PSY 101 - Practice Exam #3

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night Simon when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the:

Conditioned Stimulus

A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes. Which schedule of reinforcement does this represent?

Fixed Ratio

Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal...

Prototype

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event.

Stimulus; behavior

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using...

a mnemonic device

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's...

absolute threshold

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called...

automatic processing

Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are injected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid by itself triggers an immune response. This best illustrates...

classical conditioning

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people is a(n)...

concept

When we use the word automobile to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

concept

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________

encoding; storage

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.

explicit

Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________

explicit memory; implicit memory

Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of ________ on problem solving.

fixation

The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called...

functional fixedness

When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates...

functional fixedness

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of...

generalization

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants...

had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

iconic

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items...

in the middle of the list

Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called...

kinesthesis

As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as...

linear perspective

Our assumptions about the past often influence the manner in which information is retrieved from long-term memory. This fact is most relevant to appreciating the importance of...

memory construction

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called...

mnemonic devices

The ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates...

parallel processing

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as...

proactive interference.

The process of getting information out of memory is called...

retrieval

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of...

shaping

Retinal disparity refers to the...

somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object.

On the way to the temporal lobe's auditory cortex, neural impulses from the auditory nerve are first relayed to the...

thalamus

Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates...

the framing effect

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was...

the presentation of food in the dog's mouth.

Students often remember more information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course. This best illustrates the importance of...

the spacing effect

Students who study throughout the term and then restudy course material at the end of a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates...

the spacing effect

The fact that cones are most sensitive to either the color red, green or blue supports...

the trichromatic theory of color vision

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called...

transduction

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina...

where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.

working