PSCI test 2

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True/False: Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet)

true

True/False: Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor

true

True/False: Hydrothermal vents are often associated with central rift valleys along the oceanic ridge and rise system:

true

True/False: Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones:

true

True/False: Oceans with passive plate margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active plate margins:

true

True/False: Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment:

true

True/False: Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf

true

True/False: Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator

true

True/False: Satellite measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor

true

True/False: Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events

true

True/False: Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles

true

True/False: The Pacific Ring of Fire in the seismically active area along the margins of the Pacific Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are common:

true

True/False: The organisms that contribute to biogenies sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans

true

True/False: The shape of Earth's hypsographic curve can be used to support the existence of plate tectonics:

true

Ocean trench:

deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence

Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:

divergent plate boundaries

Halite:

hydrogenous sediment

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

a glacier

Multi-beam sonar:

a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km

CCD:

depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

Lysocline:

depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except:

diatom ooze

Which does not belong? chalk, coccolithophores, diatoms, limestone, stromatolites

diatoms

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate?

foraminiferans

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

hydrogenous

Manganese nodules:

hydrogenous sediment

Metal sulfides:

hydrogenous sediment

Oolites:

hydrogenous sediment

Manganese nodules are an example of:

hydrogenous sediments

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading

Phosphate-rich nodules form in:

intermediate to shallow depth water

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

large particles such as gravel

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

lithogenous

abyssal clay

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:

movement occurs in the same direction

Submarine canyon:

narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

neritic

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits

New lithosphere is produced in association with:

oceanic ridges

True/False: A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current:

true

True/False: Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds

true

True/False: Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land:

true

Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:

turbidity currents

Seismic reflection profile:

used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor

Precision-depth recorder (PDR):

uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth

Warm water (From 30C to 350C) hydrothermal vents form:

white smokers

Coccolithophores:

biogenous sediment

Picture of world. The sediments that are pro ducted in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):

2 & 3

Picture of world. Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):

2,3, & 4

Picture of world. Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

4

True/False: Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides:

true

Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:

deep-sea trenches

True/False: Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenies sediment in the marine environment

false

True/False: Mid-ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion (around 10%) of the deep ocean basins:

false

True/False: Radiolarian tests are dissolved beneath the carbonate compensation depth

false

True/False: Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenies sediments

false

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called:

Lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

True/False: The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break:

false

True/False: The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons:

false

True/False: Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches:

false

All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the:

fracture zone

Continental shelf:

a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:

abyssal hills or seaknolls

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

abyssal plain far from a continent

Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:

abyssal plains

Which does not belong? Turbidity currents, graded bedding, turbidite deposits, abyssal plains, deep-sea fans

abyssal plains

Satellites are used to may the ocean floor because:

all of the above ((they can cover areas where ships have no produced surveys, they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time, they are unaffected by surface weather, the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below)

ice rafting

associated with glacial deposits

turbidite

associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:

biogenous

Diatomaceous ooze:

biogenous sediment

Siliceous ooze:

biogenous sediment

Stromatolites:

biogenous sediment

Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following except:

broad continental shelves

Which does not belong? biogenies, calcareous, cosmogenous, hydrogenous, lithogenous

calcareous

Which does not belong? abyssal plain, continental flood basalt, continental rise, continental shelf, continental slope

continental flood basalt

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:

continental slope

Which does not belong? black smoker, deep focus earthquake, hydrothermal vent, rift valley, white smoker

deep focus earthquake

True/False: A glacial deposit is well sorted

false

True/False: Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world:

false

True/False: Direct and indirect observations indicate that rivers on land are responsible for the formation of submarine canyons:

false

True/False: Due to the very harsh environment conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents:

false

True/False: Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound:

false

True/False: Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts:

false

Which does not belong? global positioning system (GPS), GLORIA, precision depth recorder (PDR), SeaBeam, Sea MARC

global positioning system (GPS)

Pelagic clays contains lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

less than 30% biogenous material

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?

low salinity

Bathymetry:

measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:

the presence of convergent active margins

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:

oceanic rises

Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:

oceanic trenches

Which does not belong? coccolithophores, diatoms, foraminiferans, oolites, radiolarians

oolites

Wentworth Scale

particle size classification

Which does not belong? passive margin, ocean trench, volcanic arc, island arc, continental arc

passive margins

With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:

perpendicular to the ridge axis

Which of the following contains silica?

radiolarians

Which does not belong? continental margin, active margin, convergent active margin, transform active margin, rift valley

rift valley

Which does not belong? rift valley, oceanic ridge, oceanic rise, seaknoll, seafloor spreading

seaknoll

Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:

seamounts

Continental margin:

shallow water areas close to continents

The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:

shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain

Which does not belong? glaciers, rivers, siliceous ooze, turbidity currents, volcanic ash

siliceous ooze

Which does not belong? siliceous ooze, quartz sand, rock fragments, clay, volcanos ash

siliceous ooze

The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:

some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

All of the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except:

stromatolites

Which does not belong? abyssal hill, abyssal plain, submarine canyon, seamount, tablemount

submarine canyon

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

tektites

Which does not belong? halite and other salts, manganese nodules, metal sulfides, phosphates, tektites

tektites

Which does not belong? metal sulfide deposits, pillow basalts, rift valley, seamounts, trenches

trenches

True/False: Abyssal plains are more extensive on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean basin as compared to those on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean basin:

true


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