PSB3340 Compiled Exam Questions

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the lasting inactivation of a gene.

"Methylation" refers to

Mammalian axons range from _____ in diameter.

0.5 to 20 um

what 3 techniques causes changes in the brain and measures the behavioral effects?

1. TMS 2. Ablation 3. temporary lesions

Which of the following events could initiate an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)? a. Potassium (K+) exits the cell through voltage-gated channels. b. Sodium (Na+) enters the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. c. Chloride (Cl-) enters the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. d. Potassium (K+) exits the cell through neurotransmitter-gated channels. e. Magnesium (Mg2+) blocks a neurotransmitter-gated channel.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A sensory receptor is a specialized neuron that detects a specific physical stimulus. b. Most types of sensory receptors fire action potentials in response to specific sensory stimuli. c. Important sensory modalities generally occupy larger brain regions than do unimportant sensory modalities. d. Umwelt is a species-specific perceptual world. e. Sensory perception is a consequence of brain processing.

Which single protein is very important in the evolution of a highly complex, convoluted cortex? a. proopiomelanocortin b. ASPM c. actin d. angiotensin e. carbonic anhydrase

Substance P is a(n) _____ involved in pain transmission.

Both a and b

Axo-dendritic synapses

Both a and c: are very common, often terminate on the dendritic spine.

Sodium ions are continuously forced into neurons by

Both b and c: their high external concentration, And negative resting potential

For every 100 people across the world today, about _______ have some form of a neurological or psychological illness.

The synaptic cleft is about _______ across.

20 to 40 nm

At this time, the proportion of the world's population suffering from neurologic and/or psychiatric disorders is about

20% or 1 in 5

22. The picture at right depicts what plane of section through the human brain? a. horizontal b. coronal c. frontal d. transverse e. sagittal

16. Which would be most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier? a. small, uncharged molecules b. large, charged molecules c. molecules that are not fat soluble d. viruses e. proteins

2. Which of the following issues would a Behavioral Neuroscientist be LEAST likely to study? a. How do the id, ego, and superego interact? b. Who is at greatest biological risk for developing schizophrenia? c. What factors predispose an individual to abuse substances? d. How do heredity and the environment interact to influence behavior? e. What are the biological mechanisms that regulate emotions?

23. __________ are afferent to the central nervous system; and __________are efferent to the central nervous system. a. sensory neurons; motor neurons b. motor neurons; sensory neurons c. interneurons; glia d. oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells e. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes

3. An adult male songbird sings his song because circulating testosterone increases and causes changes in the song area of the brain. This is an example of what type of explanation of behavior? a. physiological b. heuristic c. functional d. evolutionary e. ontogenetic

30. What is the large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain? a. the corpus callosum b. the limbic system c. the midbrain d. the split brain e. the longitudinal fissure

33. Which of the following is NOT found in the midbrain? a. hypothalamus b. periaqueductal gray c. substantia nigra d. reticular formation e. superior colliculus

39. What occurs when a stimulus shifts the local membrane potential of a neuron from the resting potential to a slightly less negative potential? a. depolarization b. hyperpolarization c. an action potential d. decreased neurotransmitter synthesis e. decreased neurotransmitter release

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to photoreceptors? a. Some photoreceptors are depolarized, and some photoreceptors are hyperpolarized by light. b. Photoreceptor membranes contain cation channels that are open in the dark. c. When a photon of light strikes a photoreceptor, opsin activates a cascade of chemical signaling. d. Photoreceptors continuously release glutamate in the dark. e. Photoreceptors exhibit graded potential changes when a light is turned on.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. AMPA receptors function as coincidence detectors in associative learning. b. Coordinated glutamate and glycine binding are required at NMDA receptors. c. GABA is enzymatically synthesized from glutamate. d. GABA is the principal neurotransmitter that participates in inhibitory neurotransmission in the forebrain. e. Neuromodulators affect neuronal responses to neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is an example of neuroplasticity?

A. Exercise causes an increase in neuron survival. B. An enriched environment causes an increase in the number of synapses. C. The association of a noxious and a harmless stimulus causes an increased response to the harmless stimulus when it is presented alone. CorrectD. All of the above

43. When chloride ions enter the cell, the cell membrane will be __________. a. depolarized b. hyperpolarized c. unpolarized d. refractory e. at rest

Which of the following receptors exhibit substantial decreases in activity during prolonged exposure to a stimulus? a. osmoreceptors b. phasic receptors c. tonic receptors d. epicritic receptors e. protopathic receptors

Darwin revolutionized Biology by describing __________. a. inherited consolidation b. natural selection c. genetic selection d. natural concordance e. altruism

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. Mueller cells b. glial cells c. horizontal cells d. photoreceptors e. ganglion cells

Small-diameter _____ fibers link conduct pain information slowly and adapt slowly

What is the preplate? a. the layer of cells in which most proliferation occurs b. a structure that will eventually differentiate into the meninges c. a temporary structure that is not present in the mature brain d. a structure along which most neurons migrate e. the zone in which glial cells form

Which neurotransmitter cannot be contained in vesicles, and is released as soon as it is synthesized? a. glycine b. melatonin c. nitric oxide d. adenosine e. dynorphin

Temporary lesions

Cool down region of interest to slow/stop neural activity and pharmacologically disrupt neurons from firing

Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?

Correlational

An example of epicritic somatosensation is __________; and an example of protopathic somatosensation is __________. a. pain; temperature b. temperature; pain c. sudden deep pressure; gradual light pressure d. sudden light pressure; pain e. temperature; gradual deep pressure

If you perceive a light as yellow in color, the electromagnetic energy will likely have which of the following properties? a. saturated with long wavelengths b. saturated with short wavelengths c. a mixture of short and long wavelengths d. a mixture of medium and long wavelengths e. a mixture of short and medium wavelengths

In humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway? a. They all go directly to the ipsilateral hemisphere. b. They all cross over to the contralateral hemisphere at the optic chiasm. c. They combine so that each hemisphere receives all the visual information. d. The axons from the medial half of each retina cross to the other side at the optic chiasm. e. The axons from the lateral half of each retina cross to the other side at the optic chiasm.

the reason humans can't see heat like snakes can is because of what?

adequate stimulus

Taking supplemental testosterone can sometimes increase

aggression or mania

if newly-developed drug is found to bind dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n)

agonist

action potenial is an _______________________ signal

all-or-none

Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances?

amphetamine

what does the pinna do?

amplifies sound by funneling it into ear canal

The _______ is particularly implicated in odor perception.

amygdala

Complex partial seizures are often preceded by an unusual sensation referred to as

an aura.

hyperpolarization

an increase in membrane potential (the inside of the neuron becomes even more negative)

Studies looking at markers of fetal hormone exposure suggest that as a group, lesbians may have been exposed to slightly higher-than-normal levels of _____ in utero.

androgens

In general, the action potential is initiated at the

axon hillock.

how can drugs affect the brain and behavior?

Drugs also affect the brain and behavior by acting on receptor sites, which affects postsynaptic cell & altering other aspects of neuronal communication, which affects presynaptic cell

anxiety disorders

Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating

"ADME" (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) is an acronym for what branch of pharmacology research? a. pharmacology b. pharmacodynamics c. bioavailability d. pharmacotherapeutics e. pharmacokinetics

21. Which of the following cells is responsible for guiding the regrowth of damaged axons in the peripheral nervous system? a. microglia b. astrocytes c. ependymal cells d. oligodendrocytes e. Schwann cells

25. Which branch of the nervous system can also be called the thoracolumbar system? a. the central nervous system b. the peripheral nervous system c. the somatic nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system e. the sympathetic nervous system

48. What happens once an action potential starts? a. It is conducted the rest of the way as an electrical current. b. It needs additional stimulation to keep it going along the axon. c. It increases in speed as it goes. d. It degrades over space and time. e. It is regenerated at other points along the axon

9. If a patient has unilateral neglect, which of the following brain structures is damaged? a. the dorsal roots of the spinal cord b. the ventral horns of the spinal cord c. the right frontal cortex d. the left temporal cortex e. the right parietal cortex

After cholecystokinin (a peptide neurotransmitter) stimulates a postsynaptic receptor, what happens to most of the transmitter molecules? a. They remain on the receptor until the receptor is replaced. b. They are metabolized by monoamine oxidase. c. They are used by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d. They are reuptaken by the presynaptic cell. e. They diffuse away and are broken down by proteases.

Which of the following is an inverse agonist action? a. blocking a postsynaptic receptor that opens a chloride channel b. reversing a membrane transporter for a neurotransmitter c. increasing actions of a metabolizing enzyme d. activating an autoreceptor e. blocking basal ion conductance through a postsynaptic receptor

Microglia

Engulf and destroy debris

opium

Which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies?

Do our brains treat information learned through our own actions differently than information learned through observation of another person's actions?

Yes! The type of input we get shapes the connections and neural activity in our brains!

what is the IV in fMRI studies?

You can manipulate the types of stimuli being presented to participants/ the task participants are doing

The deep folds/valleys on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex are referred to as

Fissures

The first measurements of learning and memory in humans were carried out by

Hermann Ebbinghaus.

Which of the following neurological diseases is/are least prevalent in the United States?

Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases

what is the dependent variable in TMS?

a behavioral response that is performed by the participant

Biopsychology

a branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain (brain's role in behavior)

An afterpotential is

a brief hyperpolarization that follows an action potential ("undershoot").

Which of the following is not a factor in the speed of a knee jerk reflex?

IPSP

Which of the following is not a factor in the speed of the knee jerk reflex?

IPSP

if neurotransmitter causes an EPSP, then inverse agonist would cause an _________--

IPSP

which will decrease the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential, IPSP or EPSP?

IPSP

antagonist

If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n)

relatively the same intensity of spiking from each part.

If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see

what is most important for maintenance of resting membrane potential

K+ movement

what happens after +40 mV?

K+ rushes out of the neuron -->Neuron becomes hyperpolarized (more negative) -->Resting membrane potential is restored

what does zika do?

Kill neural progenitor cells

Which os the following portions of the body are represented most medially in the somatosensory cortex?

Legs

In the tests, the _____ cells produce testosterone under the influence of _____.

Leydig; LH

what do sensory nerves do?

Link sensory receptors to processing circuits in the CNS

serotonin

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter

Based upon differences between Old and New World Monkeys, the photopigments that are though to have differentiated most recently in evolutionary terms are the _____ and _____

M cones; L cones

Do cortical motor neurons encode muscle contraction or movement direction?

M1 neurons code both types of messages, but more neurons code direction of movement

what 2 methods look at structure?

MRI and microscopy

Which of the following is not a key function of astrocytes?

Myelinating axons in the brain

PCP and ketamine affect which type of postsynaptic receptor?

NMDA

What's special about -40 mV?

Na+ voltage-gated ion channels open when the membrane potential depolarizes to -40 mV (threshold)

According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is caused by

a decrease in the synaptic activity of connections that use norepinephrine and serotonin

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

a failure of extinction

node of ravier

a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed

Areas with stronger BOLD signal should be areas where ____________ of neural activity is occurring

a greater amount

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is

a group of cell bodies in the lower middle portion of the hypothalamus

Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?

a high level of androgen during fetal development

range fractionation

a hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities

A cortical motor neuron becomes active in response to

a particular movement in space. and contraction of a particular muscle.

ion channel

a pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channel is open

Which of the following statements is false?

Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light

Some neurons lack which of the following components? a) Myelin b) Dendrite c) Axon d) Nucleus

a) Myelin

Which of the following is true about neurons? a) Neurons typically have one axon b) Neurons typically have one dendritic spine c) Neurons typically have multiple cell bodies d) Neurons typically innervate one postsynaptic cell

a) Neurons typically have one axon

During multiple sclerosis, myelin in the brain is lost. Which cells would be most likely to be trying to replace lost myelin in the brain? a) Oligodendrocytes b) Schwann cells c) Astrocytes d) Both a and b

a) Oligodendrocytes

From a genetic standpoint, what is the difference between a neuron and a glial cell?

Neurons and glial have the same DNA, but they express different genes to make the proteins they need to function

Which of the following terms describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?

Neuroplasticity

Synaptic vesicles

None of the above

Which technique would you use to ask whether the occipital lobe is necessary for vision? a)TMS b)EEG c)ERP d)fMRI

a) TMS

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study? - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats

Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?

Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze.

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Observing the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Observing the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others.

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

Occipital Lobe

Which of the following operations in animals produces a state that serves as a model of human depression?

Olfactory bulbectomy

schizophrenia

On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from

Which of the following statements is false?

Once our brains have developed, we can never grow new nerve cells

_____ women experience(s) depression immediately preceding or following childbirth

One out of every 7

If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n) a) antagonist. b) endogenous ligand. c) prototype. d) agonist.

a) antagonist

Which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies?

Opium

inverse agonist

Opposite effect of neurotransmitter that would normally bind to the receptor ex. if neurotransmitter causes an EPSP, this would cause an IPSP

Vibration of which skin receptor stretches the neuronal membrane, allowing sodium channels to open and action potentials fire

Pacinian corpuscles

Autonomic system of the Peripheral Nervous System

Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

basal ganglia is implicated in what disease?

Parkinson's disease

the basal ganglia is most implicated in what disease?

Parkinson's disease

What is the hypothalamus?

Part of the diencephalon that controls hormone function

absolute threshold

Point at which an individual detects stimulus 50% of the time

What determines the postsynaptic reaction?

Postsynaptic receptors -The same neurotransmitter may produce an EPSP or IPSP, depending on what type of receptor it binds to

Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?

Precentral gyrus

What can easily cross the placental barrier and may alter development of the fetus?

Prescription drugs, Cocaine, Alcohol

Three elements of a synapse

Presynaptic, Synaptic Cleft, Post Synaptic

Which of the following brain regions would share the least similarity between humans and dogs?

Telencephalon

how does diffusion, electrostatic pressure and sodium-potassium pump maintain the resting membrane potential?

Sodium- Potassium pump brings K+ into the neuron K+ leaves the neuron through ion channels (diffusion) As negative charge builds up in neuron, electrostatic pressure pulls K+ ions back inside neuron

Which of the following structures does not contain any parts of the reticular formation?

Telencephalon

Essay. You want to know whether activation in the primary auditory cortex is necessary for discriminating between two pitches. What method will you use to investigate this question and why?

TMS is best for determining what brain regions are necessary for a process. You can ask causal questions about activity of targeted brain regions.

Stroke causes more damage than a TIA

True

TRUE/FALSE An agonist will have the same effect at a receptor site as the neurotransmitter associated with that site

True

With drug tolerance, there is often a shift in the dose-response curve to the right.

True

Individuals that are heterozygous for a particular trait have

Two different alleles of the gene.

How much of the surface of the cortex is hidden within the convolutions of the brain?

Two-thirds

how does sound travel from the outer ear to the middle ear

Tympanic Membrane (Ear drum)

The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display __________________

Unilateral sleep

The cortical region _____ is expecially rich in color-sensitive cells

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved in the control of eye movements?

Vagus

At threshold _______ ion channels open, resulting in a rapid depolarization of the membrane.

Voltage-gated sodium channels

The human brain contains nearly a) 100 billion circuits. b) 100 billion neurons. c) 100 billion synapses. d) 100 million glial cells.

b) 100 billion neurons

Do ablations have good or bad temporal resolution?

bad temporal resolution

Does fMRI have good or bad temporal resolution

bad temporal resolution

does microscopy have good or bad temporal resolution?

bad temporal resolution

The human brain contains 100 to 150

billion neurons

the substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads

blocks acetycholine receptors

The cholinergic drug atropine _______ receptors.

blocks muscarinic

In optogenetics, researchers use _______ light to stimulate _______.

blue; channelrhodopsin

When hyperpolarizing or depolarizing electrical stimulation is applied to the cell membrane of a neuron, the resulting change in the membrane potential has a slightly different "shape" from that of the stimulus. This is due to____________.

capacitance of the cell membrane

Which of the following techniques does not provide information about the activity of brain regions? a) PET b) fMRI c) CT d) Autoradiography

c) CT - only useful for visualizing problems such as strokes, tumors, or cortical atrophy

The release of Diablo within neurons is induced by an influx of _______ ions. a) Na+ b) Cl- c) Ca2+ d) K+

c) Ca2+

Which of the following represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron? a) Cell body → axon → axon hillock → axon terminal b) Dendrite → cell body → axon → axon hillock c) Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon d) Dendrite → axon terminal → cell body → axon

c) Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) serotonin. c) GABA. d) acetylcholine.

c) GABA

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) serotonin. c) GABA. d) acetylcholine.

c) GABA

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is a) serotonin. b) acetylcholine. c) GABA. d) glycine.

c) GABA

A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. a) fMRI b) PET c) MRI d) TMS

c) MRI

A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. a) fMRI b) PET c) MRI d) TMS

c) MRI

Which region of the cortex is crucial for primary motor control? a) Postcentral gyrus b) Parietal lobe c) Precentral gyrus d) Prefrontal cortex

c) Precentral gyrus

Which of the following is not part of the organ of Corti? a) Outer Hair cells b) Inner Hair cells c) The tectorial membrane d) The terminations of the auditory nerve fibers

c) The tectorial membrane

ERPs have ... a) latency b) amplitude c) both

c) both

The ventricular system contains a) the blood-brain barrier. b) blood. c) cerebrospinal fluid. d) the meninges.

c) cerebral spinal fluid

The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by a) the addictive properties of certain drugs. b) the disease of addiction. c) character weakness in addicts. d) a lack of social and community support.

c) character weakness in addicts

Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining a) epigenetics. b) language localization. c) consciousness. d) sensation and perception.

c) consciousness

Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the a) intrinsic activity. b) effective dose. c) dose-response curve. d) binding affinity.

c) dose-response curve

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called a) optogenetics. b) evolutionary psychology. c) epignetics. d) neuroeconomics.

c) epigenetics

A drug that binds to a receptor and affects the function of a receptor (in some way) without impeding the access of neurotransmitter molecules to their binding sites on the receptor is a a) nonselective agonist. b) competitive ligand. c) noncompetitive ligand. d) nonselective antagonist.

c) noncompetitive ligand.

Most IPSPs are attributable to the a) opening of sodium channels. b) closing of potassium channels. c) opening of chloride channels. d) closing of sodium channels.

c) opening of chloride channels.

what do pro- apoptotic factors activates?

caspases

do ablations measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?

causes change in brain and measure effects

intrinsic factors

cell-autonomous ( cell processes are directed by the cell itself rather than being under the influence of other cells)

What determines the cues a particular growth cone is getting?

cell-cell interaction Molecular matching between target cells and growing axons -modified through activity

in the CNS, most neural differentiation is based on what?

cell-cell interactions

what part of the brain is important for monitoring ongoing movement?

cerebellum

The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated _______ channel. a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. chloride

chloride

which plane involves looking at the back of the brain?

coronal

the _________ is the main source of communication between the left and right hemispheres

corpus callosum

The relationship between brain size and learning scores is

correlational

Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g., fMRI), while researchers measure indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain?

correlational

Which of the following is not important for maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron? a) Diffusion b) Electrostatic pressure c) Sodium-potassium pumps d) None of the above (all of these forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential)

d) None of the above (all of these forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential)

An action potential can be likened to what common household fixture? a) Microwave b) Water heater c) Dishwasher d) Toilet

d) Toilet

The relationship between brain size and learning scores is a) causal. b) variable. c) not equal. d) correlational.

d) correlational

The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the a) brain doctrine. b) theory of the nervous system. c) cortical doctrine. d) neuron doctrine.

d) neuron doctrine

For most senses, the sensory pathway a) goes directly to its designated area of cortex. b) ends at the spinal cord. c) passes through the temporal cortex. d) passes through the thalamus.

d) passes through the thalamus.

The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull. a) ontogeny b) dualism c) epigenetics d) phrenology

d) phrenology

Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it a) permits the flow of ionic current across the membrane. b) releases special chemicals that aid conduction. c) increases capacitance. d) resists the flow of current across the membrane.

d) resists the flow of current across the membrane.

On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from a) panic disorder. b) depression. c) autism. d) schizophrenia.

d) schizophrenia

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter a) dopamine. b) norepinephrine. c) glycine. d) serotonin.

d) serotonin

A ligand is a a) type of drug. b) type of electrical stimulus. c) cholinergic synapse. d) substance that binds to receptor molecules.

d) substance that binds to receptor molecules (at the surface of the cell)

During the relative refractory phase, a) voltage-gated sodium channels are open. b)all gated channels are closed. c) no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential. d) the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized.

d) the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized

what is another name for Tympanic Membrane ?

ear drum

what sensory organ processes sound?

ears

Neuronal communication occurs through.....

electrical (action potentials) and chemical (release of neurotransmitters) signaling

The pain control procedure in TENS is based on

electrical stimulation of the skin

Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to gain or loss of

electrons

Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of _________.

electrons

what is Myelin?

fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells, that improves the speed of conduction of action potentials

Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in

fetal alcohol syndrome

Receptor cells and bipolar cells release the neurotransmitter

glutamate

Which pair of transmitters are the primary excitatory and inhibitory (respectively) transmitters in the brain?

glutamate; GABA

which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes

golgi

what provides feedback about force of muscle contractions?

golgi muscle tendon

Which proprioceptive receptor will help protect you from placing too much tension on connections between muscles and tendons?

golgi tendon organ

does patch/ voltage clamping have good or bad temporal resolution?

good temporal resolution

The main activity of male and female rats following an intromission is

grooming

The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals (i.e. transduction) by the

hair cells.

one perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they

have strong rewarding properties

The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to

heroin

Drug A out-competes Drug B for a particular receptor, but when it binds, Drug A does not activate this receptor. Drug A has high _________ for the receptors but low _____________.

high affinity, but low efficacy

Will muscles involved in gross movements like the legs have high or low innervation ratio?

high innervation ratio

top-down processing

higher brain regions (cortex, thalamus) can modulate input

which part of the brain is important for forming new memories?

hippocampus

which part of the brain was removed in H.M

hippocampus

Body can counteract effect of a drug! Body works to maintain...

homeostasis

Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. The cartoon depiction is referred to as the

homunculus

Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the

homunculus.

what is the process of the inside of the neuron becoming more negative called?

hyperpolarization

which part of the brain is important for mating?

hypothalamus

control group

identical to experimental group but doesn't get any treatment

Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?

increased heart rate

A factor manipulated by an experimenter is called a(n)

independent variable.

vulnerability

indicates that genes predispose an individual to some disorder; may or may not exceed some threshold to be expressed

Metabotropic receptors

indirectly control ion channels use neurotransmitters that bind to G protein-coupled receptors are associated with slow synapses

what are the 2 group of factors that determine gene expression?

inducing factors and intrinsic factors

A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the

influx of calcium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal.

final common pathway

information-processing pathway consisting of ALL motor neurons in the body

The mood stabilizing drug lithium acts by

inhibiting cAMP

The mood-stabilizing drug lithium acts by ____

inhibiting cAMP

what is the result of the basilar membrane being driven downwards?

inhibition

GABA receptors are

inhibitory

do agonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?

inhibitory effect

one neuron's output zone is another neuron's ______________

input zone

Where does the action potential go first? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone

input zone (specifically the dendrites)

Where do K+ molecules want to go based on electrostatic pressure

inside because K+ is positive and the inside is negative

Are more K+ ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?

inside the neuron

Which statement about white and gray matter is true?

insulation

Where does the action potential go second? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone

integration zone (specifically the cell body and axon hillock)

do antagonists cause change in the postsynaptic neuron?

it causes no change in the postsynaptic neuron

what determines whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibiatory?

it is determined by events that are initiated when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron

what is the membrane made up of?

it is made up of lipid bilayer with floating proteins

does Microdialysis measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?

it measure changes in brain activity/chemistry

why is myelin important?

it prevents K+ from leaking, thus depolarization is maintained and spread

what does cocaine do?

it provides a brief feeling of euphoria

what happens during diffusion?

it takes high concentration of something and moves it to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved

when a neuron is at rest, K+ wants to exit or remain in the cell through diffusion?

it wants to exit

Where do Na+ molecules want to go based on diffusion?

it wants to go inside because there is not a lot of them there

Lashley

known for mass action (the amount of tissue destroyed, not the location, determines the amount of function lost) known for equipotentiality (the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole; one part can take over if the other part is damaged)

The phenomenon that you can trick your brain into thinking pressure on your eye is a change in light is called ___________.

labeled lines

The process that acts to enhance the boundaries of visual objects is called

lateral inhibition

CT and MRI brain scans indicate that schizophrenic patients are likely to have:

lateral ventricles that are twice the size of controls

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important

left

what does fMRI measure

localized activity in brain / blood flow

which cell afferents have slow-adapting temporal dynamics?

merkle cell and ruffini ending

what part of the brain will transfer information you get from your eyes to the brain?

midbrain

where is the inferior and superior collculi located?

midbrain

The brainstem consists of the

midbrain, pons, and medulla.

When a transmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor that is coupled to a G protein, part of the G protein complex_____________.

migrates away

what is serotonin involved in?

mood, sleep, higher cognition

what is the precentral gyrus crucial for?

motor control

what is the basal ganglia involved in?

motor functioning

Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively.

motor; sensory

Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of the _____ and _____ cortex, respectively.

motor; sensory

stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of ________ and ________ cortex, respectively

motor; sensory

what do small displacements in the tympanic membrane do?

move the malleus

The vestibular system informs the brain about

movement and position of the body.

which does the cortical motor neurons encode more of: muscle contraction or movement direction ?

movement direction

what is ACh involved in?

muscle contraction

What happens when an action potential reaches the terminal of a neuromuscular junction?

muscle fiber will respond by contracting because there is a lot of ACh being released at terminal

what are the two types of proprioceptive receptors

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs

The major function of Schwann cells is

myelination of peripheral nerve fibers.

What are muscle fibers made up of?

myofibrils

What is the name for thick filaments

myosin

Wavelengths of light are measured in

nanometers

are proteins negatively or positively charged?

negatively charged

anion

negatively charged ion ( Cl-)

are temporary lesions looking at structure or function?

neither

Interneurons are

neither a specific sensory nor a specific motor funciton

what happens when temporary lesions cool down the region of interest?

neural activity stops/slows down

the level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the ________ level

neural systems

A researcher who is studying the neural mechanisms associated with displays of compassion in tasks involving decision-making is working in the field of

neuroeconomics.

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs also known as

neuroleptics

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main transmitter used at mammalian __________________.

neuromuscular junctions

Where do motor neurons meet muscle fibers?

neuromuscular junctions (NMJ)

neuron doctrine

neuron doctrine.

what is the neuron's resting state?

neuron is inactive and not receiving or sending information

An action potential is a brief, but large change in what?

neuronal polarization

what did Golgi think about neurons?

neurons are continuous

Phantom limb pain is an example of _____ pain

neuropathic

Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?

neuroplasticity

During a period of normal cell death, developing neurons are thought to compete for _________________________

neurotrophic factors

What causes some connections and neurons to survive, but not others?

neurotrophic factors

what factor suppresses latent biochemical pathway leading to cell death?

neurotrophic factors

absolute refractory period

no AP can happen because voltage-gated Na+ channels are either open or unresponsive

can neurotransmitters freely move in and out of neurons?

no, they need to be packaged into vesicles

The gaps between segments of myelin are known as

nodes of Ranvier

The gaps between segments of myelin are known as

nodes of Ranvier.

is EEG/ERP invasive on non-invasive?

non-invasive

is MRI and fMRI invasive on non-invasive?

non-invasive

is TMS invasive on non-invasive?

non-invasive

is fMRI invasive or non-invasive?

non-invasive

if a drug blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter, but doesn't prevent the neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor, it is classified as a ____________

noncompetative antagonist

The same number of neurotransmitters are able to bind to receptors whether or not Drug A is at a synapse interacting with the same receptors. Drug A must be acting _________________

noncompetatively

do antagonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?

none because it has no effect at all

Synaptic vesicles

none of the above

The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are areas of

nonprimary motor cortex

what does the cell body contain?

nucleus

innervation ratio

number of muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to the

orbitofrontal cortex.

which skin receptor cell is good at detecting vibrations transmitted through objects being grasped?

pascinian

Level of question: what techniques should you use if you want to look at structure/function of individual neurons

patch-clamp techniques and microscopy

what techniques should you use to look at activity of neurons?

patch-clamp techniques and microscopy

The study of the movement of drugs through the body is termed:

pharmacokinetics

An organism's observable traits are referred to as its

phenotype.

The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific protrusions on the skull.

phrenology

the early 19th century field of ________ claimed to discern an associated between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull

phrenology

The ____ model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict's desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

physical dependence

what does the outer ear contain?

pinna and ear canal

what is frequency perceived roughly as?

pitch

Which theory of pitch perception emphasized the importance of the location of the IHC along the basilar membrane?

place theory

Curare is derived from a type of

plant.

what is equilibrium?

point at which movement of ions across the cell membrane is balanced

The change from a membrane potential of -40 mV to +40 mV is the change in what?

polarization that is characteristic of an Action potential

Cortical neurons that respond to information in more that one sensory modality are known as

polymodal neurons

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep

pontine

If performance on a cognitive task is shown to improve as subjects increase in age, the correlation between task performance and age is

positive

If performance on a cognitive task is shown to improve as subjects increase in age, the correlation between task performance and age is

positive.

cation

positively charged ions (NA+, and K+)

The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using

positron emission tomography (PET).

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

positron emission tomography.

The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using

positron emission topography (PET)

Vasopressin is secreted by the

posterior pituitary

A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the

postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors

what is the membrane selectively permeable to?

potassium

________ is the ion that is most important for establishing resting membrane potential, whereas _______ is the ion most important for changing the polarization of a neuron as it undergoes an action potential?

potassium sodium

What is largely responsible for the negative resting membrane potential (-70mV) in a neuron?

potassium leak currents

The neuromodulator adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on

presynaptic autoreceptors.

The ethicist Peter Singer argues that animal research is justified only when it

produces immediate and measurable benefits.

The ethicist Peter Singer argues that animal research is justified only when it

produces immediate and measurable results.

In order for sexual behavior to occur normally in female rate, _____ receptors must be activated in order to increase the production of proteins of proteins necessary for lordosis

progesterone

Which of the following is not secreted by the pituitary

progesterone

Ion channels are made of__________.

protein

what does a PET scan use when measuring physiological activity of the brain?

radioactive tracers

sensory transduction

receptor cells convert energy into electrical signals

Scientific explanations usually involve analysis on a simpler or more basic level of organization than that of the structure or function to be explained. This approach is known as

reductionism

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as

reductionism

Strong enough stimulation in the supplementary motor area can lead to bilateral movements, which is the role in what...?

role in coordinating movements on two sides of body

The bifurcation that is common to most axons allows a neuron to

send information to multiple neurons

how do we sense stimuli

sensory receptor organs

Vibrations cause changes in IHCs that lead to what?

sensory transduction

Insome insects, the _____ wavelength receptors respond to UV wavelengths that humans cannot see

short

Information about pain and temperature in the anterolateral system crosses the nervous system at the level of the

spinal cord

In healthy young adults, nearly half of all sleep time is spent in

stage 2 SWS

which part of the neuron contains the conduction zone?

the axon

"How" types of questions reflect the biopsychological perspective that focuses on a) the description of behavior. b) the biological mechanisms of behavior. c) the evolution of brain and behavior. d) the development of brain and behavior.

the biological mechanisms of behavior.

what happens in the output zone

the cell sends information to another cell

Michelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble

the midline brain structures.

what is the scala vestbulli attached to?

the oval window

what is the input zone?

the part of the neuron that receives info from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures

receptive field

the region of skin in which a stimulus will modify the firing of an action potential

If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see

the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain.

antagonist drug

there is no effect. it blocks receptor sites so neurotransmitter can't act (no change in postyn neuron)

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from

decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue

if a neuron leaves the ventricular zone early, it will end up where?

deep layers of cortex

what happens to the neurotransmitter?

degradation or reuptake

binding affinity

degree of chemical attraction between a ligand and a binding site

The costs for treatment of _______ alone exceed the costs of treating cancer and heart disease together.

dementia

which part of the neuron contains the input zone?

dendrites

what is it called when message from neuron causes the membrane potential to become less negative?

depolarization

what are the 2 forces that drive K+ in and out?

diffusion and electrostatic pressure

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly their

direction of membrane polarization

do ionotropic receptors directly or indirectly control ion channel?

directly controls ion channel

Bill loves chocolate cake and finds it very rewarding. Which neurotransmitter is involved in his processing of cake?

dopamine

Most addictive substances, increase _________ levels in the nucleus accumbens.

dopamine

Afferent fibers from the periphery that carry nociceptive terminate on neurons in the

dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord

higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the

dose-response curve

To counteract the effects of a drug acting as an agonist, will a neuron up-regulate or down-regulate?

down-regulate

counteracting agonist involves what kind of regulation?

down-regulation

Descartes's philosophy was called

dualism

Introduction of the atypical antipsychotics has been beneficial because

they do not produce Parkinsonian side effects.

where do oligodendrocytes form myelin?

they form myelin the the CNS (brain & spinal cord)

where do Schwann cells form myelin?

they form myelin the the PNS

what do refractory periods help ensure?

they help ensure that the axon potential is propagated in one direction down the axon

The peripheral nervous system has _______ component(s).

three

why do some neurotransmitters bind to autoreceptors on the presynaptic neuron ?

to tell the neuron the concentration of the transmitter in the synaptic cleft

patch-clamp

to use voltage clamping to monitor the flow of current across a tiny patch of membrane taken from a neuron

Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called

tolerance

cross tolerance

tolerance for one drug causes an individual to develop a tolerance of another drug that belongs to the same chemical class

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

was originally developed as an antihistamine, but was first antipsychotic marketed

what is the Independent variable in ERP/EEG

you can manipulate the type of stimulus being presented

what are some invasive techniques?

-clamping -microdialysis -temporary lesion -ablation

Chemical signaling

1. Depolarization in the axon terminal causes voltage- gated Ca2+channels to open 2. Ca 2+ enters the cell and acts on synaptic vesicles 3. Synaptotagmin on vesicles sensitive to Ca2+ which catalyzes membrane fusion by binding to SNAREs 4.Fusion to neuronal membrane (exocytosis or kiss and run) 5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft 6. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron dendrites (but not all neurons bind on post-syn neuron, some bind to autoreceptors) 7. reactions triggered in post-syn neuron 8. transmitters inactivated or removed

place theory

Area of the basilar membrane that vibrates determines perceived pitch -base of basilar membrane --> high pitch -apex of basilar membrane --> low pitch

cool blood

Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to

Which type of synaptic connection allows the presynaptic neuron to strongly facilitate or inhibit the activity of the postsynaptic neuron?

Axo-axonic

In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found?

Axon terminal

1. The human connectome project attempts to examine __________; and the human proteome project attempts to examine __________. a. how social interactions impact brain functions; interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome b. projections between different brain regions; interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome c. evolutionary relationships between species; the genetic basis of behavior d. the genetic basis of behavior; projections between different brain regions e. interactions between proteins encoded by the human genome; projections between different brain regions

12. Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? a. measuring hormones in male rats after exposure to a female rat b. observing the behavioral effects of stimulating the motor cortex in rats c. observing patterns of brain activity in rats trained to traverse a maze d. measuring abnormalities in the brain in patients with schizophrenia e. estimating the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the United States

27. What is the function of the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobes? a. processing of somatosensory input b. control of motor behavior c. processing of auditory input d. processing of visual input e. control of speech

32. Which brain region is NOT part of the basal ganglia? a. subthalamic nucleus b. red nucleus c. substantia nigra d. caudate nucleus e. globus pallidus

36. Which of the following methods uses labelled lengths of nucleic acids to identify neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on? a. autoradiography b. in situ hybridization c. immunohistochemistry d. Nissl staining e. Golgi staining

7. An individual with blindsight is impaired because he/she has damage in which part of the brain? a. one retina, but not the other. b. the primary visual cortex. c. the superior colliculus. d. the corpus callosum. e. the parietal lobe.

Why does the movement of the basilar membrane matter for transduction of auditory information?

Basilar membrane driven upwards --> shearing motion between tectorial membrane and organ of Corti -->bending of stereocilia --> excitation Basilar membrane moves downward --> opposite --> bending of stereocilia in opposite direction --> inhibition

Behavioral intervention

GABA

Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter

What is the main difference between Asperger's Syndrome and Autism?

Better language and communication abilities in Asperger's

spans several scientific disciplines

Biological psychology

Behavioral neuroscience is also known as

Biopsychology

Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?

Bipolar cells

Which of the following is not considered a major anxiety disorder?

Bipolar disorder

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for

Both a and c: removing three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the cell membrane, returning the membrane potential to the resting state

Central Nervous System

Brain & Spinal Cord

snake

Bungarotoxin is derived from a type of

How does the Y chromosome determine maleness in humans?

By containing the genes responsible for the SRY effects.

If you suffer damage to the dorsal stream in area MT (aka V5) what kind of impairment will you experience? a. specific loss of ability to recognize faces b. loss of ability to recognize all objects c. loss of ability to perceive movement d. loss of ability to identify color e. loss of ability to make coordinated movements

4 characteristics of TMS

1. good temporal resolution 2. Only used to study surface- level brain structure 3. Stimulates or inhibits brain activity 4. makes us eof properties of magnetism

what are the 3 ways to slice the brain?

1. horizontal 2. sagittal 3. coronal

Sodium-Potassium Pump always pumps out 3________ ions and pumps in 2__________ions

3 Na+ ions and 2K+ ions

In early development, muscle fibers have multiple synapses from motor neurons. What happens if you stimulate one of those motor neuron inputs repeatedly? a. The density of innervations will increase. b. The muscle fiber will grow. c. The other synapses will be pruned. d. Muscle memory will be formed. e. The muscle fiber will die.

40. In the graph of the action potential, which of the time points is NOT part of the refractory period? a. #1 only b. #2 only c. #3 only d. #1 and #3 e. #2 and #3

Spike-and-wave EEG activity is evident for _______ seconds during a petit mal seizure.

5 to 15

Atypical neuroleptics tend to be most effective on _____ receptors

5-HT2

About how many total nuerons does a human brain have?

86-100 billion

A person whose brother has schizophrenia has a _____% chance of developing the disease as well.

substance that binds to receptor molecules.

A ligand is a

raphe nucleus

A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the

exogenous Drug

A manufactured drug that activates a particular type of receptor in the brain is called a(n)

temporal summation

A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as

Which of the following would not be possessed by an XY individual with a defectice AMH receptor

A small penis and a partially fused labia

Which of the following techniques is used to specifically study white matter tracts in the brain? a) DTI b) CT c) PET d) fMRI

A) DTI

What are typical places of employment for behavioral neuroscientists?

Academia, Government, Industry

common neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (ACh) Glutamate GABA Serotonin Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE)

Chemically related to NE and DA, but cannot directly activate cellular receptors normally stimulated by these NTs. Therefore, it does what?

Act by making more of these naturally occurring NTs available

voltage-gated ion channels

Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack

what does retinoic acid do?

Activates retinoid receptors (class of transcription factors) in the nucleus-modulate gene expression

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Administering a drug and measuring its effect on anxiety levels

Which of the following statements about schizophrenia and ventricular changes is false?

Almost all patients with schizophrenia - especially males - show ventricular changes that are evident after the onset of the disorder.

gross neuroanatomy

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

Movement of primitive neurons and glia within the developing nervous system is called __________; and formation of insulation around the axons is called __________. a. differentiation; apoptosis b. myelination; differentiation c. migration; myelination d. migration; differentiation e. synaptogenesis; apoptosis

The "law of specific nerve energies" attempts to account for what fact? a. Perception of a repeated stimulus fades. b. The speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus. c. Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light, and every stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound. d. If one sensory system is damaged, others will compensate. e. The same neurons are used by multiple sensory systems.

The fact that humans evolved a large brain is an example of __________. a. monovalent selection b. convergent selection c. directional selection d. disruptive selection e. divergent selection

What is stereoscopic depth perception? a. differentiating the distance of a sound by the input of each ear b. using perspective cues to assess distance c. using differences in what each eye sees to assess distance d. assuming that an object that overlaps another is closer e. adjusting the focus in a microscope

What is the name of a presynaptic receptor that responds to a neurotransmitter that is released by its own neuron? a. self-regulating receptor b. heteroreceptor c. autoreceptor d. ionotropic receptor e. metabotropic receptor

What type of eye movements are exercised when scanning across the horizon (i.e. without a moving stimulus to track)? a. pursuit movements b. peripheral movements c. saccadic movements d. vergence movements e. conjunctive movements

Which of the following areas of the body would have the lowest density of receptive fields? a. the fingertip b. the forearm c. the back d. the face e. the lips

Which of the following describes an inhibitory synapse? a. located primarily on dendritic spines, symmetric b. located primarily on dendritic spines, asymmetric c. located primarily on soma, symmetric d. located primarily on soma, asymmetric e. located primarily on soma, can be symmetric or asymmetric

Which of the following hormones is hydrophobic? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. insulin c. progesterone d. oxytocin e. vasopressin

Which of the following occurred when a monkey was trained to grasp a spinning disc at the farthest limit of its ability to reach? a. Connections between the primary somatosensory cortex and the primary visual cortex were strengthened. b. The receptive fields of the distal digits grew larger. c. The primary somatosensory cortex was reorganized with a larger representation of the distal digits. d. More Pacinian corpuscles were generated in the distal digits of the monkey's forepaws. e. The monkeys escaped and ate all the banana pellets.

anandamide

Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors.

Where are corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin (GHIH), and Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) released? a. posterior pituitary b. anterior pituitary c. supraoptic nucleus d. median eminence e. paraventricular nucleus

Which of the following does not result from amphetamine usage?

Enhanced long-term memory

Which neurotransmitter is released from varicosities that may either form synapses or leak neurotransmitter diffusely into the extracellular space? a. dopamine b. glutamate c. substance P d. serotonin e. GABA

Which of the following best describes Mendel's work with pea plants? a. DNA is the biochemical basis of inherited traits. b. Traits that promote survival are passed on without change from one generation to the next. c. Life experiences alter the expression of specific genes. d. Inheritance is based upon paired units that are maintained across generations. e. Genes are the basic units of heredity.

The cell bodies of afferent sensory neurons in the spinal nerves are located in the

Dorsal root ganglion

What does the f in fMRI stand for?

Functional

Which of the following best describes the conclusions of a correlational study?

Experience affect the brain

In the above Ecstasy study, what was the independent variable?

Exposure to Ecstasy

There is only a stereotaxic apparatus for rats.

False

True or false. When ionotropic channels open, neurotransmitters can move in or out of the neuron

False! NTs don't move in and out of channels, they activate channels and IONS move in and out

what does it mean if temporal dynamics are fast?

Fast adaptation --> conveys information about changes in ongoing stimulation (e.g., stimulus movement)

Wundt

Father of Experimental Psychology; founded first psych lab in Germany; distinguished psychology as a science (not bio or philosophy)

Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response (according to LeDoux) to a bear appearing at your picnic?

Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

Astrocytes

Help form the outer brain membrane

what do Bcl-2 proteins do?

Help maintain homeostasis in cell Potentially controls amount of Ca2+ leaving the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

What is the appropriate technique for visualizing the location of receptors within the cells?

Immonocytochemistry

A researcher interested in determining which brain regions are active when a particular behavior is performed by an animal subject will most likely make use of which procedure?

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

the destroyed brain regions

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is

axon hillock

In general, the action potential is initiated at the

brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.

In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to

left

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.

medial;anterior

In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______.

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Indirectly, laughing causes you to feel happy.

direction of membrane polarization.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their

What big change happens to membrane potential during an action potential?

Inside of the neuron becomes more positive than the outside of the neuron Occurs because of the movement of ions across the membrane

Which of the following is not a characteristic of adenosine?

It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles

Broca

Found evidence that part of the left frontal lobe of the cortex is specialized for speech production or articulation.

Which of the following describes the blood-brain barrier?

It is a property of the closely packed endothelial cells of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.

Which of the following best describes the blood-brain barrier?

It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.

Golgi stains

Produce sparse and random staining of entire cell bodies and dendrites, Can be used to count dendritic spines, Are useful for determining extent of dendritic branching

A person with damage to the left frontal lobe would most likely have problems

Producing spoken language

What is a similarity between Parkinson's and Huntington's Disease?

Progressive damage in the basal ganglia

Schwann

Provide myelin in PNS

Which of the following statements regarding therapy for depression is true?

Psychotherapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone.

Which of the following is not a good example of how a multipolar neurons' form fits its function?

Pyramidal cells have an extra long apical axon that receives multiple inputs across layers of the cerebellum

What type of glial cells are only found during brain development?

Radial glia

In the human nervous system, most unipolar and bipolar neurons are specialized to

Rapidly bring sensory information into the CNS

Ruffini afferent

Receptive Fields: Large, vague temporal dynamics: slow-adapting -Respond to internally generated stimuli

messiner

Receptive Fields: Larger than Merkel afferents; 4x more sensitive to deformation temporal dynamics: fast-adapting -Detects movement of object across fingers

what does it mean if the brain is compartmentalized?

Regions of the brain are specialized for different functions, which makes the brain efficient at processing multiple sources of information

the concept of dualism was proposed by

René Descartes

what does the ear canal do?

Resonates to boost frequencies amplified by the pinna

when proprioceptive Receptors in Muscles respond?

Respond when muscles contract or stretch

Which of the following represent an alternative pathway for vision?

Retina to superior colliculus to pulvinar to V2

HM had normal function for the following cognitive parameters EXCEPT what?

Retrieval of recent autobiographical memories

How many distinct layers are observed in the human cortex?

Six

what does it mean if temporal dynamics are slow?

Slow adaptation -->information about spatial attributes of stimulus (size and shape)

Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?

Social neuroscience

Which of the following structures is not part of the brainstem? A. Medulla B. Pons C. Reticular formation D. Thalamus E. Midbrain

Thalamus

The diencephalon becomes which of the following structures?

Thalamus and hypothalamus

action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins.

The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the

glutamate

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter

Neuron Doctrine

does EEG/ERP MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?

MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry

All of the following are TRUE of meiosis except:

Meiosis does not contribute to the genetic diversity in populations.

which cell afferents have fast-adapting temporal dynamics?

Meissner and Pascinian

Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease?

Mental activity and Physical activity

Somatic system of the Peripheral Nervous System

Motor Nerve & Sensory Nerve

Which branch of the nervous system is referred to as the "flight or fight" preparation system, because it coordinates arousal and mobilizes energy resources?

Sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System

Which of the following statements about open-loop control systems is false?

The control signal occurs after error is detected

Dementia

The costs for treatment of _______ alone exceed the costs of treating cancer and heart disease combined

When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like _____________________ allele.

The dominant

ventral tegmental area

The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward.

heroin

The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to

phrenology

The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull.

various organs of the body

The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to

axon hillock

The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the

molecular

The level of analysis of the study of membrane permeability of neurotransmitter receptors is the _______ level.

synaptic

The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level.

neural systems

The level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the _______ level.

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

The main active ingredient found in marijuana is

Brown eye colour is dominant; blue eye colour is recessive. If a brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have a brown-eyed boy and a blue-eyed girl, we can safely conclude that:

The man is heterozygous for eye colour.

Character weakness in addicts

The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by

Which of the following is a major dopaminergic pathway:

Nigrostriatal, Mesolimbic, Mesocortical

Why do we call the uncovered section of the axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin?

Node of Ranvier

A hormone that is normally found only in males is

None of the aboce

Simon LeVay's discovery of a nucleus inthe brain that is larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men proves that sexual orientation is

None of the above

Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm?

None of the above; they all demonstrate a circadian rhythm (Body temperature, Hormone secretion, Activity levels)

Which of the following statements is false?

Not all animals use DNA to store genetic material

Which of the following statements is false?

Not all animals use DNA to store genetic material.

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?

Observations of patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Observations of the effects of giving a drug to some rats but not to others

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?

Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze

The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using

PET

how are messages sent from the cortex?

To create a change in the PNS, cortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract

EEG

To determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

To protect the brain from bacteria and toxins

Which of the following questions is an example of the "comparative/evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?

To what extent can different species see color?

Which of the following questions reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?

To what extent can different species see color?

Which of the question reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology?

To what extent can different species see color?

Which of the question reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology? - How are the visual areas of the brain organized? - What environmental experiences in early life are required for vision to develop normally? - What kind of treatments can correct faulty vision? - To what extent can different species see color?

To what extent can different species see color?

Which of the following does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?

Total lack of wavelength discrimination

Which of the following does the somatosensory cortex process?

Touch

Which of the following statements about oxytocin and vasopressin is false?

They are secreted in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones

Which of the following statements about the use of animal models in neuroscience research is false

Unlike human research, there are no ethical regulations restricting the types of research that can be performed on animals

These are the receiving part of a neuron

Vesicles

Which of the following questions does the "mechanisms" perspective in biological psychology address?

What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?

Which of the following questions is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective in biological psychology?

What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?

Which of the following represents a structural description of behavior?

When an animal learns, the number and morphology of neuron connections changes in specific brain regions.

When would someone use DTI?

When they want to specifically study white tracts in the brain

what does the type of transmitter (released by the presynaptic neuron) and the receptor (to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron.) detemine

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory

type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron.

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the

amphetamine

Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances?

Social Neuroscience

Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?

social neuroscience

Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions?

Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?

Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study?

Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light

Which of the following is false?

Once our brains have developed, they cannot grow new nerve cells.

Which of the following is false?

What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?

Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology?

Precentral gyrus

Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?

There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease than with stroke

Which statement, about the prevalence of neurological disease in the United States today, is false?

Neuroplasticity

Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience?

golgi

Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?

Behavioral intervention

Correlational

Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are catecholamines with a common precursor

True

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

a hyperpolarizing potential in the postsyn neuron that is caused by inhibitory connections. it decreases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential ex. opening Cl- channels

PET studies of schizophrenia have shown

a lack of increased prefrontal metabolic activity during certain cognitive tasks.

Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for

a peptide or protein molecule

An imaging study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed

a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus

depolarization

a reduction is membrane potential (the inside of the neuron becomes less negative)

supplementary motor area

a region of nonprimary motor cortex that receives input from the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex -movements are based on internal cues (ex stretching)

A group of axons traveling together within the brain is called a a) tract. b) nerve. c) nucleus. d) ganglion.

a) tract

Most neurons are born in the __________________, which lines the neural tube. a) ventricular layer. b) forebrain. c) intermediate layer. d) radial glia

a) ventricular layer

Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack a) voltage-gated ion channels. b) sodium channels. c) myelin. d) cell membranes.

a) voltage-gated ion channels

Which statement about white and gray matter is true? a) White matter is like insulation. b) Gray matter is like a chimney. c) White and gray matter are similar. d) Gray matter is not found in the brain.

a) white matter is like insulation

Neurofibrillary tangles are

abnormal tangles of neurofilaments, including tau protein

The process by which the shape of the lens is altered in order to project a sharp image onto the retina is called

accommodation

Cocaine and amphetamines both potently affect the _____ of monoamine neurotransmitters.

accumulation

Muscarine and nicotine mimic the action of____________.

acetylcholine

Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter

acetylcholine

The venom of a black widow spider increases the release of

acetylcholine

Nicotine mimics the action of

acetylcholine.

What is the name for thin filaments?

actin

The "lock and key" analogy relates to the

action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins

The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the

action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins.

in most cases, good temporal resolution = __________ spatial resolution

bad

Do ablations have good or bad spatial resolution?

bad spatial resolution

does EEG/ERP have good or bad spatial resolution?

bad spatial resolution

Does MRI have good or bad temporal resolution

bad temporal reoslution

The caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra comprise the

basal ganglia

The symptoms of Tourettes syndrome resemble those of patients with disease of the

basal ganglia

what part of the brain contains dopamingeric neurons that are greatly affected in Parkinson's disease?

basal ganglia

what part of the brain is important for initiating and terminating movement

basal ganglia

what part of the brain is important for movement based on acquired skills

basal ganglia

Subcortical Motor regions?

basal ganglia and cerebellum

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the

basal ganglia.

The motion of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani causes vibrations in the what?

basilar membrane

why does fMRI have bad temporal resolution

because it measures blood flow, which tends to be sluggish

why is the sodium potassium pump considered active?

because it requires neurons to expend energy

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will

become free-running.

Action potentials

begin by the opening of voltage-activated sodium channels and are "all-or-none"

which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject performs a cognitive task while in a brain scanner (e.g. fMRI), while researchers measure the indirect changes in activity in specific regions of the brain

behavioral intervention

sensory transduction process

bending of stereocilla --> tip links open --> ion channels allow K+ and Ca 2+ to depolarize IHC. Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at base of IHC glutamate is released and binds to the afferent nerve and triggers an AP

Peptide hormones typically affect a cell by

binding to receptors on the cell membrane

Lithium has often been used as a treatment for

bipolar affective disorder.

Both PCP and ketamine act by _____ receptors

blocking NMDA

In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to

brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.

In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to

brain damage caused by blockage or reduction of blood flow to the brain

In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to

brain lesions caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.

what part of the brain would you expect us to have in common with the greatest number of species?

brain stem

Cannabinoids have been found to be widely distributed in the brain, but apparently they are not present in significant numbers in the

brainstem

Which of the following areas is not a sector of the cerebral hemispheres?

brainstem

the short-latency components of event related potentials are associated primarily with

brainstem activity

The short-latency components of event-related potentials are associated primarily with

brainstem activity.

reductionism

breaks a system down into increasingly smaller parts to understand it

The evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation is that it a) prevents fatigue of sensory receptors. b) allows people to attend to the constant excitation of the hairs on the skin by clothing. c) prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little new news about the world. d) allows the human brain to reassign sensory cortex if a limb is lost.

c) prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little new news about the world.

Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in a) addiction to methamphetamine. b) cocaine addiction. c) fetal alcohol syndrome. d) addiction to street-level heroin.

c) fetal alcohol syndrome

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter a) GABA. b) dopamine. c) glutamate. d) acetylcholine.

c) glutamate

Desynchronized EEG electrical activity is seen a) during a seizure. b) only in brainstem structures. c) in a normal active brain. d) only in children.

c) in a normal active brain.

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important. a) right b) top c) left d) bottom

c) left

In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______. a) superior; dorsal b) caudal; anterior c) medial; anterior d) ventral; dorsal

c) medial; anterior

The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels. a) opening; potassium b) closing; potassium c) opening; sodium d) closing; sodium

c) opening; sodium

Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control? a) Postcentral gyrus b) Parietal lobe c) Precentral gyrus d) Prefrontal cortex

c) precentral gyrus

Behavioral neuroscience... a) is concerned with how the functioning of the brain, but not its structure, underlies behavior. b) is concerned with human behavior rather than animal behavior. c) spans several scientific disciplines. d) is not concerned with the treatment of behavioral problems.

c) spans several scientific disciplines.

A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as a) active propagation. b) spatial summation. c) temporal summation. d) threshold afterpotential.

c) temporal summation

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______. a) estrogen; decrease b) norepinephrine; increase c) testosterone; increase d) adrenalin; decrease

c) testosterone; increase

Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that a) they must fire a certain number of times a second to communicate information accurately. b) they require a certain amount of stimulus to fire. c) the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus. d) the amplitude of the action potential changes based on the intensity of the stimulus.

c) the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus.

The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called a) translators. b) transponders. c) transporters. d) agonists.

c) transporters

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the a) number of action potentials arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal. b) size of the calcium current flowing into the presynaptic axon terminal. c) type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron. d) sensitivity of the presynaptic membrane.

c) type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron

The conduction velocity of an action potential a) is always the same, no matter how large the axon is. b) varies, depending on where it is taking place in the brain. c) varies, depending on the diameter of the axon. d) is dependent upon the water content in the myelin of each specific neuron.

c) varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.

Purkinje cells are located in the

cerebellum

which part of the brain is important for postural control and coordinating well practiced movements?

cerebellum

which part of the brain is involved in motor functioning?

cerebellum

which part of the brain is necessary for coordinating movements during swimming?

cerebellum

what are the subcortical regions that are part of the motor system

cerebellum and basal ganglia

what do these 3 characteristics refer to? 1. All living cells possess an electrical charge (more negative inside than outside) 2. By reversing this charge ( a change in polarization ) --> an action potential is initiated and propagated 3.Changes caused by the action potential help initiate the release of neurotransmitters

action potential

what happens if a combination of inputs drives membrane potential to -40 mV?

action potential is triggered

Brain scans show that different language tasks

activate different brain areas.

G proteins are able to amplify the message from a single receptor because they_____________.

activate second messenger proteins inside the cell

what does the height of sound wave represent?

amplitude

The _____ is particularly implicated in odor perception.

amygdala

which part of the brain is implicated in fear processing?

amygdala

your friend starts making sexual advances towards a car. what part of the brain should you be worried about?

amygdala

In a muscle contraction, thick and thin filaments slide past each other. it is initiated through what?

an action potential

what happens when you reverse an electrical charge in a cell?

an action potential is initiated and propagated

to be detected, a sensory receptor cell must receive what?

an adequate stimulus and stimulus energy passing an absolute threshold

The likelihood that the spouse of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is similar to the likelihood that _____ will do so.

an individual in the general population

A drug that binds to a receptor site but does not activate the receptor is known as a ____________and has low _________________

antagonist; low efficacy

Which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behaviors of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions? a) Neuroeconomics b) Social neuroscience c) Evolutionary psychology d) Consciousness studies

b) Social neuroscience

Which of the following is not true about action potentials? a) An action potential is a brief, but large change in neuronal polarization b) The amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse. c) An SPSP will increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring d) When a neuron reaches threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open

b) The amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse.

In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _____ and _____.

medial; anterior

in terms of position on your body, your nose is ______ and _______.

medial; anterior

The level of analysis of the study of membrane permeability of neurotransmitter receptors is the _______ level. circuit neural systems synaptic molecular

molecular

The telencephalon in the developing fetus becomes the

cerebral hemispheres.

Studies of identical twins in which one twin has schizophrenia have revealed a relationship between schizophrenia and enlargement of the

cerebral ventricles.

the ventricular system contains

cerebrospinal fluid

The ventricular system contains

cerebrospinal fluid.

What are the cerebral ventricles?

chambers filled with fluid

receptor potential

changes based on input (similar to EPSP)

The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by

character weakness in addicts

In area V5 of the visual cortex, cells appear to be sensitive to _____ but not to _____

movement; wavelength

Autoreceptors are sensitive to a neuron's own

neurotransmitter.

what do synaptic vesicles. store?

neurotransmitters

Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it_______________________.

offers considerable resistance to the flow of current

Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it

offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current

most sensory input goes through the thalamus except for what sensory system?

olfactory system

In terms of processing pathway, what differs between the olfactory system and other sensory systems?

olfactory system does not pass through the thalamus

what is a dendrite?

one of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron

Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining

consciousness.

Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining

consciousnness

Electrical messages used by nerve cells are essentially the same in a jellyfish or a cockroach. This observation suggests that this mechanism is a(n) _______ characteristic. - ontogenetic - genetically specified - coevolved - conserved

conserved

Aristotle

considered mental capacities to be properties of the heart; thought the brain was a cooling system for hot blood from the heart

Sexual receptivity, often corresponding with ovulation in female mammals, is necessary for

copulation

Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject?

correlational

To create a change in the PNS, cortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the _________

corticospinal tract

People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of

cross-tolerance

You are doing an experiment to see how a drug interacts at a binding site for GABA. You find that when the drug is at a synapse, this increases the number of action potentials being triggered in the postsynaptic neuron, which is receiving input from both the GABAergic cell you are studying and many other cells. Your drug is... a) An agonist b) An antagonist c) An inverse agonist d) (b- an antagonist) or (c- inverse agonist)

d) (b- an antagonist) or (c- inverse agonist)

In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. a) 10 b) 25 c) 50 d) 100

d) 100

Which of the following is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter? a) Existence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal b) Release of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending c) Existence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane d) Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area

d) Ability of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area

Which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter? a) Dopamine b) Serotonin c) Epinephrine d) Acetylcholine

d) Acetylcholine

The neuron doctrine.... a) was confirmed using electron microscopy. b) proposed that neurons were functionally, metabolically and structurally independent c) stemmed from the work of the great neuroanatomist Ramón y Cajal. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which statement about the Pacinian corpuscle is true? a) It is found in skin. b) It is found in muscle. c) Vibration causes it to excite afferent nerves by opening sodium channels. d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following is not true about the patch clamp technique a) It uses the same monitor as a voltage clamp b) It can be used to isolate single ion channels c) It is used to measure current flow across the cell membrane d) All of these are true statements about the patch clamp technique

d) All of these are true statements about the patch clamp technique

In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found? a) Cell body b) Dendritic spines c) Axon hillock d) Axon terminal

d) Axon terminal

_______ coding offers the best current understanding of the mechanism of pitch perception. a) Place b) Temporal c) Fourier d) Both place and temporal

d) Both place and temporal

The swaying of stereocilia in response to sound waves results in an influx of _______ at the base of the hair cell. a) Na+ b) K+ c) Cl- d) Ca2+

d) Ca2+

To determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an a) ERP. b) EKG. c) emergency room doctor. d) EEG.

d) EEG

Which of the following would not be considered an extrinsic influence on cells? a) Experience b) Nutrition c) Induction d) Genes

d) Genes

functional tolerance

decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up and down regulation of receptors; altered sensitivity change within neurons that decrease effectiveness

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _____ activity in the _____ lobes

decreased; frontal

The symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with _______ activity in the _______ lobes.

decreased; frontal

what is the process of the inside of the neuron becoming less negative called

depolarization

what is the speed of the AP dependent on

diameter of the axon and whether the axon is myelinated

Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection gave rise to two approaches to experimentation, one of which emphasizes

differences among species.

localization of function

different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors

Na+ rushes through voltage-gated channels. Then it opens additional channels, and Na+ continues to enter until the membrane potential of the neuron is +40 mV. This is due to what 2 forces?

diffusion and electrostatic pressure

what are the passive forces for keeping a membrane potential at rest?

diffusion and electrostatic pressure

cocaine is chemically related to which neurotransmitters?

dopamine and norepinephrine

Drugs classed as atypical neuroleptics block

dopamine and serotonin receptors

Cocaine acts at dopamine receptors by blocking what?

dopamine transporters

Drugs that stimulate the _____ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities.

dopaminergic

Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors.

dopaminergic

Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. a. serotonergic b. dopaminergic c. cholinergic d. muscarinic

dopaminergic

In terms of its position on his body, the top of a dogs head is

dorsal

On entering the spinal cord, the somatosensory projections ascend through the _____ system

dorsal column

In terms of its position on his body, the top of a dog's head is

dorsal.

Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the

dose-response curve

The SMA appears to be active especially

during the control of movements that are internally generated

The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by

entering cells and altering gene expression

True or false. the amplitude of an action potential affects how many vesicles bind to the membrane and release neurotransmitters at the synapse?

false

True or false. The amplitude of an action potential depends on how much excitatory of inhibitory input a neuron receives

false. APs are an all-or-none signal, EPSPs and IPSPs have different amplitudes, but APs do not

True or false. Ions can bind to different sub-receptor types to create different changes in a neuron

false. ions can't bind (only neurotransmitters can)

the speed of getting drugs into body via central injection

fast to very fast. Directly into CNS

The domestic cat is classified as a(n)

feeble dichromat

what is norepinephrine involved in

fight or flight responses

filopodia

fine tubular outgrowths from the growth cone of an axon or dendrite

does microscopy have good or bad spatial resolution?

good spatial resolution (staining techniques allow you to see structures better)

does EEG/ERP have good or bad temporal resolution?

good temporal resolution

does Microdialysis have good or bad temporal resolution?

good temporal resolution

does TMS have good or bad temporal resolution?

good temporal resolution

__________________ allows immature neuron to migrate and become __________ in mature neuron

growth cone axon terminal

what did Cajal use to label individual neurons

he used a golgi stain

Receptors to which ligands bind and immediately cause an ion channel to open are called

iontropic

An experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the change in their sleep patterns - is a behavioral intervention - has no control group - is a within-subjects experiment - is a between-subjects experiment

is a within-subjects experiment

A major site of origin of projections using the transmitter norepinephrine is the

locus coeruleus.

what is the axon hillock?

it originates out of the cell body and functionally, it is the integration zone

does EEG pick up activity over an area or specific neurons?

it picks up activity over an area

why does myelination increase the speed of the Action potential?

it prevents K+ from leaking

what is temporal resolution?

it refers to the precision of a measurement with respect to time

The telencephalon in the developing fetus becomes the

cerebral hemispheres

how was the neuron doctrine confirmed?

it was confirmed by the electron microscopy

will opening Na+ channel depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell?

it will depolarize the cell (making the cell less negative)

agonist drug

it will have the same effect as neurotransmitter (causes change in postsyn neuron)

will opening Cl- channels depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell?

it will hyperolarize the cell (making the cell more negative)

Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the

lateral geniculate nucleus.

what is gluyamate involved in?

learning and memory

Researchers have noted that young rodents develop a capacity to learn before they develop a capacity to form long-term memories. This implies that

learning and memory involve different processes.

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.

left

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting language difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _____ part of the brain appears to be especially important.

left frontal

In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting language difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important.

left frontal

what do secondary sensory endings respond to?

length

In terrestrial mammals, the _____ is primarily responsible for fine-tuning refraction.

lens

Hyperpolarizations make a neuron

less likely to fire an action potential

both drugs and neurotransmitters can act as what?

ligand

Cocaine was initially used as a(n)

local anesthetic

A researcher can determine how much of the human brain is used for even the simplest of tasks by

looking at brain activity in brain scans.

the higher the amplitude, the ___________ the sound

louder

what is amplitude perceived as?

loudness

do antagonists have high or low efficacy?

low efficacy

Will muscles involved in fine movements like the eyes have high or low innervation ratio?

low innervation ratio

does Microscopy measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?

measure changes in brain activity/chemistry

does patch/ voltage clamping measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?

measure changes in brain activity/chemistry

Helmoltz

measured speed of neural conduction and found it was slower than wires

correlation

measures how closely the body and behavior measures covary

sounds is encoded __________ in the middle ear is converted into _____________________ in the cochlea

mechanically neural energy

Touch, pressure, and vibration information is transduced by receptors in skin and muscles?

mechanoreceptors

LSD appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter _____

serotonin

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its effects through its interactions with receptors for the neurotransmitter

serotonin

The drug clozapine appears to exert its therapeutic effects via both dopamine receptors and _____ receptors.

serotonin

Which of the following is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter?

serotonin

inducing factors

signaling molecules from other cells -two types: inducer and morphogen

what does the patch clamp isolate?

single ion channels

The motor unit is a

single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Data that support the monoamine hypothesis include the observation that

some older antidepressant drugs inhibit monoamine oxidase

what adequate stimulus is needed to process sound

sound --> change in air pressure (pressure waves, mechanical energy)

complexity of sound

sounds with numerous frequencies of sound blended together

The spatial-frequency filter model is used in studying response to

spacing of stimuli

Biological Psychology

spans several scientific disciplines

The eight-arm radial maze is used primarily for tests of

spatial learning and memory.

Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve

specialized receptor molecules

Soldiers training for parachute jumps have shown

spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.

Stretch reflex does not involve the brain, just the _________and cells in the PNS

spinal cord

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the

spinal cord

The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are found in the

spinal cord.

what pushes on the oval window?

stapes

Just like migrating neurons, filopodia can use ____________ to guide growth

structural support

does MRI look at structure or functional activity of the brain?

structure

does microscopy look at structure or functional change?

structure

Neuroscience

study of the nervous system and behavior

The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the:

synapse

what is the tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other?

synapse

Contact points between neurons are called

synapses

The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level

synaptic

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the _____

synaptic cleft

Muscles that act together are called

synergists

A common movement disorder produced by antischizophrenia drugs is called

tardive dyskinesia

The major factor that determines how many motoneurons will die during normal development is

target size

What general region (lobe) of the brain are you interested in if you're researching how our brain responds?

temporal lobe

which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for auditory processing?

temporal lobe

which brain region is implicated in auditory processing?

temporal lobe and midbrain

Some patients with panic disorder have anatomical anomalies of the

temporal lobes

A single synapse may push the postsynaptic cell to threshold if many EPSPs arrive in quick succession. This process is referred to as

temporal summation.

Muscles are connected to bone by

tendons

At chemical synapses, most of the synaptic delay-the time between the arrival of a presynaptic action potential and the appearance of a postsynaptic EPSP or IPSP-is attributable to

the process of Ca2+ influx at the axon terminal

sensation

the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming them into neural energy

adaptation

the progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained -many receptors become less and less responsive as stimulus is maintained and frequency of firing declines

levels of analysis

the scope of an experimental approach, which ranges from social interaction down to the molecular level

What distinguishes between skin cell receptor (mechanoreceptors) types

the size of receptive fields

what is it called when drugs affect what happens in the synaptic cleft

transmitter clearance

what is it called when drugs affect whether neurons have neurotransmitters to release?

transmitter production

what is it called when drugs affect parts of the transmission process?

transmitter release

When a neuron dies, a surviving neuron that once received inputs from that cell loses some of its dendrites in a process called _____________

transneuronal degeneration

the specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called

transporters

The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called

transporters.

In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain (which is difficult to treat), the visual illusion

tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb.

In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain (which is difficult to treat), the visual illusion

tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputates limb

It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, which _______ the reticular formation.

tuberomammilary nucleus; actively inhibits

It has been proposed that SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the ________________ which ______ the reticular formation.

tuberomammilary nucleus; inhibits

The nicotine ACh receptor has ___ binding sites.

two

The nicotinic ACh receptor has _______ ligand-binding site(s).

two

counteracting antagonist involves what kind of regulation?

up-regulation

To counteract the effect of an antagonist drug, neurons could__________________

upregulate

It appears that glutamate is cleared from glutaminergic synapses via

uptake into astrocytes.

Withdrawal symptoms produced by abstinence from a drug are

usually opposite to the effects of the drug itself

The conduction of velocity of an action potential

varies, depending on the diameter of the axon

The conduction velocity of an action potential

varies, depending on the diameter of the axon

The conduction velocity of an action potential

varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.

the efferent nerves of the automatic nervous system (ANS) go to

various organs of the body

The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to

various organs of the body.

what do primary sensory endings respond to?

velocity

The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward

ventral terminal area

Most of the mitosis that will give rise to the nervous system takes place in the _____________

ventricular layer

Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel bad when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between _______ and _______ information

vestibular; visual

how do subcortical regions communicate with cortical areas

via the thalamus

the superior collculi is implicated in what type of processing?

visual processing

In a frog, the segregation of inputs from two eyes that are forced to innervate a single optic tectum requires _________________

visual stimulation

the patch clamp technique uses the same monitor as what other invasive technique?

voltage clamp

why can't an action potential occur during an absolute refractory period

voltage-gated Na+ channels are either open or unresponsive

Primary motor cortex is considered an executive region because it appears to control particular kinds of _____ movements

voluntary

frequency

wave length; measured in Hz; perceived roughly as pitch

cell type is dependent on ________

what genes a cell expresses

which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology?

what physiological changes in the brain encode memories

when can EEG activity be measures?

when a person is at rest for clinical diagnostic reasons

what is a pro of TMS?

you can find the answers to causal questions about activity (or inactivity) of targeted brain regions

The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called

ontogeny

The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called reductionism. phrenology. ontogeny. phylogeny.

ontogeny

The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called

ontogeny.

Most IPSPs are attributable to the

opening of chloride channels

Most IPSPs are attributable to the

opening of chloride channels.

The peak of the action potential is caused by the ______ of ______ channels

opening, sodium

which of the following is a pure compound extracted from poppies

opium

what is the smallest bones in the body

ossicles

which brain region is implicated in spatial processing?

parietal lobe

which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for attentional processing?

parietal lobe

During an fMRI, does the participant have to lie as still as possible or do they perform tasks

participant has to lie as still as possible.

are diffusion and electrostatic pressure active or passive forces?

passive forces

the process of organizing and interpreting this information so it has meaning

perception

difference between phasic and tonic receptors?

phasic shows adaptation and tonic does not

If you take a very young neuron and put it in a different environment, it will acquire the ____________ of its new region

phenotype

The ability of the brain to be changed by environmental inputs during development and over the course of adulthood is called

plasticity

The neuromodulator adenosine regulates synaptic activity through its actions on

presynaptic autoreceptors

The neuron doctrine

proposed the existence of synaptic contacts between neurons

Descartes

proposed the hydraulic model to explain behavior (proposed that animal spirits were pumped through the brain by the pineal gland); was not supported by empirical evidence

what ions are located inside the neuron when it is as resting membrane potential?

proteins and potassium

A major site of origin of neurons that synthesize the neurotransmitter serotonin is the ______________.

raphe nucleus

Typically dendrites of a post synaptic neuron

receive signals from the terminal buttons of a presynaptic neuron

merkle cell afferents

receptive field: very small (so has highest spatial resolution) temporal dynamics: slow adapting Good for form and texture (points, edges, curvature)

Neurotransmitters can have different effects, based on the ______________ to which they bind

receptor subtype

what do filopodia have?

receptors for molecules that serve as directional cues

transporter

receptors for the transmitter; specialized receptor in the presynaptic membrane that recognizes transmitter molecules and returns them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse bringing transmitter back into the presyn neuron

Relations between the brain and body are

reciprocal

Relations between the brain and the body are

reciprocal

Relations between the brain and body are

reciprocal.

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

reuptake and degradation

Neuroimaging studies of brain regions that are active in decision-making have identified two major neuroeconomic brain systems: one that assesses the relative value of choices available and one that

reviews the available choices and makes a conscious decision.

Neuroimaging studies of brain regions that are active in decision-making have identified two major neuroeconomic brain systems: one that assesses the relative value of choices available, and one that

reviews the available choices and makes a conscious decision.

Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured by

rhodopsin

increased pressure in scala tympani -------> bulge in what?

round window

what is the scala tympani attached to?

round window

If a body were cut into a left and right plane, each of the halves would be in the _______ plane

sagittal

The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _____ plane.

sagittal

The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane.

sagittal

when you slice the brain from ear to ear, which plane is it referring to?

sagittal plane

Drugs that block GABA receptors tend to cause a. hallucinations. b. depression. c. seizures. d. sedation.

seizures

The drug Prozac is an example of a

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

The substance tetrodotoxin (TTX), found in the ovaries of pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of the neuron because it______________________.

selectively blocks sodium channels

selective serotonine repute inhibitors (SSRIs) work by

selectively releasing more serotonin where needed

what process involves a change in membrane potential --> Action Potentials

sensory transduction

The human brain weighs about

1400 g

Which of the following structures is not part of the external or middle ear?

Cochlea

what do motor nerves do?

Transmits information from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands

In general, the action potential is initiated at the

axon hillock

Spinocerebellum

controls muscle tone and coordination

what happens during a rising phase of an action potential?

-40 mV threshold -Voltage-gated Na+ channels open -Na+ rushes into neuron

what are the 3 brain regions involved in motor control

1. primary motor cortex 2. supplementary motor area 3. premotor cortex

how many sodium ions does Sodium-Potassium Pump pump out of the neuron?

3 Na+

There are about _____ million cones in the human eye

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone

ACTH

relative refractory period

AP is unlikely because K+ is still rushing out of the neuron and neuron is hyperpolarized (requires a strong stimulation to produce AP)

The basal ganglia include the

All of the above

Which of the following is not part of the female internal genitalia

Clitoris

Oligodendrocytes

Form myelin to CNS

Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation?

Increased heart rate

Which of the following is an example of a *somatic intervention* study?

Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats

What does the Choroid Plexus do?

Produces Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

What term is used for the idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts?

Reductionism

frontal;parietal

The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes.

axon terminal

The output zone of the neuron is the

What's so important about the brain ventricles?

Theses spaces within the brain contains cerebrospinal fluid

receptor

a protein that binds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter

what is a ligand?

a substance that binds to receptor molecules

receptor subtype

any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptor for the same neurotransmitter

The vast majority of neurons

are classified as interneurons.

Cells in the primate LGN have receptive fields that

are concentric

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

are parallel processes, have no direct causal relation, are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli

what is the midbrain implicated in?

both visual and auditory processing

what does the CNS encompass?

brain and spinal cord

what are the 2 main things involved in apoptosis?

calcium concentration and mitochondria

The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the

choroid plexus

the specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the

choroid plexus

The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the

choroid plexus.

The study of field potentials of neurons in the hippocampus corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

circuit level

why aren't cochlear implants aren't good for listening tot music

cochlear implants are not as finely tuned as actual hair cells, thus pitch perception is degraded

The long-latency components of event-related potentials are associated primarily with

cognitive processing.

For any behavior or mental processes to occur, neurons must do what?

communicate with each other

A drug that binds to the same location as a neurotransmitter, regardless of what effect it has at the binding site is ________________

comparative

Galvanni

found that stimulating muscles electrically caused them to contract (with frogs)

The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) acts on at least ___ different types of receptors.

four

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts on at least _______ different types of receptors.

four

There are _____ main kinds of spectrally opponent cells in the LGN.

four

The ___ lobe is the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

The sleep of dolphins and birds is similar in that both display

unilateral sleep

Prevalence rates for _______ are much higher for women than for men.

unipolar depression

Does MRI have good or bad spatial resolution

good spatial resolution

Does fMRI have good or bad spatial resolution

good spatial resolution

does Microdialysis have good or bad spatial resolution?

good spatial resolution

The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is_______.

150 m/s

Declarative memory is not thought to deal with _______ questions.

"how" (is "why", "where", "what")

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about

"where"

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about

"where."

what are protective factors?

-Substances that can inhibit influx of Ca2+ into mitochondria (often indirectly) -Substances that can inhibit caspases -ex. Bcl-2 protein family

The equilibrium potential for sodium is about _______ mV.

+40

The equilibrium potential for sodium is about _______ mV.

+60

In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. - 25 - 100 - 10 - 50

- 25 - *100* - 10 - 50

The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is

150 m/s.

Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology? - How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? - What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? - What patterns of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze? - What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance?

- How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? - *What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?* - What patterns of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze? - What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance?

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effects of the drug on the rats' behavior - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats - Measuring the extend of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia

- Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - *Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effects of the drug on the rats' behavior* - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats - Measuring the extend of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia

A direct function of genes is - building the brain and nervous system - dictating behavior - replication - directing the building of protein

- building the brain and nervous system - dictating behavior - replication - *directing the building of protein*

what do neurotrophic factors do?

-Suppress latent biochemical pathway leading to cell death -Allows connection between neurons to survive -Can also foster synapse rearrangement -More target cells = more connections maintained

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as - correlation - causality - reductionism - fractionation

- correlation - causality - *reductionism* - fractionation

The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one's - genotype - genome - phenotype - meme

- genotype - genome - *phenotype* - meme

Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience? - neurogenesis - neuropathy - neuroplasticity - molding

- neurogenesis - neuropathy - *neuroplasticity* - molding

The early nineteenth-century field of ___ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull. - ontogeny - phrenology - dualism - epigenetics

- ontogeny - *phrenology* - dualism - epigenetics

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called - optogenetics - neuroeconomics - evolutionary psychology - epigenetics

- optogenetics - neuroeconomics - evolutionary psychology - *epigenetics*

The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called - phrenology - reductionism - phylogeny - ontogeny

- phrenology - reductionism - phylogeny - *ontogeny*

- somatic intervention - correlational - *behavioral intervention* - epigenetic intervention

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is - the type of animal being used in the experiment - the destroyed brain regions - the observed changes in sleep - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown

- the type of animal being used in the experiment - *the destroyed brain regions* - the observed changes in sleep - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown

Resting membrane potential is ____________mV; an action potential will be triggered at ___________mV

-50- -90 mV -40 mV

the equilibrium potential for potassium is about ____ mV

-80

what are benefits of using an animal model?

-Ability to study the brain of a living organism using invasive techniques If measuring neuronal activity, animal models are better for spatial resolution than noninvasive techniques

why use second messengers

-Amplification of the effect of the first messenger -Prolong the effect of the synaptic signals a neuron receives -Cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol, arachidonic acid

what are sensory receptor organs?

-Body parts that are sensitive to some forms of energy -Act as filters of the environment (only respond to certain types of energy) Ex. Ears, eyes

neurotransmitter criteria

-Exist in presynaptic terminal -Capable of being produced by the presynaptic cell -Released during an AP -Recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane -Substance produces changes in postsynaptic cell -Blocking release of substance prevents presynaptic activity from affecting postsynaptic cell

Drugs' speed of effects depend on?

-How quickly drug gets into the bloodstream -How quickly drug crosses blood-brain barrier

how do drugs get into the system?

-Ingestion -Inhalation -Peripheral injection -Central injection

ablations

-Most common invasive method -Remove brain structure or sever connections in order to study effect on animal's behavior

Premotor cortex

-Movements based on external cues -With a strong enough stimulation, movement is initiated --> more complex movements than M1 ex. shaping hand movement to reach for something

what is the basic logic of chemical signaling?

-Neurons are structurally independent -Most electrical messages (APs) cannot be sent between neurons -AP causes release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft -Neurotransmitters act on the postsynaptic neurons in various ways

what are the 3 types of cerebellum

-Spinocerebellum: controls muscle tone and coordination Cerebrocerebellum: involved in motor planning, learning, and memory Vestibulocerebellum: implicated in posture and eye movement coordination

Essay. In clinical trials, you determine that your drug is becoming less effective over time. What is this phenomenon called? Given the mechanisms you described, what change in patients' neurons is leading to the decrease in drug effectiveness?

-Tolerance. The drug might have provoked metabolic tolerance when repeated exposure caused the body's metabolic system to become efficient at eliminating the drug from the bloodstream before it affected the brain. Or is could be due to functional tolerance, which neurons down-regulate meaning the number of available receptors to which the drug can bind has decreased, thus becoming less sensitive and countering the drug effect -Neurons can reduce the effects of the drug through maintenance of homeostasis

noncompetitive ligand

-a substance that alters the response to the endogenous ligand without interacting with the endogenous ligand 's receptor site -will bind to different part if receptor site

what are the 4 different components of sound waves that the auditory system detects

-amplitude -frequency -complexity -duration

primary motor cortex (M1)

-consists mainly of precentral gyrus -executive region for the initation of movement -contralateral (left side controls right side and vice versa)

what are some non-invasive techniques?

-fMRI -MRI -TMS -EEG/ERP

Basal ganglia

-important for initiating and terminating movement -Modulates activity in cortical motor regions --> lots of communication with M1 -Important for movement based on acquired skills

what can happen when drugs affect whether neurons have neurotransmitters to release (transmitter production)?

-inhibit NT synthesis -block transport down the axon -inhibit storage in vesicles

Pros of studying human brain via damage

-learn a lot about the brain -working in a human system rather than an animal system provides more info

what can happen when drugs affect parts of the transmission process?

-mess with feedback through autoreceptors -inhibit AP (ex. block voltage-gated Na+ channels) -Inhibit chemical transmission by blocking voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

labeled line

-the concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information -Input to a particular type of receptor cell will be interpreted by the brain as a change in whatever modality the cell is supposed to code

what do Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have in common?

-they are glial cells -they form myelin

cons of studying human brain via damage

-very messy and disruptive of individual's life

...

Mammalian axons range from _______ in diameter.

0.5 to 20 μm

The human retina has about _____ million ganglion cells

Germinal phase

1 week long -little to no differentiation in cell type

embryonic phase

1 week-9 weeks blueprint of the body organs

How does the AP travel

1. AP is regenerated down the axon (voltage-gated channels are crucial for this process) 2. Depolarization of the far end of the axon leads to the opening of nearby voltage-gated Na+ channels 3. Entire process repeats itself down the axon

what were the 2 main theories of neural communication?

1. Golgi- neurons are continuous 2. Ramon y Cajal- neuron doctrine (neurons aren't continuous)

events of cell death

1. Influx of Ca2+ into cell 2. Diablo released from mitochondria 3. IAPs inhibited 4. Caspase cascade activated 5. DNA and proteins 'cut up'

what brain regions are cortical Motor regions?

1. M1 2. supplementary 3. premotor

ESSAY. Describe the sequence of events that take place during an action potential

1. Open K+ channels create resting potential. 2. Any depolarizing force will bring the membrane potential closer to threshold -40 mV. So, the inside of the neuron becomes more positive than outside 3. Na+ rushes inside due to diffusion and electrostatic pressure. This opens additional channels, and Na+ continues to enter until the membrane potential of the neuron is +40 mV. 4. Na+ channels close after reaching +40 mV; and then gated K+ channels open and K+ rushes out of the neuron, neuron is hyperpolarized and resting membrane potential is restored.

ESSAY: Explain what forces act to maintain the resting membrane potential in a neuron

1. Sodium- Potassium pump brings K+ into the neuron 2. K+ exits the neuron because it is going where there is less K+ due to diffusion so it can reach equilibrium 3. As negative charge builds up in neuron, electrostatic pressure pulls K+ ions back inside neuron

Neuron Doctrine

1. The brain is composed of separate neurons and other cells that are independent structurally, metabolically, and functionally 2. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps (synapses)

what happens after axons reach appropriate targets and begin to form synapses. (Completing of 'hard wiring' of CNS.)

1. differentiation of an axon's growth cone into axon terminal 2. elaboration of a postsynaptic apparatus in the target cell

what forces are important for maintaining resting membrane potential?

1. diffusion 2. electrostatic pump 3. sodium-potassium pump

4 characteristics of fMRI

1. excellent spatial resolution 2. Indirectly measures brain activity 3. Sensitive to motion artifacts (must stay still during procedure) 4. Makes use of properties of magnetism

3 characteristics of EEG/ERP

1. excellent temporal resolution 2. indirectly measures brain activity 3. sensitive to eye blinks and muscle tension

3 main ways to choose method to look at brain

1. level of question 2. who are the participants (animals or humans) 3. what is your question

The brightest light we can see is about _____ times as intense as the dimmest light we can see.

10 billion

Most neuronal cell bodies range from _____ in size.

10 to 100 um

Which is the range of sizes of most neuronal cell bodies?

10 to 100 µm

Most neuronal cell bodies range from _______ in size.

10 to 100 μm

pascinian afferents

10-15% -deep in hypodermis -Receptive Fields: Large and ambiguous; but even lower response threshold than meissner afferents -temporal dynamics: fast-adapting -good at detecting vibrations transmitted through objects being grasped

At any given time, a photoreceptor operates approximately over a _____ fold range of brightness

100

In humans, about ____% of the brain is used during routine, day to day activities.

100

In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities.

100

In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. 25 10 50 100

100

The human brain contains nearly

100 billion neurons

The overall amplitude of the action potential is about

100 mV

The overall amplitude of the action potential is about___________.

100 mV

What percent of the brain is used in day to day activities?

100%

In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities

100.

Most sensory fibers do not fire more than

1200 impulses per second

In a knee jerk reflex, the total time between the stimulus and the initiation of the response is about ____ ms.

In the knee jerk reflex, the total time between the stimulus and the initiation of the response is about _______ ms.

The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about ____ days after conception.

The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about _______ days after conception.

The numbers of some receptors found in the brain may vary during the day by

50%

At this time, _______ million people in the U.S. population are suffering from mood-related disorders.

when the charge across the membrane of a neuron is between __________, the charge is called the ___________. This is due to an __________.

60 and 70mV; resting potential; efflux of positive ions

41. When a neuron is at resting potential, where are the ions more highly concentrated? a. Na+ and Cl- are concentrated in the extracellular fluid; K+ is concentrated in the intracellular fluid. b. Na+ and Cl- are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; K+ is concentrated in the extracellular fluid. c. Na+ and K+ are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; Cl- is concentrated in the extracellular fluid. d. Cl- and K+ are concentrated in the extracellular fluid; Na+ is concentrated in the intracellular fluid. e. Cl- and K+ are concentrated in the intracellular fluid; Na+ is concentrated in the extracellular fluid.

47. Which of the following ions is pushed into a neuron at resting potential by both concentration gradient and electrostatic potential. a. Na+ b. Clc. HCO3- d. anionic proteins e. all cations

49. The Nernst potential for Ca2+ is +127mV. If the membrane potential is -70mV, and a membrane Ca2+ channel opens, what direction will the net exchange of Ca2+ flow? a. Ca2+ will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force and the concentration gradient. b. Ca2+ will flow out of the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. c. Ca2+ will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. d. Ca2+ will flow out of the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. e. Ca2+ will not flow in either direction, because the cell is at resting potential.

8. A patient has a split brain operation to control a severe seizure disorder. The smell of a rose is presented to the patient's right nostril only (i.e. the left nostril is plugged). Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The patient does not say that he smells a rose. b. The patient can reach for the rose with his/her right hand. c. The olfactory information reaches the left hemisphere of the patient's brain. d. In the surgical procedure, the patient's parietal lobe was cut. e. Olfactory inputs to the brain cross over to enter the contralateral hemisphere.

Color is associated with__________, purity is associated with __________; and brightness is associated with __________. a. wavelength; saturation; intensity b. saturation; amplitude; hue c. frequency; intensity, saturation d. intensity; saturation, wavelength e. vision; hearing; touch

For a given neuron, the resting potential is -70 mV and the threshold is -55 mV. Stimulus A provides 10mV of depolarizing potential at the axon hillock. Exactly one second later, stimuli B and C each provide 10 mV of simultaneous depolarizing potential at the axon hillock. What can we expect to happen? a. Stimulus A will fail to produce an action potential, but stimuli B and C will summate to produce a single action potential. b. Stimulus A will fail to produce an action potential, but stimuli B and C will summate to produce two action potentials. c. Stimulus A will produce an action potential, and stimuli B and C will produce a second action potential. d. Stimuli A, B, and C will summate to produce three action potentials. e. None of these stimuli will produce an action potential.

Gastrulation is __________; and neurulation is __________. a. changes in the blastocyst to form the embryo, changes in the embryo to form the central nervous system b. changes in the zygote to form the embryo; changes in the embryo to form the fetus c. changes in the zygote to form the fetus; changes in the fetus to form the embryo d. changes in the blastocyst to form the embryo; changes in the embryo to form the peripheral nervous system e. changes in the embryo to form the central nervous system; changes in the embryo to form the peripheral nervous system

How does the nervous system encode information about the frequency of a stimulus when that frequency exceeds the maximal frequency of firing of the neurons? a. Neurons fire action potentials that are phase-locked to the stimulus, but different neurons may be locked to different waves. b. Neurons fire action potentials that are longer in duration. c. The sensory neurons fire in a code of bursts and pauses. d. Neurons that differ in threshold are recruited to fractionate the range. e. Neurons are inactivated by stimulus frequencies that are too high to process.

On the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred (Sherrington's work with dogs)? a. behavioral observations of reflexes b. the electron microscope c. electrical recordings of single-neurons in a petri dish d. PET scans e. intuition

Segmented regions that form the precursors of the hindbrain are called the __________. a. rhombomeres b. prosomeres c. neural groove e. marginal zone e. diencephalon

Suppose a father is homozygous for the gene for brown eyes, and a mother is heterozygous for the gene for blue eyes. The gene for brown eyes is dominant and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. What can we predict about their children? a. None of the children will have blue eyes. b. One quarter of the children will have blue eyes. c. One half of the children will have blue eyes. d. Three quarters of the children will have blue eyes. e. All the children will have blue eyes.

The relationship between the dose of drug that will cause damage or death, and the dose that will produce beneficial effects is known as the __________. a. therapeutic index b. dose-response curve c. LD50 d. sensitization index e. addiction liability

What condition would you suspect if a child had stunted growth, behavioral lethargy, constipation, and straw-like hair? a. psychosocial dwarfism b. hypogonadism c. a pituitary tumor d. hypothyroidism e. adrenocortical insufficiency

What does it mean to say that a receptor is ionotropic? a. It contains an ion channel that opens when a neurotransmitter binds. b. It contains an ion channel that closes when a neurotransmitter binds. c. It alters the permeability of the presynaptic neuron. d. It activates a cascade of cytosolic signals to open an ion channel. e. It activates a cascade of cytosolic signals to close an ion channel.

What substance is used by neurons to synthesize dopamine? a. tyrosine b. cocaine c. amphetamine d. glutamate e. GABA

When elderly people were studied, which of the following predicted decline in cognitive function? a. mood state cluster (depression, anxiety) b. estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) c. intellectual activity and professional career d. use of benzodiazepines e. being married

Which of the following characterizes the fovea? a. It conveys the greatest perception of detail. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has more rods than cones. e. It is part of the lens, and it focuses the light.

Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's" Principles of Evolution"? a. Parental traits are blended in the offspring. b. Not all the offspring of a given generation survive to reproduce. c. Some of the variation among individuals is inherited. d. Individuals of a given species are not identical. e. Reproduction will tend to increase a population rapidly unless factors limit it.

Which of the following is an example of sensory "transduction". a. closing cation channels in photoreceptors b. bending auditory hair cells c. reduction in sensitivity over time to a constant tactile stimulus d. firing action potentials in a retinal ganglion cell e. comparing receptive field inputs in the somatosensory system

Which of the following is used by the somatic nervous system to "sharpen up" the information about a tactile stimulus? a. lateral inhibition b. convergent processing in the thalamus c. divergent processing in the cortex d. large receptive fields e. adaptation of tonic receptors

Which of the following lists of presynaptic events is in correct chronological order? a. migration, docking, fusion, exocytosis, reuptake b. migration, fusion, docking, exocytosis, reuptake c. fusion, docking, exocytosis, migration, reuptake d. reuptake, migration, exocytosis, fusion, docking e. reuptake, exocytosis, migration, docking, fusion

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The development of ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex is guided solely by binocular visual experience. b. Monocular deprivation of a kitten will disrupt the formation of ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex. c. Monocular deprivation of an adult cat will have little or no effect upon ocular dominance columns in the primary visual cortex. d. The sensitive period for formation of ocular dominance columns is dependent upon the development of GABAergic innervation. e. Monocular deprivation in early development causes deficits in ocular dominance that persist throughout life.

Why is the blind spot blind? a. It is on the border between the area with rods and the area with cones. b. It contains no rods or cones. c. It is in the shadow of the pupil. d. Activity of the receptors is silenced by excessive lateral inhibition. e. It is in an area of overlapping receptive fields.

__________ is to the parvocellular pathway, as __________ is to the magnocellular pathway. a. detail and color; stereoscopic depth b. shape; texture c. contrast; detail and color d. black and white; color e. orientation; face recognition

MRI

A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan.

Colour-blindness is caused by an X-linked recessive allele. Which of the following is true?

A colour-blind female must have a colour-blind father.

Drug craving is

A compulsion to take a drug

action potential

A propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminal

motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates, via axonal branches

Which of the following statements about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false?

A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in biological psychology.

Which of the following statements about schwann cells is false?

A single schwann cell can myelinated multiple axons and locations

Sarin is a nerve gas that acts at the neuromuscular junction, leading to paralysis and death. What neurotransmitter system is sarin probably interfering with?

ACh

What neurotransmitter is released at the NMJ?

ACh

There are sex differences in incidence and symptomology of which disorder(s) in children?

ADHD, Autism, Asperger's syndrome

saltatory conduction

AP jumps from node to node

the process of enzymatic degradation.

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

GABA receptors

Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with

Plasticity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following

All of the above

The basal ganglia include the a. caudate b. putamen, c. globus pallidus d. all of the above

All of the above

The neuron doctrine

All of the above

The neuron doctrine - Proposed that neurons are functionally independent, proposed the existence of synaptic contacts between neurons, and stemmed from the work of the great neuroanatomist Ramon y Cajal.

All of the above

The spinal nerves A. Are part of the peripheral nervous system B. Carry both sensory and motor information C. Divide the spinal cord into 31 segments D. Are involved in both the somatic and autonomic nervous system E. All of the above

All of the above

The telencephalon contains which of the following? A. Cerebral hemispheres B. Cerebral cortex C. Limbic system D. Basal Ganglia E. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a type of opiate receptor?

All of the above

Which of the following is an example of synesthesia?

All of the above

Complex partial seizures typically do not

All of the above: involve the entire brain, produce total loss of consciousness, produce total loss of equilibrium

Immune or inflammatory responses may be related to brain damage associated with

Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple sclerosis, Meningitis

Which of the following is a drug that, when used repetitively, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid schizophrenia?

Amphetamine

What is monoamine oxidase?

An enzyme involved in metabolism of catecholamines and indolamines

What is true about amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is a failure to remember events after the trauma.

Which of the following glial cells have sucker-like extensions that contact blood vessels?

Astrocytes

Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic & Somatic

Cocaine alters neurotransmission by __________; and valium alters neurotransmission by __________? a. blocking postsynaptic serotonin receptors; blocking postsynaptic opioid receptors b. blocking presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic GABA receptors c. blocking presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic opioid receptors d. reversing presynaptic dopamine transporters; activating postsynaptic opioid receptors e. reversing presynaptic dopamine transporters; enhancing activity at postsynaptic GABA receptors

Lateral geniculate cells have what kind of receptive fields a. square b. concentric circles with inhibitory and excitatory zones c. bar of a particular length with an inhibitory end zone d. moving bars in a specific orientation e. bar in a particular orientation with parallel inhibitory and excitatory zones

The fact that humans and chimpanzees __________ provides the strongest support for the conclusion that primates evolved from a common ancestor. a. have opposable thumbs b. share about 98.5% of their DNA c. share color vision capabilities d. share similar patterns of body hair e. have advanced communication abilities

What is the most important reason why humans have a greater intelligence than all other species? a. large brains b. neoteny c. compulsory education d. ratio of brain to body mass e. freedom to use hands (bipedalism)

What would an investigator find concerning the properties of successive cells in a single column of the visual cortex, outside of a CO blob? a. They vary, but it is not understood in what way. b. They have receptive fields of the same angle of orientation. c. They have the same degree of strabismus. d. They will exhibit alternating ocular dominance. e. They respond to the same color.

Which of the following describes the impact of learning on cells of the dentate gyrus? a. Synthesis of new neurons was increased in rats that experienced learning. b. Survival of newly synthesized cells was increased in rats that experienced learning. c. The stress of the learning experiments destroyed hippocampal cells. d. The learning experiment did not affect cells of the hippocampus. e. The rats that experienced the learning trials died.

Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to Berthold's experiment with neonatallycastrated roosters? a. If the testes were re-implanted shortly after castration, the bird exhibited normal rooster development. b. The re-implanted testes were extensively innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system. c. The re-implanted testes were extensively vascularized. d. Castrates (without re-implantation) do not attempt to mate with chickens. e. Castrates (without re-implantation) do not develop normal rooster physiology.

__________ is a soluble gas; and __________ is an endocannabinoid. a. melatonin; glycine b. nitric oxide; anandamide c. nitric oxide; dopamine d. acetylcholine; 2-arachidonlyglycerol e. acetylcholine; GABA

how does BMP become neuron

BMP has to be inhibited

what is the DV in fMRI studies?

BOLD signal

19. Anterograde transport conveys molecules from the __________; whereas retrograde transport conveys molecules from the __________. a. Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus b. ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus c. soma toward the axon terminal; axon terminal back up the axon d. nucleus to the dendrite; dendrite to the nucleus e. endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus; nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum

24. The surface of the brain that is closest to the roof of the mouth is the __________ surface of the brain. a. caudal b. dorsal c. ventral d. anterior e. posterior

26. Where is most of the cerebrospinal fluid manufactured? a. the cerebral aqueduct b. the arachnoid villi c. the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles d. the choroid plexus of the third ventricle e. the pia mater

28. Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that convey sensory input and neurons that convey motor output? a. internal b. reticular c. somatic d. parasomatic e. autonomic

34. The neurotransmitter that is released at target organs of the sympathetic system is __________, and the NT that is released at target organs of the parasympathetic system is __________. a. serotonin; dopamine b. serotonin; norepinephrine c. norepinephrine; acetylcholine d. acetylcholine; dopamine e. acetylcholine; serotonin

35. The mesh-like nervous system that is embedded in the walls of the digestive organs is known as the __________. a. cranio-cervical nervous system b. biliary nervous system c. enteric nervous system d. somatic nervous system e. central nervous system

37. Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves? a. activation of the sympathetic nervous system b. piloerection c. eye movements, taste, and swallowing d. skeletal muscles of the trunk e. skeletal muscles of the extremities

4. The search for the neural circuits that underlie drug addiction is __________; and an animal model in which lever-pressing provides a drug injection is ___________. a. generalization; reductionism b. simplification; reductionism c. reductionism; simplification d. reductionism; generalization e. simplification; generalization

44. Which of the following accurately describes afterhyperpolarization (AHP)? a. Sodium is entering the cell through voltage-gated sodium channels. b. Excess chloride causes the cell to be hyperpolarized. c. Extracellular potassium is being removed by astrocytes. d. The membrane potential is decreased from -70mV to -60 mV. e. The sodium potassium pump is restoring the membrane potential to its resting state.

46. What happens each time the Na+/K+ pump is activated? a. 2 Na+ ions are transported into the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported out of the cell b. 2 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported into the cell c. 3 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 2 K+ ions are transported into the cell d. 3 Na+ ions are transported into the cell, and 2 K+ ions are transported out of the cell e. 3 Na+ ions are transported out of the cell, and 3 K+ ions are transported into the cell

5. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Descartes sought an interface between the soul and the brain, concluding that the pineal gland is responsible for this interface. b. Evidence that the brain is responsible for behavior includes observations of the behavioral consequences of chemicals and injuries to the brain. c. Monism is the philosophical position that an immaterial mind is responsible for behavior. d. Dualism is the philosophical position that an immaterial mind interacts with a material brain to regulate behavior. e. Mentalism is an unacceptable philosophical position that fails to consider the law of conservation of energy.

50. The Nernst potential for Cl- is -88mV. If the membrane potential is -70mV, and a membrane Cl- channel opens, what direction will the net exchange of Cl- flow? a. Cl- will flow into the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. b. Cl- will flow out of the cell, driven by the electrostatic force, against the concentration gradient. c. Cl- will flow into the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. d. Cl- will flow out of the cell, driven by the concentration gradient, against the electrostatic force. e. Cl- will not flow in either direction, because the cell is at resting potential.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, how do we perceive color? a. by the ratio of firing between three types of cones b. by the ratio of activity between horizontal cells and amacrine cells. c. in terms of [medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength], and [medium wavelength + long wavelength] vs. [short wavelength] d. in terms of [medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength], and [short wavelength + long wavelength] vs. [medium wavelength] e. in terms of [short wavelength] vs. [medium wavelength], and [short wavelength + medium wavelength] vs. [long wavelength]

After repeated exposure to amphetamine, a rat exhibits a greater-than-normal locomotor response to an injection of morphine. This is known as __________. a. sensitization b. tolerance c. cross-sensitization d. cross-tolerance e. addiction

After stimulating the vagus nerve attached to one frog's heart, an extract of fluid from that heart made a second frog's heart beat slower. Which neurotransmitter did Otto Loewi discover in this experiment (he called it by a different name at that time)? a. nitric oxide b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. epinephrine e. norepinephrine

Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain? a. thalamus and cerebellum b. superior colliculus and cerebral cortex c. thalamus and superior colliculus d. prefrontal cortex and occipital lobe e. occipital lobe and temporal lobe

Chemical substances released by neurons can be classified broadly as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. According to this idea, __________ is a neurotransmitter; and __________ is a neuromodulator. a. nitric oxide; GABA. b. glutamate; GABA. c. glutamate; dopamine. d. neuropeptide Y; glutamate. e. dopamine; neuropeptide Y.

If a retinal bipolar cell in the visual system increases its rate of firing when responding to the color red, it will decrease its rate of firing when acted upon by what color? a. blue b. red c. green d. white e. yellow

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Species with more complex brains exhibit pronounced enlargement of rostral structures. b. Evolutionary advances in brain structures involved in language appear to be related to evolutionary advances in the structure of the larynx and pharynx. c. Individual variations in brain mass among humans contribute to individual differences in intellectual abilities. d. Encephalization has led to the loss of lower (subcortical) autonomy in the nervous system of primates. e. Across species, specific brain structures may occupy a greater or smaller proportion of the overall brain mass, in relation to the survival importance of that structure for the specific species.

Which of the following treatments would NOT be expected to reduce the experience of pain? a. morphine b. marijuana c. naloxone d. acute stress e. placebo

Which statement best describes the "radiator hypothesis"? a. The brain functions to cool the blood. b. Evolution of the brain and the body are interactive processes. c. The skulls of hominids are more porous than the skulls of Australopithecus. d. Hominid species migrated out of Africa and radiated out to populate the world. e. Humans and chimpanzees share about we98.5% of their DNA.

With reference to the sensory systems in general, what does "reception" mean? a. the changing of one sensory modality to another (e.g. converting written words into sounds) b a correspondence between the physical stimulus and the neural response c. the absorption of physical energy d. the conversion of physical energy into an electrochemical pattern in the neurons e. release of neurotransmitter

Which of the following statements is correct regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord against injury, The brain floats within the CSF, CSF is produced by the choroid plexus

Which of the following is used to study brain structure and diagnosed structural damage?

Which technique does not provide information about the activity of brain regions?

Which technique does not provide information about the activity of the brain regions?

Epigenetics

Can be described as the study of how heritable changes are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, Involve long-lasting, even intergenerational effects, Can be described as the study of how non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to express themselves differently

______________ is a normal part of development, which is evident via ___________________. 1. Cell death; synesthesia 2. Cell death; synaptic pruning 3. Hyperconnectivity; plasticity 4. Hyperconnectivity; synaptic pruning

Cell death is a normal part of development, which is evident via synaptic pruning

Nervous System

Central & Peripheral

In mitosis, two sister chromatids are attached at the

Centromere

what do the changes caused by the action potential help do?

Changes caused by the action potential help initiate the release of neurotransmitters

Which of the following supports the "dopamine hypothesis" of schizophrenia?

Chlorpromazine is an effective antipsychotic drug and blocks dopamine receptors, Reserpine depletes brain dopamine and has antipsychotic properties, Chronic administration of amphetamine can induce psychotic symptoms

The study of field potentials of neurons in the hippocampus corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

Circuit level

what ions are located outside the neuron when it is as resting membrane potential?

Cl-, Na+, and Ca 2+

Which of the following indicates the proper order of neural transmission in a neuron?

Dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button.

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

Connects the left & right hemispheres.

______ can be defined as a state of awareness of one's own existence and experience.

Consciousness

10. Wilder Penfield discovered that the brain has no receptors for pain, allowing improved neurosurgical interventions. What did his work tell us about the brain mechanisms underlying consciousness? a. Personality characteristics can be estimated by measuring bumps on the surface of the brain. b. You can cut into a brain without any impact on the patient. c. Drugs and alcohol alter the experience of consciousness. d. The storage and recall of memories may be encoded in specific circuits in the brain. e. The language center is in the left frontal lobe.

11. Which statement about animal research is FALSE? a. Humankind has been using animals throughout its history. b. Strict laws require humane treatment of laboratory animals. c. Most animals in experience do not experience substantial pain or distress. d. Behavior can be studied in cell cultures or computer simulations. e. More animals are killed by humane societies (due to abandonment by pet owners) than are used in research each year.

13. ________ build myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system; and ________ build myelin around axons in the central nervous system. a. Astrocytes; radial glia b. Radial glia; astrocytes c. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells d. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes e. Microglia; radial glia

18. Which of the following structures is responsible for transport of vesicles along an axon? a. ribosomes b. Golgi apparatus c. mitochondria d. microtubules e. endoplasmic reticulum

20. Which of the following cells is responsible for immune function in the central nervous system? a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells c. astrocytes d. microglia e. ependymal cells

31. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The limbic system is important for regulation of emotion. b. The basal ganglia are important for regulation of motor behavior. c. Motor neurons exit the spinal cord through the ventral horns. d. The hypothalamus is important for learning and memory and spatial orientation. e. The thalamus is important in control of conscious arousal.

45. Which of the following neurons would conduct action potentials at the highest speed? a. a thin unmyelinated neuron b. a thick unmyelinated neuron c. a thin myelinated neuron d. a thick myelinated neuron e. All neurons conduct action potentials at the same speed.

6. Which of the following responses would you expect from an individual with blindsight? a. reaching for an object with the hand that is not dominant b. turning toward an object that has been located using the "good eye" c. behaving as if he/she cannot identify the context in which an article is seen d. reaching accurately for an item located in the blind part of the visual field e. verbally describing an object, although the individual claims that he/she cannot see it

After norepinephrine stimulates the postsynaptic receptor, what happens to most of the transmitter molecules? a) They remain on the receptor until the receptor is replaced. b) They are metabolized by monoamine oxidase. c) They are used by the postsynaptic cell as a source of energy. d) They are reuptaken by the presynaptic cell. e) They enter the postsynaptic cell through ion channels.

How does the nervous system encode information about the intensity of a stimulus when the range of detectable intensities exceeds the maximal frequency of firing of the neurons? a. Neurons fire action potentials that are phase-locked to the stimulus, but different neurons may be locked to different waves. b. Neurons fire action potentials that are longer in duration. c. The sensory neurons fire in a code of bursts and pauses. d. Neurons that differ in threshold are recruited to fractionate the range. e. Neurons are inactivated by stimulus intensities that are too high to process.

If a drug has HIGH affinity and LOW efficacy for a postsynaptic receptor, what effect will it have on a neuron? a. It will produce IPSPs. b. It will produce EPSPs. c. It will function as an agonist. d. It will function as an antagonist. e. It will decrease neurotransmitter release.

If you wanted to increase the entry of a drug into the brain, what is the best chemical change you could make in the drug? a. Make the charges in the drug more polarized. b. Make the drug molecule larger. c. Make the drug more hydrophilic. d. Make the drug more lipophilic. e. Make the drug resistant to metabolism.

Light from the upper half of the visual field strikes what part of the retina? a. the left half b. the right half c. the whole retina equally d. the lower half e. the upper half

Paracrine actions are chemical signals that __________; whereas intracrine actions are chemical signals that __________. a. signal directly back to the source cell; alter chemical reactions within the source cell b. signal externally to other organisms; signal directly back to the source cell c. signal to adjacent cells; signal to the immune system d. signal to adjacent cells; alter chemical reactions within the source cell e. signal to distant cells; signal to adjacent cells

The central nervous system arises from the __________; and the parasympathetic nervous system arises from the __________. a. neural crest; neural groove b. notochord; neural crest c. neural tube; endoderm d. neural tube; neural crest e. endoderm; mesoderm

What does one find when comparing the brains of mammals, such as rats and humans, to fish and reptiles? a. Fish and reptile brains have many structures that mammalian brains do not. b. Mammals have forebrain structures that are not found in fish and reptiles. c. There are three major brain regions for mammals, compared to only two for fish and reptiles. d. The forebrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals than it does in fish and reptiles. e. The hindbrain forms a larger proportion of the brain in mammals than it does in fish and reptiles.

What is programmed cell death? a. the growth of an axon in response to NGF b. the death of an axon in response to NGF c. rupture of a cell membrane, triggering immunologic removal of the cell d. breakdown of a cell into membrane bound bodies e. dendritic branching in the sympathetic nervous system

What is the major function of the hormone cortisol? a. learning and memory b. resetting the biological clock c. regulating reproductive cycles d. regulating carbohydrate metabolism e. activating the pituitary gland

Which of the following describes the gene for the glucocorticoid receptor in offspring of high arched back nursing, licking and grooming (ABN/LG) mothers? a. increased DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation. b. decreased DNA methylation and decreased histone acetylation. c. increased DNA methylation and decreased histone acetylation. d. decreased DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation. e. deletion of the gene.

Which of the following hormone classes exerts extremely short-lasting local actions? a. thyroid b. peptide c. amino acid d. prostaglandins e. glycoproteins

Which of the following statements best describes a difference between neurotransmitters/neuromodulators and hormones? a. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators are released into synapses. Hormones are not released into synapses. b. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators regulate neural function. Hormones do not regulate neurons. c. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators do not impact immune function. Hormones are closely associated with regulation of the immune system. d. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators activate/inhibit single cells or small populations of cells. Hormones organize and activate/inhibit organ systems and brain regions. e. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators are released by cells that derive from embryonic ectoderm. Hormones are released by cells that derive from embryonic mesoderm.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. β-amyloid plaques and hyper-phosphorylated tau tangles contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. b. Hyper-phosphorylated tau filaments interfere with transport of substances along axons in Alzheimer's disease. c. The hippocampal formation with overlying cortex is the most severely impacted part of the brain in the early progression of Alzheimer's disease. d. Plaques and tangles are only found in people who are severely cognitively impaired with Alzheimer's disease. e. Drugs that increase cholinergic function are helpful in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

task (a reversal) was presented. What did the researchers find? a. Species with more complex brains learned the first task better than species with simpler brains did. b. The first task always facilitated learning the second task, but to different degrees. c. Species with greater brain complexity, tended to stick with the first discrimination since they had learned it so well, so learning the second discrimination was impaired. d. Ease of learning the second task was correlated with estimates of brain complexity. e. Species with opposable thumbs learned both tasks better than species lacking opposable thumbs did

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is false? A. It supports fine motor control and balance B. It is important for motor learning necessary to play an instrument or sport C. Damage to the cerebellum can impair a person's coordination and gait D. It is part of the mylencephalon E. It contains purkinje cells

D. It is part of the mylencephalon

The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine ____ receptors.

The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors.

the antipsychotic haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine ________ receptors

The clinical effectiveness of typical antipsychotics/antischizophrenic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to

D2 receptors

The direction of transfer of genetic information in most living things is:

DNA →mRNA →protein

attention

Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair

Which of the following is necessary for the process of apoptosis?

Death genes being expressed

Sensory transduction via mechanoreceptors

Deformation --> channel opens --> Na+ into cell

Which of the following represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?

Dendrite → cell body → axon hillock → axon

an extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons. input zone of a nerve cell

Dendrites are

Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

Which of the following is a typical sympathetic nervous system response?

Dilated pupils

what does the neuron resting state depend on?

Distribution of different ions (what is the concentration of ions in and out of the neuron?) Membrane selectivity (how easily can ions cross the membrane?)

alcohol

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on

What neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

Dopamine

17. If you were examining a projection of a neuron, what feature of the projection would most reliably distinguish whether it is a dendrite or axon? a. if the projection is smooth or spiny b. if the projection is short or long c. if the diameter of the projection is thick or thin d. if the projection is branched or unbranched e. if the diameter of the projection is constant or tapered

29. Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes? a. thymus gland b. pineal gland c. salivary gland d. pancreas e. pituitary gland

38. What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems? a. The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs. b. The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects. c. The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in reflexive behavior. d. The sympathetic system is inhibitory and the parasympathetic system is excitatory. e. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems often have opposite effects on the same organ.

42. Which of the following is an advantage of having a negative resting potential? a. It allows larger action potentials to develop. b. The toxic effects of sodium are minimized inside the cell. c. No energy is required to maintain the resting potential. d. All the ions are maintained in equal concentrations throughout the cytoplasm. e. The cell is prepared to respond quickly to a stimulus.

In vertebrate retinas, what is the correct sequence through which INCOMING LIGHT PASSES? (Note, do not confuse this with the order of processing of information by neurons.) a. receptor cells, then ganglion cells, then bipolar cells b. ganglion cells, then receptor cells, then bipolar cells c. bipolar cells, then receptor cells, then ganglion cells d. receptor cells, then bipolar cells, then ganglion cells e. ganglion cells, then bipolar cells, then receptor cells

Increasing copies of the __________ gene allele is associated with risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease a. presenelin b. tau c. ApoE2 d. ApoE3 e. ApoE4

The flipper of a dolphin and the fin of a fish provide an example of __________; whereas the arm of a human and the wing of a bat provide an example of __________. a. homoplasy; analogy b. homology; analogy c. analogy; homology d. homology; homoplasy e. homoplasy; homology

What is the name of the pathway that provides information so that daily rhythms can be regulated? a. oculomotor pathway b. striate pathway c. primary visual pathway d. retino-tectal pathway e. retino-suprachiasmatic-hypothalamic pathway

What is the shape of the receptive field of a simple cell in the primary visual cortex? a. square b. concentric circles with inhibitory and excitatory zones c. bar of a particular length with an inhibitory end zone d. moving bars in a specific orientation e. bar in a particular orientation with parallel inhibitory and excitatory zones

Which area of the human brain is the last to mature? a. the cerebellum. b. the basal ganglia. c. the brainstem. d. the hypothalamus. e. the prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following drugs produces "hallucinogen persisting perception disorder"? a. ecstasy (MDMA) b. ketamine (Special K) c. phencyclidine (PCP) d. rohypnol (roofies) e. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Which of the following events will most likely initiate apoptosis? a. low levels of intracellular calcium b. inhibition of Diablo c. exposure to neurotrophins d. physical injury of the cell e. activation of caspase proteins

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary? a. testosterone b. progesterone c. thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone d. cholesterol e. adrenocorticoptropic hormone

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Age-associated memory impairment is difficult to assess because individual subjects have highly different cognitive backgrounds. b. Some people experience rapid cognitive decline in aging, and others experience a slow decline. c. Many small damages may have a debilitating impact on brain function. d. Age-associated memory impairment often includes impairment in recall of word lists. e. Vocabulary, working memory, and executive function decline in age-associated memory impairment, but long-term memory remains intact.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Axonal growth cones contain fine extensions called filopodia. b. Axonal growth cones can be guided by both chemoattractants and chemorepellants. c. Fasciculation is a process whereby axonal growth cones interact with surface proteins of other cells to guide the direction of their growth. d. The Chemoaffinity Hypothesis is supported by evidence that dissociated cells grown in culture will innervate their targets. e. The Chemoaffinity Hypothesis proposes that axonal growth cones are guided to their targets by gradients of pheromones.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Differences between human and chimpanzee brains can be attributed in part to large impacts of some very small genetic differences. b. Differences between human and chimpanzee brains can be attributed in part to differences in the amount of expression of specific genes. c. The human brain expresses more genes than any other organ in the human body. d. Differences between human and chimpanzee DNA include insertions, deletions, rearrangements, and one chromosome fusion. e. The difference in genotype between different dogs is greater than the difference between a human and a chimpanzee

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Down syndrome is usually caused by an extra chromosome 21. b. Phenylketonuria is caused by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. c. Children affected with severe fetal alcohol syndrome can have abnormal brains structures and lack a corpus callosum. d. Children of malnourished pregnant mothers have greater vulnerability for intellectual handicaps and schizophrenia. e. Fragile X syndrome is caused by breakage of an unstable region on the long arm of the X chromosome.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Hydrophobic hormones are carried through the circulation by attaching to proteins. b. Steroid hormones are synthesized in glands. c. Protein hormones can bind to other proteins in the circulation. d. Steroid hormones can cross the blood-brain barrier. e. All hormones are stored in vesicles and released by exocytosis

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the incentive-sensitization theory of drug abuse? a. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms precipitate relapse for drug-taking behaviour. b. Drug abusers lack the moral character or self-control to function in society without drugs. c. Genetic factors predispose certain individuals to take drugs. d. A person who abuses drugs is sick, and requires medical treatment. e. Repeated drug exposure increases craving for the drug, but decreases its hedonic value.

to determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an

EEG

ESSAY. As a follow-up experiment, you want to understand how quickly our brains can detect a mistake in a musical passage. You plan to compare how the brain responds to musical passages with and without mistakes. What method will you use to investigate this question and why?

EEG/ERP because it looks at brain regions that are involved in a process. In addition, it has better temporal resolution than fMRI

which will increase the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential, IPSP or EPSP?

EPSP

what is the dependent variable in ERP/EEG

ERPs are measured; amplitude of response; timing of response

conserved

Electrical messages used by nerve cells are essentially the same in a jellyfish or a cockroach. This observation suggests that this mechanism is a(n) _______ characteristic.

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is

GABA

In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is ____________.

GABA

The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on receptors for which transmitter?

GABA

Which neurotransmitter is involved in general inhibition in the brain?

GABA

in the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is

GABA

One of the most prominent mechanisms through which alcohol alters the functioning of the brain is its interaction with

GABA receptors

One of the prominent mechanisms through which alcohol alters the functioning of the brain is its interaction with ___

GABAa receptors

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats

Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.

What neurotransmitter is critical for long-term potentiation?

Glutamate

Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes?

Golgi

The ridges or "hills" that increase surface area on the cerebral cortex are also know as

Gyri

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

Methylphenidate (aka Ritalin)

Has paradoxical calming effects in those with ADHD

Who first measured the speed of conduction in the nervous system? Luigi Galvani Wilhelm Wundt Rene Descartes Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann von Helmholtz

Which of the following is the best example of the *circular relationship* between biology and behavior?

High levels of testosterone are associated with aggressive behavior, and aggressive behavior is associated with the release of testosterone.

dose-response curve

Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the

Which histological technique is used for tract tracing?

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)

Which of the following questions derives from the systematic description of behavior?

How do specialized patterns of behavior contribute to mating and care of offspring.

Which of the following questions derives from the systematic description of behavior?

How do specialized patterns of behavior contribute to mating and care of offspring?

Which of the following neurological diseases is/are least prevalent in the United States?

Huntington's and Parkinson's disease

less likely to fire an action potential

Hyperpolarizations make a neuron

Which route of administration is associated with the most rapid onset of drug action?

Intravenous

voltage-gated ion channels

Ion channels that open when a specific membrane potential is reached

In 1957, this monoamine oxidase inhibitor became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant:

Iproniazid

Retrograde labeling

Is a method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

The loss of function found in HM tells us what about the medial temporal lobe?

It is important for consolidation of memory

refractory period

It is unlikely or impossible for another AP to be initiated

The "search for the engram" of memory is especially associated with René Descartes. Roger Sperry. Thomas Mann. Karl Lashley.

Karl Lashley

What does the brain do to reduce the effects of drugs?

Maintenance of homeostasis- drug alters normal functioning, so neurons can react to this

Which of the following procedures would be part of a correlation study?

Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia

What does it mean to say, "What is true of E. Coli is true of the elephant?

Mechanisms of inheritance are to a large degree relevant across biological organisms.

Midline brain structures:

Michelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble

what technique should you use to measure brain chemistry in animal models?

Microdialysis

What dissection plane would cut through the corpus callosum and divide the brain into left and right hemispheres?

Midsaggital

You want to be able to view the neural structures that lie on the midline of the brain. In which view of the brain would you be able to see the corpus callosum, the pituitary, and the cerebellum?

Midsagittal plane

Following birth, most cells born in the dentate gyrus of adults

Migrate to other regions of the hippocampus

The study of membrane permeability of GABA receptors corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis

Molecular level

The study of membrane permeability of GABA receptors corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

Molecular level

Which of the following asserts that the "mind" is the product of activity in the brain and nervous system, rather than a separate and nonphysical entity?

Monism

Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?

Motor and sensory

what is dopamine involved in?

Motor function, reward, high cognition

what causes a change in polarization?

Movement of specific ions into or out of the neuron

Which disease is associated with selective degradation of myelin?

Multiple sclerosis

What is the most common shape for neurons in the brain?

Multipolar

Which of the following receptors is likely to respond to change in muscle length?

Muscle spindle

Some neurons lack which of the following components?

Myelin

The speed of the action potential is determined by

Myelin sheaths, saltatory conduction, length of axon

Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?

Negative symptoms, such as deficits in movement, are not specific to schizophrenia and can occur in other neurological disorders

Which of the following statements is false?

Nerve impulses travel at the speed of light.

The study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

Neural Systems level

The study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

Neural systems level

Which field of study best describes a researcher studying the neural mechanisms associated with displays of compassion in tasks involving *decision-making*?

Neuroeconomics

In an experiment with hamsters, one day the light timer is changed so that the lights now switch on and then off 6 hours earlier than before. The animals will show which of the following responses?

Phase shift

Which of the following classes of drugs is not used to treat depression?

Phenothiazines

The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one's Meme Genotype Phenotype Genome

Phenotype

The fact that monozygotic twins do not have identical phenotypes despite the fact that they may look alike is an indication that

Phenotypes are a result of both the genotype and environmental influences.

Researchers hypothesized that the drug Ecstasy interferes with the brain's activity to adequately bind serotonin to its receptor sites. To test their hypothesis, they gave Ecstasy to one group of pigs. They compared PET scans in areas known to be rich in serotonin for the Ecstasy-exposed pigs and non-Ecstasy-exposed pigs. Which group of pigs were in the experimental group?

Pigs Given Ecstasy

Which of the following statements about rod receptors is false

Rods outnumber cones by 4 to 1

which skin receptor cell respond to internally generated stimuli?

Ruffini

coding

Rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus Frequency of action potentials Rhythm of action potentials Number of neurons firing action potentials Identity of neurons firing

Which of the following drugs has been shown to inhibit markedly the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

SSRIs

muscle spindles

Send action potentials to the CNS in response to lengthening of muscle and velocity of muscle stretch contains primary sensory endings and secondary sensory endings

What condition lacks functional cochlear hair cells

Sensorineural deafness

what does the blood-brain barrier do?

Separates CNS from circulatory system

We discussed the role of androgens for aggressive responding. Which of the following transmitters has been especially implicated in the control of aggression?

Serotonin

Which if the following is not a catecholamine receptor?

Serotonin

Hebb

Showed that cognitive processing could be accomplished by networks or activation patterns into functional circuits

consciousness

Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining

How is neuronal activity measured in rodent subjects in an experiment?

Staining of an immediate early gene, c-fos

motor;sensory

Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively.

homunculus

How are messages sent from subcortical regions

Subcortical neurons project to the motor neurons in the spinal cord via the extrapyramidal system

Which of the following was not an outcome of the Schacter and Singer experiment?

Subjects exposed to an angry confederate were more likely to report feeling elated.

Which of the following is involved in pain pathways in the spinal cord

Substance P

Sister Bernadette can be considered an example of:

Successful cognitive aging, despite Alzheimer's like deposition of plaques and tangles

The study of neurotransmitter release corresponds to which of the following levels of analysis?

Synaptic level

Where are neurotransmitters packaged

Synaptic vesicles

The main active ingredient found in marijuana is

THC

what non-invasive technique activates discrete areas of the cortex through a a process of electromagnetic induction

TMS

Level of question: what brain regions are necessary for process?

TMS (or brain lesion)

The painful sensations induced by capsaicin are mediated by

TRPV1

corpus callosum

The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres.

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which of the following occur?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Reductionism

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as

midbrain, pons, and medulla

The brainstem consists of the

Which of the following is the best definition of *biological psychology* ?

The branch of psychology in which the biological foundations of behavior, emotions, and mental processes are studied.

varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.

The conduction velocity of an action potential

Which of the following is true of the facial expression of emotion?

The facial expression of emotion involves the right hemisphere more than the left hemisphere., Facial expressions of emotion are the same in blind children as in sighted children., These appear to involve unlearned behavior patterns, as suggested by Darwin.

saltatory conduction.

The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called

nodes Ranvier

The gaps between segments of myelin are known as

opening;sodium

The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels.

PET

The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using

sagittal

The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane.

William James

The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.

temporal theory

The rate of neuronal firing is directly related to the frequency

they release different neurotransmitters.

The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because

Which of the following statements about photopic and scotopic vision is false

The receptive field of cone receptors is small outside the fovea

correlational

The relationship between brain size and learning scores is

gyri

The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called

transporters

The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called

choroid Plexus

The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the

How does the brain signal muscles to move?

The spinal cord and brain control our muscles through motor neurons

epigenetics

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called

epignetics

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called

blocks acetycholine receptors

The substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads,

interneurons

The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as

cerebrospinal fluid

The ventricular system contains

Which of the following statements describes the spatial-frequency model?

The visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark (or color) patches in any stimulus.

Which of the following statements about the prevalence of neurological disease in the US today is false?

There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimers than with stroke

In mammals, what is the effect of lesions of visual cortex on the rhythms of the SCN?

They are not altered

what happens after neurotransmitters fuse with the cell membrane?

They release their contents into the synapse.

Which of the following statements about retrograde synapses is false?

They typically involve dendro-dendritic activity

ESSAY. Your friend saw a news report about the dangers of eating puffer fish that hasn't been properly cleaned. The report said that the toxin selectively blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Explain to her why this toxin is problematic for neuronal functioning.

This toxin prevents action potential from occurring by blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an action potential) into the neuron. This prevents the nervous system from carrying messages and can lead to paralysis and death

The process of synthesizing mRNA along a DNA template is called

Transcription

_______ was a pioneer in mapping the brain through electric stimulation.

Wilder Penfield

The beginnings of modern biopsychology are attributed to the work of _______, who proposed that cognitive processes are properties of the nervous system.

William James

The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.

William James

The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology. Hermann Ebbinghaus Henry James Donald Hebb William James

William James

The publication of Principles of Psychology by __________ heralded the modern era of biological psychology.

William James

testosterone; increase

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______

testosterone;increase

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.

Which energy source is used to make CT scan images?

X-rays

Is calcium involved in muscle contraction?

Yes

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

a depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic neuron that is caused by excitatory connections. It increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential ex. opening of Na+ channels (Na+ wants to go inside neuron)

caspases

a family of protein that regulate cell death

reflex

a simple, highly stereotyped, and unlearned response to a particular stimulus

second messenger

a slow-acting substance in a target cell or postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates chemical activity within that cell

inducer

a substance that causes differentiation

competitive ligand

a substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule -binds to identical site as neurotransmitter

Cholinergic receptors use _______ as their synaptic transmitter. a) ACh b) dopamine c) AChE d) nicotine

a) ACh

Drug A has higher efficacy at a binding site than Drug B. Which of the following is true? a) Drug A will have a stronger effect than Drug B b) Drug A will have a weaker effect than Drug B c) Drug A will bind to receptors more strongly than Drug B d) Drug A will bind to receptors less strongly than Drug B

a) Drug A will have a stronger effect than Drug B

Which process is not involved in chemical synaptic transmission? a) Electrical conduction across the synaptic cleft b) Binding to autoreceptors c) Influx of calcium at the presynaptic membrane d) Reuptake

a) Electrical conduction across the synaptic cleft

The brainstem contains which of the following structures? A) Medulla b) Inferior colliculus c) Corpus callosum d) Central sulcu

a) Medulla

This technique involves using radioactive tracers to measure the physiological activity of the brain a) PET. b) CT. c) DTI. d) electron microscopy

a) PET.

Which skin receptors are especially sensitive to stretching of the skin? a) Ruffini's endings b) Pacinian corpuscles c) Merkel's discs d) Meissner's corpuscles

a) Ruffini's endings

The term "adequate stimulus" refers to a) the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted. b) the lowest level of a stimulus that elicits a response. c) a highly reliable stimulus. d) None of the above

a) the type of stimulus for which a given sensory system is particularly adapted.

Which of the questions reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology? a) To what extent can different species see color? b) What environmental experiences in early life are required for vision to develop normally? c) What kind of treatments can correct faulty vision? d) How are the visual areas of the brain organized?

a) To what extent can different species see color?

The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the a) action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins. b) activation of the nerve impulse. c) degradation of transmitter molecules by enzymes. d) binding of G proteins to transmitter receptors.

a) action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins

If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor for a longer time period than drug B does, then drug A is said to have greater ___________. a) affinity b) selectivity c) potency d) efficacy

a) affinity

If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B, then drug A is said to have greater a) affinity. b) selectivity. c) potency. d) specificity.

a) affinity

In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to a) brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain. b) brain damage caused by external toxic agents such as drugs. c) brain damage due to head trauma. d) any process that causes a sudden intellectual deterioration.

a) brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.

A patient complains of hearing loss. The patient has trouble hearing his family and friends, but can hear his own voice well enough. Based on these symptoms, you would suspect the patient is suffering from a) conduction deafness. b) sensorineural deafness. c) selective listening deafness. d) central deafness.

a) conduction deafness.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their a) direction of membrane polarization. b) degree of effect. c) ease of elicitation. d) overall speed.

a) direction of membrane polarization.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their a) direction of membrane polarization. b) degree of capacitance. c) ease of elicitation. d) overall amplitude.

a) direction of membrane polarization.

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for a) exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment. b) initiating the action potential. c) maintaining the equilibrium potential. d) exchanging three potassium ions for every two sodium ions from the intracellular environment.

a) exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment.

By definition, a manufactured drug that interacts with a particular type of receptor in the brain is a(n) _______ ligand. a) exogenous b) endogenous c) excitatory d) competitive

a) exogenous

Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because they have a) few voltage-gated ion channels. b) sodium channels. c) no myelin. d) mitochondria

a) few voltage-gated ion channels.

The canals of the cochlea are filled with a) fluid. b) air. c) otoliths. d) ampullae.

a) fluid

The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes. a) frontal; parietal b) parietal; occipital c) frontal; temporal d) temporal; occipital

a) frontal; parietal

The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called a) gyri. b) sulci. c) nuclei. d) ganglia.

a) gyri

Frequency of sound is measured in a) hertz. b) Fourier units. c) dynes. d) decibels.

a) hertz.

a) homunculus

A tap on the patellar tendon activates a) the knee jerk reflex. b) an oscillator circuit. c) the flexion reflex. d) the yawning reflex.

a) knee jerk reflex

Hyperpolarizations make a neuron a) less likely to fire an action potential. b) more likely to fire an action potential. c) more likely to trigger a postsynaptic potential. d) less likely to trigger a postsynaptic potential.

a) less likely to fire an action potential

Genes are less likely to be expressed if they have undergone a chemical modification called _______________. a) methylation b) acetylation c) dimeration d) tardistation

a) methylation

The level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the temporal and frontal lobes is the _______ level. a) neural systems b) synaptic c) circuit d) molecular

a) neural systems

The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using a) positron emission tomography (PET). b) computerized axial tomography (CT). c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). d) electron microscopy.

a) positron emission tomography (PET).

The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane. a) sagittal b) frontal c) coronal d) horizontal

a) sagittal

People who take a drug for a period of time may come to experience an increased effect of the drug even with no increase in the dosage. This is an example of ___________. a) sensitization b) tolerance c) withdrawal d) cross-tolerance

a) sensitization

Grafting an extra leg onto a developing tadpole or chick results in an increased _______ for motor neurons. a) survival b) differentiation c) migration d) apoptosis

a) survival

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is a) the destroyed brain regions. b) the observed changes in sleep. c) possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown. d) the type of animal being used in the experiment.

a) the destroyed brain regions.

Sodium-Potassium Pump (ion transporter)

active transport -3Na+ ions pumped out of the neuron and 2K+ ions pumped into the neuron

The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as

adaptation

The external genitalia of a human females can have a masculine form at birth as a result of overproduction of androgens by the fetal

adrenal glands

The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they

affect the secretion of other endocrine glands

When Drug A and Drug B are at a synapse in equal concentration, Drug A is bound to more receptor molecules. Drug A has a higher ___________ than Drug B.

affinity

tonotopic organization

all levels of the auditory pathway are spatially arranged according to auditory frequencies to which they respond

Which of the following statements indicated that bipolar disorder has much in common with schizophrenia

all of the above

what does the PNS encompass?

all other nerves and neurons not in the brain and spinal cord

A newly discovered drug that blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors and seems to alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia would be classified as a(n) ________________

atypical neuroleptic

the inferior collculi is implicated in what type of processing?

auditory processing

Research has shown that certain EEG patterns may be an early marker for what disorder?

autism spectrum disorder

where are a lot of voltage-gated Na+ channels located?

at the axon hillock

Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair

attention

event-related potentials (ERP)

averaged EEG recordings measuring brain responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus

Once a cell has made it to its final location, it can extend what?

axon

action potentials are actively propagated along the_________

axon

the output zone of the neuron is the

axon

A high concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels are located at what part of the neuron?

axon hillock

In general, the action potential is first initiated at the_____________.

axon hillock

The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the

axon hillock

The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the

axon hillock.

which part of the neuron contains the output zone?

axon terminals

b) Behavioral intervention

The antipsychotic drug haloperidol is particularly selective for dopamine _______ receptors. a) D1 b) D2 c) D3 d) auto-

b) D2

Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with a) myelin. b) GABA receptors. c) benzodiazepine receptors. d) genes.

b) GABA receptors

Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with a) myelin. b) GABA receptors. c) benzodiazepine receptors. d) genes.

b) GABA receptors

Which type of stain is used to reveal the entire neuron with all its processes? a) Nissl b) Golgi c) Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) d) Anterograde labeling

b) Golgi

A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which of the following would provide the most rapid route of administration? a) Pill b) IV drip c) Subcutaneous shot d) Oral syrup

b) IV drip

A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which of the following would provide the most rapid route of administration? a) Pill b) IV drip c) Subcutaneous shot d) Oral syrup

b) IV drip

Which of the following is a consequence of sympathetic activation? a) Increased salivation b) Increased heart rate c) Decreased blood pressure d) Increased digestion

b) Increased heart rate

Which of the following is a true of conventional fMRI? a) Participants must fast before testing. b) Participants must lie as still as possible in the scanner. c) It involves the use of X-rays. d) Participants must perform specific cognitive tasks - you would never measure someone's resting state (the default network).

b) Participants must lie as still as possible in the scanner.

In what way do receptor subtypes differ from each other? a) They bind different neurotransmitters b) They have different functional characteristics when bound by transmitters c) They vary in whether they appear on the presynaptic or postsynaptic neuron d) There are two receptor subtypes: one that is metabotropic and one that is ionotropic

b) They have different functional characteristics when bound by transmitters

Which question is addressed by the "mechanisms" perspective of biological psychology? a) How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? c) What are the prospects for the development of a "smart pill" to improve memory performance? d) What pattern of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze?

b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?

we ask questions in behavioral neuroscience at many different levels of analysis. One of these is studying the biological mechanisms of behavior. Which of the following questions fits this analysis level? a) How do learning and memory performance change over the life span? b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories? c) What are the prospects for a "smart pill" to improve memory performance? d) What pattern of movements must an animal make in order to learn a maze

b) What physiological changes in the brain encode memories?

Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors. a) hashish b) anandamide c) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) d) dynorphin

b) anandamide

The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the a) dendrites. b) axon hillock. c) dendritic spine. d) axon terminal.

b) axon hillock

The translation of stimulus energy into nerve cell impulses so that the diverse input from the environment can be processed in a series of all-or-none signals is called a) filtration. b) coding. c) masking. d) analgesia

b) coding.

Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. a) serotonergic b) dopaminergic c) cholinergic d) muscarinic

b) dopaminergic

Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of a) protons. b) electrons. c) neutrons. d) positrons.

b) electrons

The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs, such as morphine, implies that the body must make an _______ substance to interact with the same receptors. a) exogenous b) endogenous c) excitatory d) extemporaneous

b) endogenous

Sensory transduction is the process by which a) electrical responses are converted into movement. b) energy is converted into a change in membrane potential - electrical information that a neuron can process. c) adaptive responses are produced. d) one type of sensory stimulus is converted into a different type of sensory stimulus

b) energy is converted into a change in membrane potential - electrical information that a neuron can process.

Which of the following imaging techniques is used for studies of the functional activity of the brain? a) CT scan b) fMRI scan c) MRI scan d) All of the above are used for studies of the functional activity in the brain.

b) fMRI scan

The auditory stimulus is transduced into electrical signals by a) the cochlear microphonic. b) hair cells. c) ossicles. d) otoliths.

b) hair cells.

One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they a) evoke hallucinations. b) have strong rewarding properties. c) cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome. d) cause bursts of intense activity.

b) have strong rewarding properties.

Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation? a) Increased salivation b) Increased heart rate c) Dilation of blood vessels in the skin d) Increased digestion

b) increased heart rate

Stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyrus helped determine the location of _______ and _______ cortex, respectively. a) sensory; motor b) motor; sensory c) language; emotion d) emotion; language

b) motor; sensory

The major function of Schwann cells is a) transmission of nutrients to neurons. b) myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. c) scavenging of cellular debris. d) myelination of axons in the brain.

b) myelination of peripheral nerve fibers

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a) afterpotentials. b) the process of enzymatic degradation. c) postsynaptic receptors. d) reverse transmitters.

b) process of enzymatic degradation

A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the a) locus coeruleus. b) raphe nucleus. c) basal forebrain. d) substantia nigra.

b) raphe nucleus.

The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called a) Ranvier diffusion. b) saltatory conduction. c) progressive conduction. d) insulated diffusion.

b) saltatory conduction

Bungarotoxin is derived from a type of a) mushroom. b) snake. c) spider. d) plant.

b) snake

A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as a) active propagation. b) spatial summation. c) temporal summation. d) threshold afterpotential.

b) spatial summation

b) spatial summation.

does patch/ voltage clamping have good or bad spatial resolution?

good spatial resolution

According to the range fractionation hypothesis, a) multiple sensory cells respond to exactly the same range of stimulus energies. b) specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale. c) multiple nerve cells in a particular sensory system have approximately the same thresholds. d) a large group of nerve cells can only respond to a small range of stimulus intensities.

b) specific nerve cells can act as specialists in particular segments of an intensity scale.

The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level. a) neural systems b) synaptic c) circuit d) molecular

b) synaptic

The brain can differentiate between each sensory modality because a) the action potentials, sent along the same nerve tracts, get sorted by the thalamus. b) the action potentials for each one are sent along separate nerve tracts. c) each sense uses different neurotransmitters. d) each sensory input, passing through the same lines, triggers action potentials in a different pattern

b) the action potentials for each one are sent along separate nerve tracts.

Dendrites are a) a type of glial cell. b) the input zone of a nerve cell. c) the conduction zone of a nerve cell. d) small interneurons.

b) the input zone of a nerve cell.

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a) afterpotentials. b) the process of enzymatic degradation. c) postsynaptic receptors. d) reverse transmitters.

b) the process of enzymatic degradation.

If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a grand mal seizure, you would see a) different gradations of spiking activity. b) the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain. c) variable intensity of spiking depending on the locus of seizure onset. d) no activity in brainstem structures during the seizure.

b) the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain.

A sensory receptor that stays sensitive to sustained stimulation, rather than adapting is known as a _________________. a) sustained receptor b) tonic receptor c) phasic receptor d) persistent receptor

b) tonic receptor

Several regions of the auditory cortex show _______ mapping. a) topographic b) tonotopic c) tomographic d) tonic

b) tonotopic

Which technique would you use to ask whether individuals with ASD have a delayed reaction to processing facial expressions? a)TMS b)EEG c)ERP d)fMRI

b)EEG

To directly measure activity from a neuron, a researcher might use... a)An ablation study b)The patch-clamp technique c)Golgi staining d)fMRI

b)The patch-clamp technique

James

book called Principles of Psychology; considers psych ideas, such as consciousness and other aspects as properties of the nervous system; bio psych approach emerged after that

A 'nucleus' is

both a and b

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for

both a and c

Research indicated that treating postmenopausal women with low doses of _____ can revive sexual interest

both androgen and estrogen

Sodium ions are continuously forced into neurons by

both b and c

Phrenology

bumps on the skull result from enlargements of regions responsible for certain behavioral faculties

how do neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic cell?

by binding to receptor molecules

How can you look at tissue?

by using microscopy, prepared with various staining techniques

Midbrain structures (e.g., superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, reticular formation, red nucleus) are involved in ____________. a) Motor functions b) Sensory functions c) (a) and (b) d) neither (a) nor (b

c) (a) and (b)

Which part of the neuron serves as the integration zone? a) Synaptic vesicles b) Axon terminal/synaptic bouton c) Axon hillock/soma d) Dendrites

c) Axon hillock/soma

Which of the following sounds causes the greatest amount of deflection at the base of the basilar membrane? a) Low-frequency sound b) Both low- and high-frequency sound c) High-frequency sound d) None of the above; the basilar membrane does not move.

c) High-frequency sound

Which statement about apoptosis is true? a) It refers to any kind of cell death. b) It results from the inhibition of calcium entry into the cell. c) It results from a molecular cascade in which a protein is released from mitochondria. d) It results from a larger-than-normal availability of target neurons.

c) It results from a molecular cascade in which a protein is released from mitochondria.

Which term describes the capacity of the nervous system to change in response to experience? a) Molding b) Neuropathy c) Neuroplasticity d) Neurogenesis

c) Neuroplasticity

Tom is having problems regulating his sleep, has lost an interest in having sex, and feels down about his life. If you had to guess, which neurotransmitter system is dysregulated in Tom's brain? a) Dopaminergic b) Noradrenergic c) Serotonergic d) Cholinergic

c) Serotonergic

A manufactured drug that activates a particular type of receptor in the brain is called a(n) a) exogenous drug. b) endogenous mimic. c) agonist. d) antagonist.

c) agonist

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on a) cocaine. b) amphetamine. c) alcohol. d) heroin.

c) alcohol

Which drug is not found in nature or derived from natural substances? A) Nicotine b) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) c) Amphetamine d) Cocaine

c) amphetamine

The _______ is particularly implicated in odor perception. a) hypothalamus b) fornix c) amygdala d) cerebellum

c) amygdala

Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating a) schizophrenia. b) severe depression. c) anxiety disorders. d) Alzheimer's disease.

c) anxiety disorders.

Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating a) schizophrenia. b) severe depression. c) anxiety disorders. d) Alzheimer's disease.

c) anxiety disorders.

In general, the action potential is initiated at the a) synapse. b) outer reaches of the dendrite. c) axon hillock. d) node of Ranvier.

c) axon hillock

The part of the axon down-which the action potential is propagated is called the _______. An action potential is initiated (input to the neuron is integrated) at the _________. a) dendrite; axon hillock b) dendrite; node of Ranvier c) axon, axon hillock d) axon, node of Ranvie

c) axon, axon hillock

What ion is ultimately responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation?

calcium

higher frequency of AP = higher amount of ____________ in axon terminal

calcium

Verapamil inhibits neurotransmitter release by blocking

calcium channels

You discover a compound that has a similar molecular structure to amphetamine. This compound will probably affect _______ receptors. a. catecholamine b. acetylcholine c. endogenous opiate d. GABA

catecholamine

do temporal lesions measure changes in brain activity/chemistry or cause changes in brain and measure effects?

causes change in brain and measure effects

which part of the neuron contains the integration zone?

cell body (soma) and axon hillock

lack of neurotrophic factors lead to what?

cell death

neural progenitor cells

cells that give rise to other cells

The pattern of regeneration of the frog visual systems supports the __________ hypothesis proposed by Sperry.

chemoaffinity

Studies in biopsychology that address questions about subjective experience and the brain mechanisms that account for it are interested in explaining

consciousness

Drug A binds to a different site on a receptor than a neurotransmitter, but has the same effect as the NT. This makes it a ____________

competitive agonist

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are

concentric

The punch-drunk syndrome typically results from the cumulative effects of many minor

concussions.

Where does the action potential go third? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone

conduction zone (specifically the axon)

With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, the rest of the cranial nerves

connect to the brainstem

between-subjects experiment

control group is a separate group of people; treated identically except for the manipulation

within-subjects experiment

control is the same set of subjects, just tested before the treatment

Which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study? a) Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia b) Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze c) Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats d) Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.

d) Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.

In normal development, which molecules usually are involved in differentiation, but not the survival or death of neurons? a) IAPs b) Neurotrophic factors c) Hormones d) Inducers.

d) Inducers.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by a) selectively releasing more serotonin where needed. b) allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. c) blocking degradation enzymes. d) blocking serotonin release.

d) allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft.

The substance curare which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads, a) selectively blocks sodium channels. b) selectively blocks potassium channels. c) increases levels of acetylcholinesterase. d) blocks acetylcholine receptors.

d) blocks acetylcholine receptors

Otto Loewi's experiments showed that the _______ releases acetylcholine, which _______. a) heart; affects the vagus nerve b) vagus nerve; increases heart rate c) vagus nerve; decreases heart rate d) brain; decreases heart rate

d) brain; decreases heart rate

The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the a) tectum. b) meninges. c) corpus callosum. d) choroid plexus.

d) choroid plexus

Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to a) remove wastes from the body. b) control behavior. c) contain the soul. d) cool the blood.

d) cool the blood

The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres. a) cortex b) basal ganglia c) cerebellum d) corpus callosum

d) corpus callosum

People who have used a particular dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs in the same class. This is an example of a) sensitization. b) tolerance. c) withdrawal. d) cross-tolerance.

d) cross-tolerence

The main active ingredient found in marijuana is a) hashish. b) tetracycline c) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). d) phencyclidine (PCP).

d) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

The nervous system develops from the _____________. a) endoderm b) neuroderm c) mesoderm d) ectoderm

d) ectoderm

The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to a) cocaine. b) amphetamine. c) alcohol. d) heroin.

d) heroin

The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as a) bipolar neurons. b) motoneurons. c) sensory neurons. d) interneurons.

d) interneurons

Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for a) producing action potentials. b) synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitters. c) saltatory conduction. d) maintaining ionic gradients.

d) maintaining ionic gradients

The brainstem consists of the a) spinal cord, cerebellum, and medulla. b) spinal cord, cerebellum, and pons. c) midbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. d) midbrain, pons, and medulla.

d) midbrain, pons, and medulla

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as a) correlation. b) causality. c) fractionation. d) reductionism.

d) reductionism

Neurotransmitters are stored inside ___________, which then fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents into the synapse. a) soma (cell body) b) dendritic spines. c) axon hillock. d) synaptic vesicles.

d) synaptic vesicles.

The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because a) they are controlled by different brain regions. b) they innervate different organ systems. c) they work in opposition to each other. d) they release different neurotransmitters.

d) they release different neurotransmitters.

Neighboring stereocilia on hair cells are joined by a) trap doors. b) tuning curves. c) traveling waves. d) tip links.

d) tip links.

An action potential can be likened to what common household fixture? a) Microwave b) Water heater c) Dishwasher d) Toilet

d) toilet

Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called a) substance abuse. b) addiction. c) withdrawal. d) tolerance.

d) tolerance

The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to a) the brain. b) cranial nerves. c) voluntary muscles. d) various organs of the body.

d) various organs of the body

The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward. a) substantia nigra b) locus coeruleus c) raphe nucleus d) ventral tegmental area

d) ventral tegmental area

TMS is distinct from fMRI and EEG because........ a)It is noninvasive b)It has excellent spatial resolution c)It has excellent temporal resolution d)It can be used to test causal claims about brain function

d)It can be used to test causal claims about brain function

A sex-limited gene __________; whereas a sex-linked gene __________. a. is only active during sexual activity; no longer exerts an effect once the animal reaches sexual maturity b. no longer exerts an effect once the animal reaches sexual maturity; is only active during sexual activity c. is present in members of one sex and absent in members of the other sex; is responsible for differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes d. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome e. is found on the X or Y chromosome; is activated more strongly in one sex than in the otherd. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome

d. is activated more strongly in one sex than in the other; is found on the X or Y chromosome

What is it called when auditory nerve cells are not excitable in typical manner?

deafness

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significants in their

direction of membrane polarization

Ionotropic receptors

directly control ion channels are ligand-gated are associated with fast synapses

Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of

electrons

Ions are atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of

electrons.

The limbic system plays an important role in

emotion

The structures of the limbic system are particularly implicated in

emotion and learning.

what do ossicles do?

encode frequency and intensity in their vibrations

what is a natural ligand for cannabis/THC?

endocannabinoids

Hormone-producing glands are called _____ glands.

endocrine

The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs, such as morphine, implies that the body must make an _____ substance to interact with the same receptors.

endogenous

are neurotransmitters endogenous or exogenous?

endogenous

Alcohol's calming influence may be attributed to its ability to

enhance postsynaptic inhibition

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called ____________

entrainment

degradation

enzymes break down the neurotransmitter (specific enzymes for specific transmitters)

The study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves is called

epigenetics

In the body's synthesis of steroids, _____ is (are) synthesized from _____.

estrogens; androgens

the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for

exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment

what is the result of the basilar membrane being driven upwards?

excitation

do inverse agonists have an inhibitory effect or excitatory effect?

excitatory

The inhibitory ligand-gated receptors for GABA and glycine appear similar to

excitatory nicotinic ACh receptors.

Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _____ glands

exocrine

are drugs endogenous or exogenous?

exogenous

Just as neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites to cause effects in the postsynaptic neuron, ___________________________ (e.g., drugs) can bind to receptor sites and cause effects in the postsynaptic neuron

exogenous substances

Neural activity may stimulate release of neurotrophic factors, thus ____________ helps drive connections

experience

Then enzyme 5-alpha-reductase is necessary for the development of the

external genitalia in normal males

Which of the following body parts are not highly represented on the sensory homunculus

eyes

what technique should you use to see which brain region activates?

fMRI

what technique uses the BOLD signal?

fMRI

level of question: what brain regions are involved with a process?

fMRI, EEG

The _______ lobe is the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the

frontal cortex

which brain region houses regions important for both motor and executive functions?

frontal lobe

which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for higher cognitive functioning?

frontal lobe

the central sulcus divides the ________ and _________ lobes

frontal; parietal

does patch/ voltage clamping look at structure or functional change?

functional

is EEG/ERP structural or functional?

functional

is TMS structural or functional?

functional

does fMRI look at structure or functional activity of the brain?

functional activity

Sperm and ova are known as _____, and when they fuse they form a(n) _____.

gametes; zygote

what is GABA involved in?

general inhibition

Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are

generated by the activity of populations of neurons

Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are

generated by the activity of populations of neurons.

Epigenetics

genes (nature) do not code for behavior; experiences (nurture) can change how the genes are expressed changes in phenotype, never the genotype behavior = genes x environment

Whether an individual is XX or XY refers to her or his

genetic sex

Nature is to nurture as

genetics is to experience

which of the following is an example of a somatic intervention study

giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rat's behavior

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter

glutamate

The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter ___________.

glutamate

Which neurotransmitter is involved in learning and memory in the brain

glutamate

The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called

gyri

the ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called

gyri

The ridges of tissue on the convoluted surface of the cortex are called

gyri.

Place theory involves ___________ and temporal theory involves____________

hair cell location AP frequency

Individuals with blindsight

have no conscious perception of visual stimuli but are still able to discriminate better than would be predicted by chance alone

One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they

have strong rewarding properties

do agonists have high or low efficacy?

high efficacy

do inverse agonists have high or low efficacy?

high efficacy

Sperry Newt project

his experiment showed that axons have differential markers that correspond to markers on a target cell and axonal growth is directed by markers to establish specific connections

homunculus

what does amplitude mean in respect to EEG/ERP

how large the neural response is

what does latency tell us

how long after the stimulus onset the ERP occur. (time interval/delay between the stimulation and response)

heritability

how much of a behavior or trait is due to genes

The notion of dualism as proposed by Descartes stated that

humans have a nonmaterial soul and a material body that are not the same.

According to the lecture, all of the following are components of an emotional response EXCEPT

hunger

clinks nervous system to endocrine system (pituitary gland)?

hypothalamus

which part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

which part of the brain is important for feeding, fleeing, fighting, and mating?

hypothalamus

what determines a cell's location?

if it leaves the ventricular zone early or late Neuron leaves early -> goes to deep layers of the cortex neuron leave late --> goes to superficial layer

Damage to the right hemisphere

impairs recognition of emotions expressed by others.

Vestibulocerebellum

implicated in posture and eye movement coordination

what is the function of the cerebellum?

important for monitoring ongoing movement -Modulates activity in cortical motor regions--> lots of communication with SMA -works via inhibition

where are most merkle cell afferents located?

in the fingertips

At end of axon, depolarization occurs where?

in the presynaptic terminal

myelin resists the flow of current across the membrane, therefore the speed of conduction ___________

increases

what is the integration zone?

initiates nerve electrical activity and decides whether or not to send a signal based on the info it receives

electrostatic pressure

ions moving towards the areas with the opposite charge

what sensory receptor cells processes sound?

inner hair cell

Where do Na+ molecules want to go based on electrostatic forces?

inside because Na+ is positive and wants to go negative

Are more proteins located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?

inside the neuron (where it is more negative)

amplitude

intensity; wave height; measure in dB

Whether connections get strengthened depends on ____________ interactions

intercellular

The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as

interneurons

is Microdialysis invasive or noninvasive?

invasive

is clamping invasive on non-invasive?

invasive

is microscopy and microdialysis invasive on non-invasive?

invasive

is microscopy invasive or non-invasive?

invasive

is patch/voltage clamping invasive or non-invasive?

invasive

Cerebrocerebellum

involved in motor planning, learning, and memory

what are the different types of receptors?

ionotropic and metabotropic

The lipid bilayer portion of the membrane __________________

is impermeable to most popular molecules and ions

mind-body problem

is the mind (mental processing) part of the body, or is the body (neurons/brain structure) part of the mind?

does TMS MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?

it CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects

what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to metabotropic receptor?

it activates g-protein

what happens if bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) is inhibited?

it becomes neurons

what happens if bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) act on cells?

it becomes skin

do agonists cause change in the postsynaptic neuron?

it causes some change in the postsynaptic neuron

does fMRI MEASURE changes in brain activity/chemistry or CAUSE changes in brain and measure behavioral effects?

it measures changes in brain activity/chemistry

what does EEG measure?

it measures the electrical potential of the brain through electrodes placed on scalp and the change in brain activity

what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to ionotropic receptor?

it opens ion channels

what is TMS?

magnetic fields induced by electromagnetic coils stimulate neurons of the underlying cortical surface. changes in magnetic field causes weak electrical currents on the surface of the brain

what is fMRI?

magnetic resonance imaging that detects changes in blood flow and therefore identifies regions of the brain that are particularly active during a given task

Neurons, glial cells and organelles cannot be seen without what?

magnification

Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for

maintaining ionic gradients

Much of the energy that the brain expends is used for

maintaining ionic gradients.

In comparison with the REM sleep of adults, the REM sleep of young children

makes up a greater proportion of the overall amount of sleep

somatic intervention

manipulates the body to affect behavior

behavioral intervention

manipulating the behavior to affect the body (and brain)

Muscarinic receptors

may be either excitatory or inhibitory.

Decussation (cross-over) of the fibers in the pyramidal motor system occurs at the level of the

medulla

what maintains basic functions like respiration?

medulla

your friend broke his neck and over time he recovered mentally. However, he is paralyzed from the neck down and uses a machine to control his breathing. what did he damage?

medulla

which skin receptor cell detect light touch?

meissner

which cell afferent has the highest spatial resolution?

merkle

which skin receptor cell detect fine touch?

merkle

what is the only afferent to sample information from receptor cells located in epidermis

merkle cell afferents

the speed of getting drugs into body via inhalation ?

moderate to fast; goes in nose and lungs and then to bloodstream

which afferent innervates the skin more densely than Merkel cell?

messiner

The neuron doctrine states that neurons are independent ___________, ___________, and ____________.

metabolically, functionally, and structurally

Match up the correct receptor type and effect:

metabotropic; 2nd messenger effects in neuron

Postmortem brains of suicide victims with childhood histories of abuse show

methylation of a gene that regulates stress hormone responses

Postmortem brains of suicide victims with childhood histories of abuse show

methylation of a gene that regulates stress hormone responses.

A cut in the _______ plane would sever all of the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

mid-sagittal

the speed of getting drugs into body via peripheral injection

moderate to fast. Subcutaneous (under the skin) and intravenous (directly into circulation/bloodstream

What happens when there is an increase in overlap between thick and thin filaments

muscle contraction

are ablations looking at structure or function?

neither

In open-loop control mechanisms, activity is

preprogrammed

if you get into physical fight, what neurotransmitter gets released?

norepinephrine

list ways that a drug can affect neuronal transmission presynaptically

o Effects on transmitter synthesis 1. Inhibition of transmitter synthesis 2. Blockade of axonal transport 3. Interference with storage of transmitters o Effects on transmitter release 4. Prevention of synaptic transmission 5. Alteration of synaptic transmitter release 6. Alteration of transmitter release through modulation of presynaptic activity o Effects on transmitter clearance 7. Inactivation of transmitter reuptake 8. Blockade of transmitter degradation

list ways that a drug can affect neuronal transmission postsynaptically

o Effects on transmitters receptors 1. Blockade of receptors 2. Activation of receptors o Effects on cellular processes 3. Regulation of the number of postsynaptic receptors 4. Modulation of intercellular signals

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral intervention study?

observing brain patterns of animals in a maze

The drug clomipramine has been shown to bring about significant improvement in many people suffering from

obsessive-compulsive disorder

which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most important for visual processing?

occipital lobe

which zone does the process of sending information from one cell to another cell occur?

output zone

Where does the action potential go last? -Output Zone -.Integration Zone -Conduction Zone -Input Zone

output zone (through axon terminals)

when the membrane potential is more positive, where does K+ wants to go based on electrostatic pressure?

outside because is negative there

when the membrane potential is more positive, where does K+ wants to go based on diffusion?

outside because there is less there

Are more Ca +2 ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?

outside the neuron

Are more Cl- ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?

outside the neuron

Are more Na+ ions located inside or outside of a neuron when the neuron is at resting membrane potential?

outside the neuron

Where do K+ molecules want to go based on diffusion?

outside to the cell where there is less K+

Stapes pushes on the ___________ connecting to the inner ear

oval window

The persistence with which patients with posttraumatic stress disorder recall traumatic memories may be a result of

overconsolidation of memories, or a failure of extinction.

If part of your brain is recruited for a task, more oxygenated blood will be needed in that area. So would oxygenated blood produce a stronger BOLD signal than deoxygenated blood?

oxygenated blood will produce a stronger BOLD signal than deoxygenated blood

Male mice without knockouts of the _____ gene display "social amnesia", failing to recognize previously encountered females

oxytocin

The hormone that controls the milk letdown reflex and formation of social bonds is

oxytocin

Along with behavioral symptoms, at present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through

postmortem examination of brain

what ion is the most important for establishing resting membrane potential

potassium

which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control

precentral gyrus

what part of the brain is most important for executive functions like decision making?

prefrontal cortex

which motor area is involved in movements based on external cues?

premotor cortex

what is the executive region for movement initiation?

primary motor cortex

basal ganglia communicates with _____________. Cerebellum communicates with_________________

primary motor cortex supplementary motor area

Which brain regions will send projections through the corticospinal tract?

primary motor cortex and supplementary

what motor region sends info via corticospinal tract?

primary motor, supplementary and premotor cortex

endogenous

produced inside the body ex. neurotransmitters

exogenous

produced outside of the body ex. drugs

We have discussed the three main steps for neurogenesis during early development. What steps occur with adult neurogenesis?

proliferation of neural precursor cells, migration of newly born cells, integration and connections formed in existing neural networks

efficacy

propensity of the ligand to activate the receptor to which it is bound

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking for their simpler constituent parts is known as

reductionism

The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as

reductionism.

postsynaptic

referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter

presynaptic

referring to the region of the synapse that releases neurotransmitter

The bending of light rays by the optical components of the eye is called

refraction

The receptors through which capsaicin exerts its effects are

responsive to sudden increases in temperature

fMRI measures _________________ state

resting

what does -50 to -90 mV refer to?

resting membrane potential

Pain-induced release of substance P in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord causes

remodeling of pain pathway neurons, perhaps altering later pain perception

down-regulation

repeated exposures to agonist drug, neurons may decrease the # of available receptors to which the drug can bind, thus becoming less sensitive and countering the drug effect

what usually happens during an EEG research study?

researcher often presents stimulus and record event-related potentials (ERP)

golgi tendon organ

responds to tension (both muscle stretch and contraction)

The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called

saltatory conduction

The form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons is called

saltatory conduction.

On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from

schizophrenia

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

schizophrenia is more evident amount first-degree relatives of patients than it is among more distant relatives.

Long-term treatment with L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease has been associated with the development of

schizophrenia-like symptoms

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

schizophrenia.

Dendritic spines can change shape in the course of

seconds

sensory organ for touch?

skin

where is the Pacinian corpuscle found in?

skin & muscle

the speed of getting drugs into body via ingestion?

slow to moderate due to absorption by the gut

At resting state, there is a __________ concentration of Na+ inside the neuron, compared to outside the neuron

smaller

which field of biological psychology investigates the biological factors underlying behavior of dominance or submissiveness in social interactions

social neuroscience

what ion is the most important for changing the polarization of a neuron as it undergoes an action potential?

sodium

Myelin is found along the length of

some mammalian axons

Depending on the targeted region and strength of the impulse, TMS can .....

stimulate neural activity or stop neurons from communicating

When the minimum criteria for substance dependence have not been met, but there is evidence of a maladaptive pattern of use that persists for at least one month, the diagnosis is

substance abuse

When the minimum criteria for substance dependence have not been met, but there is evidence of maladaptive patterns of use that persists for at least one month, the diagnosis is

substance abuse

morphogen

substance that can cause cells to differentiate into different types

temporal summation

summation of potentials reaching the axon hillock at different times

which motor area is involved in movements based on internal cues?

supplementary motor area

what is a con of TMS

surface structures only

Synaptic boutons are

swellings at the ends of axons.

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.

testosterone, increase

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _____ levels to _____.

testosterone; increase

Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______.

testosterone; increase

what brain region is involved if taste perception is impaired?

thalamus

what part of the brain is the central relay station

thalamus

For a typical animal cell, the membrane potential is determined by the equilibrium distribution of K+ ions across the cell membrane. Free movement of K+ across the membrane occurs through ______________________.

the K+ leak channel

The "conduction" zone" of a neuron is also known as

the axon

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in one group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is

the brain lesion

n an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in one group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is

the brain lesion.

exocytosis

the process by which a synaptic vesicle fuses w/ the presynaptic terminal membrane to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

neurotransmitter

the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

what is a neurotransmitter

the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

The feature of adaptation refers to

the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light, depending on how much light is available

The patch clamp is used to measure what?

the current flow across the cell membrane

A symptom of macular degeneration is

the damage of rods and cones

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is

the destroyed brain regions

In an experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the effect on sleep patterns, the independent variable is - the observed changes in sleep. - the type of animal being used in the experiment. - possible influences other than the lesion that are unknown. - the destroyed brain regions.

the destroyed brain regions.

resting membrane potential

the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a neuron -50 to -90 mV

Electrostatic pressure derives from

the distribution of electrical charges.

Galen's views about the bodily origins of behavior were based on his observations of

the effects of head injuries in gladiators

all-or-nothing property

the fact that the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

reuptake

the process by which released synaptic transmitter molecules are taken up and reused by the presynaptic neuron thus stopping synaptic activity

Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? -their genetic potential -sensitive periods -random variability -the frequency with which they are activated

the frequency with which they are activated

cell-cell interaction

the general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other neighboring cells

growth cone

the growing tip of an axon or dendrite

100 billion neurons

the human brain contains about

The attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM.

what happens at each synapse?

the information is transmitted from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron to the receptive surface of the postsynaptic neuron

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

the inside and outside of a cell.

When the neuron expels potassium ions ___________

the inside of the cell loses positive ions and produces negative charge inside

A model of the environmental stress and genetics involved in schizophrenia proposes that the disease emerges from

the interaction of stress, genetics, and anatomical abnormalities of the brain.

Methylation refers to

the lasting inactivation of a gene

"Methylation" refers to

the lasting inactivation of a gene.

what does the Tympanic membrane attach to?

the malleus

Michaelangelo's painting in the Sistine Chapel has been shown to resemble

the midline brain structures

conduction zone

the nerves electrical signal may be actively propogated, it usually corresponds with the axon

Brain scans of an individual listening to speech sounds is likely to show activation of

the primary auditory area, portions of the thalamus, portions of the midbrain

presynaptic membrane

the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmit information by releasing neurotransmitter

spatial summation

the summation of potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) from different physical locations across the cell body at the axon hillock

adequate stimulus

the type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted

what ability do both endogenous or exogenous substances have?

they have the ability to bind to receptor molecules and cause (or prevent) events in the postsynaptic neuron

what do temporary lesions do to neurons?

they pharmacologically disrupt neurons from firing

the reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because

they release different neurotransmitters

are cells totipotent or pluripotent?

totipotent- cells can differentiate into any cell type

Your eyes normally process light, so why did you see a blob caused by pressure on your eye?

touch caused AP to be fired in the receptor cells of the eye and these were interpreted as a change in light labeled lines

posterior

towards the back of the brain

ventral/inferior

towards the bottom of the brain

towards the front of the brain

medial

towards the middle of the brain

lateral

towards the outside of the brain

dorsal/superior

towards the top of the brain

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the

type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the

type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron.

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the a) number of action potentials arriving at the synaptic bouton. b) size of the calcium current flowing into the synaptic bouton. c) type of transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron and the receptor to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron. d) sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane.

type of transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron and the receptor to which that transmitter binds on the postsynaptic neuron.

when is an action potential triggered?

when it reaches -40mV threshold

metabolic tolerance

when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at eliminating the drug from the bloodstream before it has a chance to affect the brain or another target increased efficiency clearing drug out of body

how do tip links open?

when stereocilla is bent

when do Na+ voltage-gated ion channels open?

when the membrane potential depolarizes to -40 mV

what is the difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

where in the body they form (schwann- PNS and oligodendrocytes- CNS)

what is the independent variable in TMS?

whether or not TMS is being applied or not

which statement about white and gray matter is true

white matter is like insulation

when does cell differentiation and separation into ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm occur?

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