PSY 100 Chapter 5

Teachers can learn to use __________ to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it.

Behavior modification

Brandon had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother baked him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used __________ to cure his fear.

Counterconditioning

In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

Fixed-interval schedule

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

Fixed-ratio schedule

____________ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed.

Latent Learning

Give an example of a secondary reinforcer

Money

What is the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

Observable behavior

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

Observational learning

__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Observational learning

__________ is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

Operant conditioning

What is the view of cognitive psychologists?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

According to cognitive psychologists, _____________.

The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

_________ states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out.

Thorndike's law of effect

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

True

In the context of classical conditioning, the term __________ is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.

reflex

_________ are defined as a stimuli that increases the frequency of behavior

reinforcers

Negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed

true

Reflexes can be learned by association

true

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement

True

Classical conditioning is essentially ____________.

learning associations

Children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by:

- Observational learning that might promote such behaviors -Habituation to violence that may occur -Increased emotional arousal -Increased probability of aggressive behavior

Children who watch violent shows may act less aggressively when they are informed that:

-apparently aggressive behaviors they watch reflect camera tricks, special effects, and stunts. -violent behavior they observe in the media does NOT represent the behavior of most people -Conflicts in real life are NOT resolved by violent means -Real life consequences of violence are harmful to not only the victim but also the aggressor.

_________ refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

An orienting reflex

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

False