Psych 101 IUP Final Exam

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Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Interval

Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

There are rules for determining which responses will be reinforced

Schedules of reinforcement

Learned reinforcers, usually by association with primary reinforce (money)

Secondary Reinforcers

NO!!

Is negative reinforcement punishment?

Reinforcement follows every correct response (bubble gum machine)

Continuous Reinforcement

Not immediate, depends on schedule of reinforcement

Is operant extinction immediate?

Not repeated

Acts followed by negative consequences tend to be

Repeated

Acts followed by positive consequences tend to be

Dog jumps on kitchen table and sees food He starts jumping on all tables to find food He learns which tables have no food

An example of stimulus generalization and discrimination is operant conditioning is...

Aversion therapy with Antabuse (disulfiram) to treat alcoholism

Applications of Classical Conditioning can include...

No

Are things through operant conditioning permanent?

No

Are we born with phobias?

Small percentage of heroin users die each year from an overdose , usually when in a new environment due to loss of his/her conditioned tolerance

Behavioral Tolerance and Heroin Overdose

Depends on a rapid reinforcement

Changing human behavior also

Fixed Interval 15 minutes- only the first response made after 15 minutes passed will be reinforced

Common Fixed Interval

Fixed Ratio 10, every 10 correct responses is reinforced

Common Fixed Ratio

Variable Interval 15 seconds, reinforcement is available after an interval that average 15 seconds

Common Variable Interval

Variable Ratio 4, on average the fourth response is reinforced Yields high response rates Greater resistance to extinction than Fixed Ratio

Common Variable Ratio

More similar, more response

Conditioned responses occur along a gradient meaning...

No, often they do not immediately extinguish

Do classical conditioned responses automatically go away?

Yes

Does operant conditioning have stimulus generalization and discrimination?

Piecework: a worker receives $5 for e very 100 envelopes they stuff or every 100 flyers they stick on a windshield

Example of Fixed Ratio

Slot machines (casino)

Example of Variable Ratio

Person gets DUI and loses license and doesn't drink and drive again Child gets put in time out to decrease behavior Girl is out past curfew gets grounded and doesn't do it again

Example of negative punishment

A dolphin jumping through a hoop, pigeon pressing button

Example of something to shape?

Fishing Pop Quiz

Examples of Variable Interval

Applying sunblock before beach, not getting burned so likely to do it again Use umbrella to stay dry, use it more often Person uses a drug to stop withdrawal, more likely to use again Stops headaches with medicine, takes meds again

Examples of negative reinforcement

Speeding ticket, less likely to speed again Burning hand when touching hot stove, doesn't do it again

Examples of positive punishment

Worker gets paid for over time, child gets dessert for eating veggies, or high after cocaine

Examples of positive reinforcement

Drug self-administration Intracranial self stimulation (ICSS)

Extensions of the skinner box?

Weaken or Remove

Extinguish

Responses are reinforced only after a fixed amount of time passed Yields moderate response rate (depends on amount of time passed)

Fixed Interval (FI)

A specific number of responses must be made prior to obtaining a reinforcer Yields a high response rate (depends on # of responses)

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Form of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is used to promote learning

Higher-order Classical Conditioning

In nature if someone is bitten by a snake they become fearful of all snakes (survival technique)

How are conditioned responses adaptive?

Through changing drug habits/rehab

How are tangible reinforcers applied to Behavioral Analysis (behavioral modification)

Can happen while watching TV or hearing other people's experiences etc.

How can vicarious or second hand conditioning occur?

Repeatedly present conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus

How can we extinguish classical conditioning?

By Shaping

How can you change a behavior that is rare or does not happen naturally?

In Pavlov's case repeatedly present bell without food

How could Pavlov extinguish classical conditioning?

Rewarded as it faced button, rewarded as walked towards button etc.

How did Jim Holland shape the pigeon?

He studied how cats escaped a puzzle box

How did Thorndike do this?

Systematic Desensitization

How do you extinguish a phobia?

Through successive approximations of an initially improbable behavior

How is shaping done?

By gradually walking people through fear hierarchy in a relaxed state

How is systematic desensitization approached?

Electrode in animals that administers rewarding electrical stimulation helping study what areas of the brain are involved in pleasure

Intracranial self stimulation (ICSS)

As if it were an unconditioned stimulus

In higher-order classical conditioning the conditioned stimulus is used

No

Is classical conditioning permanent?

Scalloped response rates- post reinforcement pause Implications for education (student's studying habits when class has a test every 2 weeks)

Issue with Fixed Interval

The probability of a response by the effect it has

Law of Effect

Conditioned emotional responses

Many phobias are thought to originate as...

Something removed to change behavior (removing stimuli)

Negative

Removal of reinforcer (a desirable stimulus or opportunity) in response to an unwanted behavior in order to decrease the probability of that behavior occurring again

Negative Punishment (Response Cost)

Increases probability of behavior by removing something unpleasant

Negative Reinforcement

Removal to decrease probability of behavior

Negative punishment is

Removal to increase probability of behavior

Negative reinforcement is

A type of learning in which the strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior's consequences, such as reward and punishment

Operant Conditioning

Instrumental Learning

Operant Conditioning is also called

Accidentally reinforced behavior

Origin of Superstitions?

Not all responses are reinforced (ex.slot machine/casino)

Partial Reinforcement

An extreme or irrational fear or aversion to something

Phobia

Bad experiences during childhood

Phobias are linked to

Enhanced via stimulus generalization and higher-order-conditioning

Phobias often...

Something added to change behavior (adding stimuli)

Positive

Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it happening again

Positive Punishment

Varies among individuals, anything added to increase behavior

Positive Reinforcement

Non-learned reinforcers, usually meet physiological needs (food, water, affection, psychoactive drugs, intracranial self-stimulation)

Primary Reinforcers

Decreases the frequency of a desired behavior

Punishment

Fast and fast

Rate of acquisition and extinction for continuous reinforcement?

Slow and slow

Rate of acquisition and extinction for partial reinforcement?

Increases the frequency of a desired behavior

Reinforcement

Anything that increase the probability of the frequency of a response

Reinforcer

Gradually molding responses through positive reinforcement to final desired pattern

Shaping is...

Praise, attention

Social Reinforcers

Performing operant conditioned behavior to test/see if the rules have changed

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of learned response after it was presumably extinguished

Spontaneous Recovery

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Stimulus Discrimination

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar but not identical to a conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Generalization

The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Stimulus discrimination is...

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar but not identical to conditioned stimulus

Stimulus generalization is...

Reducing fear and anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is relaxed

Systematic Desensitization

Money, casino chips, etc....

Tangible Secondary Reinforcers

A variety of situations Young children, developmentally disabled, drug addiction treatment

Tangible reinforcers are used in

Primary Secondary Social

Types of reinforcers

Reinforcement is given for the first correct response given after a variable amount of time Yields slow steady response rates, highly resistant to extinction

Variable Interval (VI)

Varied number of correct responses required to obtain a reinforce (depends on # of responses)

Variable Ratio (VR)

Learned to respond emotionally to a stimulus by watching others emotional reactions

Vicarious/Second Hand Conditioning

Nature/nurture is very important

Watson's Statement about...

Extinction

What is it called when you get rid of an operant conditioned behavior?

A behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement even though its unnecessary

What is superstition?

Maybe primary, maybe secondary, etc. (look up)

What kind of reinforcer are grades?

Basis for many studies of operant conditioning (reinforcement)

What was the operant conditioning chamber?

When it rapidly follows a behavior

When is reinforcement (and punishment) most effective?

When the interval between the lever pull and receiving food is less than 50 seconds

When is reinforcement most effective in skinners box?

Developed by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) [Skinner box]

Who made the operant conditioning chamber

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

Who studied the Law of Effect?

It makes evolutionary sense!

Why does it make sense they the responses do not just extinguish over night?

It is harder to distinguish periods of occasional reinforcement and extinction

Why is partial reinforcement hard to extinguish?

Because it does not happen right after the crime

Why might prison not be an effective deterrent?

They don't lose their value as rapidly as primary reinforcers Typically have more power over time (not always hungry, loose interest)

Why might tangible reinforcers be more effective than primary?


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