PSY 101 Learning

Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with

The rat; the loud sound

Which of the following statements about immediate versus delayed reinforcement is correct?

The short-term consequences of a behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the

UR

You are walking along and suddenly startled by the loud sound of a truck backfiring

UR; US

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

You become less thirsty every time you drink a glass of water.

A fixed ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

a fixed number of correct responses are made.

Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs

a previously extinguished response.

A variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

a variable number of correct responses have been made.

During Pavlov's classic experiments, he would pair a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned

acquisition trials.

Both generalization and discrimination are

adaptive

A Skinnerian therapist treating a patient with depression would focus on

all of the above

Avoidance of punishment is supported by the following:

all of the above

Cognitive psychologist describe and explain behavior using concepts such as

all of the above

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

all of the above

In operant conditioning the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can

all of the above

Little Albert's experienced generalization of his fear to a

all of the above

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances

all of the above

Reinforcers can be

all of the above

To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that

all of the above

Viewers of media violence are more likely to imitate media violence when

all of the above

Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through

association

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov did

association

Research suggests that the effects of exposure to media violence may be influenced by all of the

athletic ability.

Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?

because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the

behavior was not permanently lost.

According to the ____ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli

behaviorist

Exposure to physical punishment in childhood has been associated with the all of following behavior patterns EXCEPT

below average reading skills.

People and lower animals have learned to control autonomic responses in

biofeedback training

Adults frequently reinforce undesirable behavior in children by ____ them

both a and b

Complex human learning is largely a result of ____.

both a and b

Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because

both a and b

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim

both a and b

The reasons that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering

both b and c are correct

Many fear responses are acquired through the process of ____ conditioning.

classical

Taste aversions are fascinating examples of

classical conditioning

Pavlov is to Skinner as

classical conditioning is to operant conditioning.

A students preference for a grade of "A" rather than a "F" is most likely the result of

classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

classical conditioning.

You walk past Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizzas. This is

classical conditioning.

In ____ conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment

classical; operant

According to the ____ perspective, extinction changes a person's mental representation of

cognitive

From the ____ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell

cognitive

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement,

cognitive mapping.

Psychologists who believe that learning involves experiences that changes the

cognitive psychologists.

A trained salivary response was called the ____ by Pavlov.

conditional reflex

Pavlov referred to learned salivation as a ____. Today it is better known as a(n) ____.

conditioned reflex; conditioned response

Since secondary reinforcers are associated with established reinforcers, they are sometimes called

conditioned reinforcers.

When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit," it is most effective to put him on

continuous reinforcement.

Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes

counterconditioning.

Your dog is upset and agitated around your new cat

counterconditioning.

Your mother has a fear of cats. The psychologist repeatedly pairs her love for classical music with

counterconditioning.

Punishment is an aversive event that ____ the frequency of the behavior it follows.

decreases

A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. This is

discrimination

Your dog barks and growls to the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into your driveway

discrimination.

Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell

discrimination.

A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a ____ stimulus.

discriminative

We stop at a red traffic light and go when it is green because individually, both lights serve as

discriminative stimuli.

In the movie Jurassic Park, the tyrannosaurus rex would respond to moving stimuli and

discriminative stimulus.

Media violence could ____

disinhibit; the media aggressor was rewarded

B. F. Skinner arrived at a number of reinforcers ____

empirically

According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following EXCEPT

encourage nonviolent behavior.

A fixed interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

equal intervals of time

If parents ignore children's desirable behavior ____ is likely to occur

extinction

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ____ is to decreasing behavior

extinction

Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in

extinction of the CR

Placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and

extinction.

he two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on the principle of

extinction.

All of the following are examples of reinforcement schedules except

fixed intermittent.

A car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of a

fixed interval schedule.

You are paid $29 for every five doghouses that you paint. This is an example of

fixed ratio schedule

A child who is afraid of the water is tossed into a swimming pool to teach him how to swim is an example of

flooding

To reduce Patty's fear of horses, a behavior therapist took her immediately to the nearby horse farm

flooding

You are absolutely terrified of dogs

flooding

After being conditioned to fear a white rat, Little Albert cried in the presence of other furry objects such as a

generalization.

Your little brother learned that a cow says "moo moo"

generalization.

Repeated exposure to TV violence may cause ____

habituation

Unlike other forms of conditioning, taste aversion is powerful and rapidly acquired, suggesting that

has adaptive significance

During World War II, B. F. Skinner was to head-up "Project Pigeon," where

he would train pigeons to guide missiles to their targets.

As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you

higher-order conditioning

After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light

higher-order conditioning.

The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent

higher-order conditioning.

Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment.

higher-order conditioning.

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

increase

When individuals receive biofeedback training to, say, lower their blood pressure, reinforcement is

information

Every day you walk across campus, passing many

latent learning.

A conditioned response is a(n)

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

According to behaviorists, ____ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior

learning

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcemen

learning and performance.

All of the following apply to programmed learning except

learning experiences are structured to include a few errors, so that people can learn from their mistakes.

Money is a secondary reinforcer because it

may be used to get primary reinforcers

The term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because

mental processes were involved in learning.

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ____

mental; behavioral

Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in

merely pairing stimuli cannot account for learning.

Dana liked to watch her mom prepare dinner when she was a little girl

model

According to Bandura a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

model.

A problem with the research on parental punishment and childhood aggression is

most of the studies were experimental.

Amy always comes home on time when she's out with her friends and never violates the curfew set by her parents. This behavior is strengthened by a

negative reinforcer

Because you set your alarm every night, you always get to work on time

negative reinforcer

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

negative reinforcer.

Working hard to avoid the loss of your paycheck next week is an example of a

negative, secondary, delayed reinforcer

Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify ____.

neural receptors in the mouths of dogs

In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a ____ stimulus.

neutral

Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement

observational

William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard

observational

In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because

of the consequences of the behavior.

An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to ____.

operant conditioning

A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by

pairing the sound of the bell with the delivery of food.

he behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple ____ of stimuli

pairing; mental

All of the following are family factors that contribute to the likelihood of aggression in

parental rejection.

fter your dog has learned to consistently come to you on command, it is wise to put her on ____

partial reinforcement

The text gives an example of a pigeon getting rewarded for

pecking behavior when the light is off will become extinguished.

The two types of reinforcers distinguished by Skinner are

positive and negative

Any stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

positive reinforcer.

The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs

predictive.

Food, water, and warmth are examples of ____ reinforcers.

primary

B. F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on

programmed learning.

E. C. Tolman's work on latent learning demonstrated that

rats can learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement.

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

rats could learn a maze in the absence of reinforcement, suggesting they acquired a cognitive map.

Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior are referred to as

reinforcers

The time-out procedure attempts to avoid the possibility of ____ a child's misbehavior.

reinforcing

The major difference between counterconditioning and flooding is that counterconditioning

repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus

Which of the following is not an example of a reinforced behavior?

ringing a bell before a dog rolls-over

With Pavlov's classic work, before conditioning occurred, ____ was the UR, and ____ was the US.

salivation; the meat powder

Observational learning research suggests that media violence provides viewers with

scripts

Encouraging the members of a dance class at the completion of each individual step best describes

shaping

The most effective method for teaching complex behaviors is

shaping

To train a young child to eat with a spoon, you should reinforce small steps until she gets

shaping

Breaking complex behaviors down into smaller steps, and reinforcing those steps sequentially as

shaping.

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus

shaping.

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called

shaping.

Pavlov's dogs experienced extinction trials, however a few days later, Pavlov sounded the

spontaneous recovery.

When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of

stimulus generalization.

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ____

study on Sunday nights; fixed-interval

When we train a rat to press a lever using shaping, we reinforce all those behaviors for

successive approximations

To reduce Mary Ann's fear of birds, a behavior therapist had her relax and think of a bird

systematic desensitization

Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs

systematic desensitization.

To control the rat population in urban settings, the health department scatters bags of corn and

taste aversion

One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that

taste aversion usually takes only one trial.

While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp

taste aversion.

Because of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, psychologists believe that

the CR is not really extinguished but merely inhibited during extinction trials.

Taste aversion poses a problem for strict behaviorists because

the CS and US are not contiguous.

ccording to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and

the conditioned stimulus does not provide information about the unconditioned stimulus

To efficiently train a rat to press a lever, you should reward

the first response that the rat makes in the direction of the lever

Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant.

Alex, your dog, has just been switched from dry dog food to canned dog food.

the sound of the bag losing its status as a CS for Alex.

Research on media violence concludes that

there is circular connection between media violence and aggressive behavior.

Bandura's research suggests that we can learn

through observational learning.

The most efficient way to train your dog to "sit" would be

to push his backside down and reward him.

A teacher announces that there will be pop quizzes throughout the semester. This is an

variable interval schedule

A slot machine is an example of a

variable ratio schedule.

Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____

variable-ratio

A variable interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

varying spans of time.

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the

vicarious reinforcement

The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets.

The term extinction can be a bit misleading because

we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.

Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?

A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop.

Which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over?

A positive, primary, immediate reinforcer was given.

Operant conditioning has been used to remotely guide rats through mazes by

All of the above

Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with

All of the above

The cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning states that

All of the above

The results of a study of taste aversion, rats were conditioned with sweetened water, light, and

All of the above

To reward or positively reinforce children which of the following needs to be followed?

All of the above

____ is used with people who have lost neuromuscular control of parts of their body

Biofeedback training

Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food

CS

During Pavlov's classic experiments, after conditioning, the bell was the ____

CS; CR

Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair.

CS; CR

While sitting in her Jeep at a red traffic light, Lauren heard a loud screech

CS; CR

All of following demonstrate how operant conditioning influences the behavior of

Children learn to anticipate that thunder follows lightening

____ is the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli

Discrimination

Mimi, your cat, comes running into the kitchen every time you use the electric can opener.

Eventually, the sound of the electric can opener will lose its status as a CS for Mimi.

____ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to

Generalization

Results of research on latent learning and observational learning suggest

Learning can occur only if the operant is reinforced

____ work to increase the likelihood that a behavior will be strengthened

Negative reinforcers; punishments

The contingency theory for classical conditioning was proposed by

Robert Rescorl

Programmed learning was developed by

Skinner

The psychologist who used the operant chamber for efficiently testing operant methodology is

Skinner

Which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America?

TV programs generally show the harmful long-term consequences of aggressive behavior.

____ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.

Taste aversion

How do behaviorists explain Pavlov's classical conditioning results?

The dog has learned the association between paired stimuli.

In regard to Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments,

The dogs mentally connected the bell with the meat powder.