PSCI test 2
True/False: Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet)
true
True/False: Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor
true
True/False: Hydrothermal vents are often associated with central rift valleys along the oceanic ridge and rise system:
true
True/False: Oceanic ridges are cut by a number of transform faults, which offset spreading zones:
true
True/False: Oceans with passive plate margins have continental slopes with more gradual slopes than oceans with active plate margins:
true
True/False: Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment:
true
True/False: Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf
true
True/False: Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator
true
True/False: Satellite measurements of the ocean surface can be used to make maps of the seafloor
true
True/False: Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events
true
True/False: Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles
true
True/False: The Pacific Ring of Fire in the seismically active area along the margins of the Pacific Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are common:
true
True/False: The organisms that contribute to biogenies sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans
true
True/False: The shape of Earth's hypsographic curve can be used to support the existence of plate tectonics:
true
Ocean trench:
deep linear scars on the deep-ocean floor caused by plate convergence
Oceanic ridges and rises result from seafloor spreading along:
divergent plate boundaries
Halite:
hydrogenous sediment
Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:
a glacier
Multi-beam sonar:
a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km
CCD:
depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
Lysocline:
depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except:
diatom ooze
Which does not belong? chalk, coccolithophores, diatoms, limestone, stromatolites
diatoms
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate?
foraminiferans
Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:
hydrogenous
Manganese nodules:
hydrogenous sediment
Metal sulfides:
hydrogenous sediment
Oolites:
hydrogenous sediment
Manganese nodules are an example of:
hydrogenous sediments
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:
in the same direction as the plates are spreading
Phosphate-rich nodules form in:
intermediate to shallow depth water
High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?
large particles such as gravel
Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:
lithogenous
abyssal clay
lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
Transform faults have all of the following characteristics except:
movement occurs in the same direction
Submarine canyon:
narrow and deep valleys on continental slopes
Sediments found on continental margins are called:
neritic
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:
neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits
New lithosphere is produced in association with:
oceanic ridges
True/False: A sediment-laden current that flows off the continental shelf is called a turbidity current:
true
True/False: Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds
true
True/False: Sediments of the continental rise can exhibit characteristics similar to those formed by rivers on land:
true
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:
turbidity currents
Seismic reflection profile:
used to determine ocean structure beneath the sea floor
Precision-depth recorder (PDR):
uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth
Warm water (From 30C to 350C) hydrothermal vents form:
white smokers
Coccolithophores:
biogenous sediment
Picture of world. The sediments that are pro ducted in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):
2 & 3
Picture of world. Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):
2,3, & 4
Picture of world. Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):
4
True/False: Black smokers are hydrothermal vents that discharge superheated water with high concentrations of metal sulfides:
true
Passive continental margins are characterized by all of the following except:
deep-sea trenches
True/False: Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenies sediment in the marine environment
false
True/False: Mid-ocean ridges are rises that occupy a small portion (around 10%) of the deep ocean basins:
false
True/False: Radiolarian tests are dissolved beneath the carbonate compensation depth
false
True/False: Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenies sediments
false
Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called:
Lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment
True/False: The continental shelf is generally defined as a steeply sloping zone extending from the shoreline to the shelf break:
false
True/False: The three major provinces of the ocean floor are continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and submarine canyons:
false
True/False: Turbidity currents are highly erosive and are thought to be responsible for the creation of deep-sea trenches:
false
All of the following are considered part of the continental margin except the:
fracture zone
Continental shelf:
a generally flat zone extending from the shore to the shelf break
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:
abyssal hills or seaknolls
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
abyssal plain far from a continent
Extending from the base of the continental rises into the deep-ocean basins are flat depositional surfaces called:
abyssal plains
Which does not belong? Turbidity currents, graded bedding, turbidite deposits, abyssal plains, deep-sea fans
abyssal plains
Satellites are used to may the ocean floor because:
all of the above ((they can cover areas where ships have no produced surveys, they can "see" large areas of the seafloor at one time, they are unaffected by surface weather, the shape of the ocean surface itself reflects large features on the seafloor below)
ice rafting
associated with glacial deposits
turbidite
associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:
biogenous
Diatomaceous ooze:
biogenous sediment
Siliceous ooze:
biogenous sediment
Stromatolites:
biogenous sediment
Characteristics of active continental margins include all of the following except:
broad continental shelves
Which does not belong? biogenies, calcareous, cosmogenous, hydrogenous, lithogenous
calcareous
Which does not belong? abyssal plain, continental flood basalt, continental rise, continental shelf, continental slope
continental flood basalt
Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the:
continental slope
Which does not belong? black smoker, deep focus earthquake, hydrothermal vent, rift valley, white smoker
deep focus earthquake
True/False: A glacial deposit is well sorted
false
True/False: Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world:
false
True/False: Direct and indirect observations indicate that rivers on land are responsible for the formation of submarine canyons:
false
True/False: Due to the very harsh environment conditions, very few types of organisms are found in association with hydrothermal vents:
false
True/False: Echo sounding is not a very reliable way to measure ocean depth because water is a poor transmitter of sound:
false
True/False: Hydrothermal vents are seafloor cold seeps with high concentrations of sulfur and salts:
false
Which does not belong? global positioning system (GPS), GLORIA, precision depth recorder (PDR), SeaBeam, Sea MARC
global positioning system (GPS)
Pelagic clays contains lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:
less than 30% biogenous material
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
low salinity
Bathymetry:
measurement of ocean depth and seafloor topography
Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:
the presence of convergent active margins
Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:
oceanic rises
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:
oceanic trenches
Which does not belong? coccolithophores, diatoms, foraminiferans, oolites, radiolarians
oolites
Wentworth Scale
particle size classification
Which does not belong? passive margin, ocean trench, volcanic arc, island arc, continental arc
passive margins
With respect to mid-ocean ridges, transform faults are:
perpendicular to the ridge axis
Which of the following contains silica?
radiolarians
Which does not belong? continental margin, active margin, convergent active margin, transform active margin, rift valley
rift valley
Which does not belong? rift valley, oceanic ridge, oceanic rise, seaknoll, seafloor spreading
seaknoll
Volcanic peaks on the deep-ocean floor with conical tops are called:
seamounts
Continental margin:
shallow water areas close to continents
The correct order of seafloor features from the coast to the mid-ocean ridge is:
shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain
Which does not belong? glaciers, rivers, siliceous ooze, turbidity currents, volcanic ash
siliceous ooze
Which does not belong? siliceous ooze, quartz sand, rock fragments, clay, volcanos ash
siliceous ooze
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:
some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor
The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is:
sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)
All of the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except:
stromatolites
Which does not belong? abyssal hill, abyssal plain, submarine canyon, seamount, tablemount
submarine canyon
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:
tektites
Which does not belong? halite and other salts, manganese nodules, metal sulfides, phosphates, tektites
tektites
Which does not belong? metal sulfide deposits, pillow basalts, rift valley, seamounts, trenches
trenches
True/False: Abyssal plains are more extensive on the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean basin as compared to those on the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean basin:
true
