where does the action potential go last? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone
output zone (through axon terminals)
when the membrane potential is more positive, where does K+ wants to go based on electrostatic pressure?
outside because is negative there
when the membrane potential is more positive, where does K+ wants to go based on diffusion?
outside because there is less there
Are more Ca +2 ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?
outside the neuron
Are more Cl- ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?
outside the neuron
Are more Na+ ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?
outside the neuron
Where do K+ molecules want to go based on diffusion?
outside to the cell where there is less K+
Stapes pushes on the ___________ connecting to the inner ear
oval window
The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of
overconsolidation of memories, or a failure of extinction.
If part of your brain is recruited for a task, more oxygenated blood will be needed in that area. So would oxygenated blood produce a stronger BOLD signal than deoxygenated blood?
oxygenated blood will produce a stronger BOLD signal than deoxygenated blood
Male mice without knockouts of the _____ gene display "social amnesia", failing to recognize previously encountered females
oxytocin
The hormone that controls the milk letdown reflex and formation of social bonds is
oxytocin
Along with behavioral symptoms, at present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through
postmortem examination of brain
what ion is the most important for establishing resting membrane potential
potassium
which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control
precentral gyrus
what part of the brain is most important for executive functions like decision making?
prefrontal cortex
which motor area is involved in movements based on external cues?
premotor cortex
what is the executive region for movement initiation?
primary motor cortex
basal ganglia communicates with _____________. Cerebellum communicates with_________________
primary motor cortex supplementary motor area
Which brain regions will send projections through the corticospinal tract?
primary motor cortex and supplementary
what motor region sends info via corticospinal tract?
primary motor, supplementary and premotor cortex
endogenous
produced inside the body ex. neurotransmitters
exogenous
produced outside of the body ex. drugs
We have discussed the three main steps for neurogenesis during early development. What steps occur with adult neurogenesis?
proliferation of neural precursor cells, migration of newly born cells, integration and connections formed in existing neural networks
efficacy
propensity of the ligand to activate the receptor to which it is bound
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking for their simpler constituent parts is known as
reductionism
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as
reductionism.
postsynaptic
referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
presynaptic
referring to the region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitter
The bending of light rays by the optical components of the eye is called
refraction
The receptors through which capsaicin exerts its effects are
responsive to sudden increases in temperature
fMRI measures _________________ state
resting
what does -50 to -90 mV refer to?
resting membrane potential
Pain-induced release of substance P in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord causes
remodeling of pain pathway neurons, perhaps altering later pain perception
down-regulation
repeated exposures to agonist drug, neurons may decrease the # of available receptors to which the drug can bind, thus becoming less sensitive and countering the drug effect
what usually happens during an EEG research study?
researcher often presents stimulus and record event-related potentials (ERP)
golgi tendon organ
responds to tension (both muscle stretch and contraction)
The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called
saltatory conduction
The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called
saltatory conduction.
On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from
schizophrenia
Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that
schizophrenia is more evident amount first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives.
Long-term treatment with L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has been associated with the development of
schizophrenia-like symptoms
Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with
schizophrenia.
Dendritic spines can change shape in the course of
seconds
sensory organ for touch?
skin
where is the Pacinian corpuscle found in?
skin & muscle
the speed of getting drugs into body via ingestion?
slow to moderate due to absorption by the gut
At resting state, there is a __________ concentration of Na+ inside the neuron, compared to outside the neuron
smaller
which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behavior of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions
social neuroscience
what ion is the most important for changing the polarization of a neuron as it undergoes an action potential?
sodium
Myelin is found along the length of
some mammalian axons
Depending on the targeted region and strength of the impulse, TMS can .....
stimulate neural activity or stop neurons from communicating
When the minimum criteria for substance dependence have not been met, but there is evidence of a maladaptive pattern of use that persists for at least one month, the diagnosis is
substance abuse
When the minimum criteria for substance dependence have not been met, but there is evidence of maladaptive patterns of use that persists for at least one month, the diagnosis is
substance abuse
morphogen
substance that can cause cells to differentiate into different types
temporal summation
summation of potentials reaching the axon hillock at different times
which motor area is involved in movements based on internal cues?
supplementary motor area
what is a con of TMS
surface structures only
Synaptic boutons are
swellings at the ends of axons.
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.
testosterone, increase
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _____ levels to _____.
testosterone; increase
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.
testosterone; increase
what brain region is involved if taste perception is impaired?
thalamus
what part of the brain is the central relay station
thalamus
For a typical animal cell, the membrane potential is determined by the equilibrium distribution of K+ ions across the cell membrane. Free movement of K+ across the membrane occurs through ______________________.
the K+ leak channel
The "conduction" zone" of a neuron is also known as
the axon
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in one group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is
the brain lesion
n an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in one group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is
the brain lesion.
exocytosis
the process by which a synaptic vesicle fuses w/ the presynaptic terminal membrane to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons
what is a neurotransmitter
the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons
The feature of adaptation refers to
the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light, depending on how much light is available
The patch clamp is used to measure what?
the current flow across the cell membrane
A symptom of macular degeneration is
the damage of rods and cones
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is
the destroyed brain regions
In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is - the observed changes in sleep. - the type of animal being used in the experiment. - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown. - the destroyed brain regions.
the destroyed brain regions.
resting membrane potential
the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a neuron -50 to -90 mV
Electrostatic pressure derives from
the distribution of electrical charges.
Galen's views about the bodily origins of behavior were based on his observations of
the effects of head injuries in gladiators
all-or-nothing property
the fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus
reuptake
the process by which released synaptic transmitter molecules are taken up and reused by the presynaptic neuron thus stopping synaptic activity
Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? -their genetic potential -sensitive periods -random variability -the frequency with which they are activated
the frequency with which they are activated
cell-cell interaction
the general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other neighboring cells
growth cone
the growing tip of an axon or dendrite
100 billion neurons
the human brain contains about
The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM.
what happens at each synapse?
the information is transmitted from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron to the receptive surface of the postsynaptic neuron
A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between
the inside and outside of a cell.
When the neuron expels potassium ions ___________
the inside of the cell loses positive ions and produces negative charge inside
A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from
the interaction of stress, genetics, and anatomical abnormalities of the brain.
Methylation refers to
the lasting inactivation of a gene
"Methylation" refers to
the lasting inactivation of a gene.
what does the Tympanic membrane attach to?
the malleus
Michaelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble
the midline brain structures
conduction zone
the nerves electrical signal may be actively propogated, it usually corresponds with the axon
Brain scans of an individual listening to speech sounds is likely to show activation of
the primary auditory area, portions of the thalamus, portions of the midbrain
presynaptic membrane
the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmit information by releasing neurotransmitter
spatial summation
the summation of potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) from different physical locations across the cell body at the axon hillock
adequate stimulus
the type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted
what ability do both endogenous or exogenous substances have?
they have the ability to bind to receptor molecules and cause (or prevent) events in the postsynaptic neuron
what do temporary lesions do to neurons?
they pharmacologically disrupt neurons from firing
the reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because
they release different neurotransmitters
are cells totipotent or pluripotent?
totipotent- cells can differentiate into any cell type
Your eyes normally process light, so why did you see a blob caused by pressure on your eye?
touch caused AP to be fired in the receptor cells of the eye and these were interpreted as a change in light labeled lines
posterior
towards the back of the brain
ventral/inferior
towards the bottom of the brain
anterior
towards the front of the brain
medial
towards the middle of the brain
lateral
towards the outside of the brain
dorsal/superior
towards the top of the brain
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the
type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the
type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron.
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the a) number of action potentials arriving at the synaptic bouton. b) size of the calcium current flowing into the synaptic bouton. c) type of transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron and the receptor to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron. d) sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane.
type of transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron and the receptor to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron.
when is an action potential triggered?
when it reaches -40mV threshold
metabolic tolerance
when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at eliminating the drug from the bloodstream before it has a chance to affect the brain or another target increased efficiency clearing drug out of body
how do tip links open?
when stereocilla is bent
when do Na+ voltage-gated ion channels open?
when the membrane potential depolarizes to -40 mV
what is the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
where in the body they form (schwann- PNS and oligodendrocytes- CNS)
what is the independent variable in TMS?
whether or not TMS is being applied or not
which statement about white and gray matter is true
white matter is like insulation
when does cell differentiation and separation into ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm occur?
within a week