Psy 105

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that:

People who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave higher speed estimates

Spearman viewed G as the general factor of intelligence. From his perspective:

People who score high in one sub-area, such as math, tend also to score high on other sub-areas such as verbal scores

The observation that Chimpanzees are able to use deceptive tactics when competing for food indicates:

That they have theory of mind

A new student at your school says "this morning a grey seagull pooped on my head". Why might this student have said that rather than "a bird pooped on my head"?

The new student may be from a large city; she does not commonly interact with seagulls.

Which of the following accurately reflects the influence of group discussion on recall accuracy?

When groups discuss an event, it improves individual recall accuracy

Which of the following is an example of how people in conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?

While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.

A heritability coefficient is:

a measure of the strength of the relationship between individual differences in a given trait and individual genetic differences

Dianne has a reputation for being a difficult person. She is suspicious of others, unhelpful, and not very compassionate. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Dianne likely score low in?

agreeableness

Istvan is well liked by his friends because he is trusting, considerate, compassionate, loyal, and easy to get along with. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Istvan likely score high in?

agreeableness

Self-reports and informant ratings both tend to show:

an increase in positive responses

Intelligence is:

an individual's cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information

Factor analysis allowed personality theorists to:

analyze the correlations among traits and identify the most important ones

To determine Rajiv's attachment style, the researcher puts him in a room with his Mom, and Rajiv begins to play with the toys. His Mom leaves the room, and then a stranger enters. Rajiv notices these changes, but does not respond. He continues to play. Rajiv's attachment style would be considered:

avoidant

_______ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making.

biases

One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is:

biologically based

Joseph is very focused on counting the number of acorns that have fallen from a tree in his front yard. He is concentrating so hard, in fact, that he fails to notice the obvious and important fact that there is dog poop underneath the tree as well. Failing to notice this available information leads Joseph to step in the mess. Which of the following is this an example of?

bounded awareness

While humans try to make rational and logical decisions, we are prevented from doing so by our cognitive limitations that limit the quality and quantity of information available to us. This limitation is called:

bounded rationality

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?

children and older adults

If a boy believed that the only variable that affected the distance a ball traveled when thrown was the force with which it was thrown and then conducted a biased "experiment" that proved his assumption which developmental phenomenon according to Piaget is involved?

concrete operations

By the end of preschool, children develop a "moral self" where they think of themselves as people who want to do the right thing and feel bad after they, or another, misbehaves. What developmental feature is critical to this "moral self" that encourages children to act consistently with their internal standards of conduct?

conscience

Gary is not very fast when completing a vocabulary test but if given enough time can get nearly 100% on the test. While Gary's old age may be detracting from his reaction time, his _______ intelligence is still fully intact thanks to the large amounts of experience and knowledge he has to draw on.

crystalized

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

Which of the following is a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

epigenetics

What term refers to the fact that some category members seem to fit better into the category than other category members?

exemplar

Which theory of mental representation of concepts has received the most support from laboratory experiments?

exemplar theory

Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in? Question 5 options:

extraversion

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:

fear may undermine their performance

There is a normal decline in older adults that occurs in their performance on tasks which require them to use:

fluid intelligence

When Gerard flipped through photographs trying to find the perpetrator of a crime he witnessed, he did not see the suspect. Instead, all the members of the lineup were _________.

foils

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages?

formal operational

Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept?

gender schemas

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by:

how children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage

One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with __________ twins.

identical

After early adulthood, the gap between subjective age and actual age generally _________.

increases

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining _____________ and _____________ and in regulating the social world.

ingroups and outgroups

The slow decrease in memory as one ages is an example of a ___________ difference.

intra-individual

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people

lexical hypothesis

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

lexicon

As people age there are changes in cognitive function, personality, social relationships, and other areas. ____________use life milestones, membership in cohorts, and exposure to historical events to understand aging.

life course theories

Amir's friend Joe cheated on a test and got caught. When retelling the events Amir said that Joe only did it because the test was unannounced, making it unfair and that normally Joe wouldn't even think about cheating. By framing Joe's cheating as an exception to normal behavior, Amir is exhibiting

linguistic intergroup bias

Louisa and Ray are evaluating the amount of recess time that should be given in the next school year at a new combined school for children from School A and School B. Louisa has a report that says over the last year children had no recess time at School A. Ray has a report that children had 60 minutes of research time each day. Due to anchoring, Louisa is likely to give a recommendation that is:

lower than rays

The Strange Situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that:

may be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant

Dr. Rjinteck is interested in false eyewitness reports. She is conducting a study to see if a participant's judgment can be influenced if he/she is making decisions in a group of people versus alone. However, the other group members are not participants. Instead, they are research assistants who are "in on the study" and simply acting or playing the part of witnesses in the study. These pretend research subjects are known as _____________ in a study.

mock witnesses

Kyle has a reputation for being very calm during an emergency. He copes very well with stress and is able to think clearly and make effective decisions. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score low in?

neuroticism

Dr. Reichl is a psychoanalyst who believes that analyzing his patients' dreams is one of the best ways to access this part of their mind.

nonconscious

Psychological tests are often used to measure characteristics (e.g., IQ) across people of different ages, who live in different places, and so on. In order that people can be properly ordered on the dimension of measurement (e.g., compare their IQs), it's important that these tests are:

normed

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior?

object permenance

Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?

openness

One way to help people make "better" decisions is to arrange the environment in a way that account for human bias. Which is NOT a plan that follows the principles of "decision architects"?

opt out as an organ donor

During the preoperational stage, children struggle with ________ problems as they focus on one dimension and ignore changes in other dimensions. For example, laying out five candies close together versus spread out will likely lead a 2- to 7-year-old to state that the second layout has more candy (even though the actual number of candies is the same).

permanence

Charles does not believe in imposing strict rules for his children and generally allows them to do what they like. What style of parenting does Frank possess?

permissive

Children's _______________ in pre-K and Kindergarten is the strongest predictor of reading ability in third and fourth grade.

phoneomic awareness

Mary Claire was witness to a robbery. The police would like her to identify the robber. Instead of bringing suspects in and having Mary Claire look at them through a one-way mirror, the police have her flip through a selection of photographs of faces, also known as:

photo spread

Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in?

preoperational stage

What is the simplest way to discover the basic level of categorization for an object?

present people with the object and ask them what they would call it

With so many different types of measures used to assess personality it is important to examine both the extent to which scores change over time and the consistency of test scores across repeated assessments. When completing test-retests like this, researchers are assessing measures' _____________.

reliability

When a person positively values the outcomes of others, giving them more than necessary from a desire to be fair the person is operating under the bounds of:

self interest

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization.

self-esteem

Michael is 70 years old and reflects on his accomplishments throughout life. He sees purpose in how he achieved his educational goals, reached his professional accomplishments in his profession, and raised his children. Michael has a positive:

self-perception of aging

Cory's dad hides his keys under her blanket. Cory quickly retrieves and starts playing with them. What Piagetian stage has Cory mastered?

sensiormotor

Thomas has four children. Two of these children are extremely sociable and attend every school event they can. The other two children do not care to attend EVERY school event. By comparing the differences between his children, Thomas concludes that two of his children are very shy and not at all sociable. However, Thomas is guilty of the ________________, exaggerating the true magnitude of the differences between his children.

sibling contrast effect

System 1 is our intuitive system. Which of the following does NOT describe the typical characteristics of this system?

slow

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups.

social brain

Instead of socializing with large groups of acquaintances, Nancy spends her time with a few people who she is emotionally close to. Choosing to keep a smaller social circle is in line with the:

socioemotional selectivity theory

A possible problem in the use of psychological tests (e.g., IQ tests) is that many different psychologists from different backgrounds and with different theoretical orientations and backgrounds may give the test. Every psychologist then might deliver the test differently. In order to overcome this problem, it is ideal if psychological tests are:

standardized

Banafsheh is a female student in a graduate program in pure mathematics. On the first day of classes, she notices that she is one of the only females in the group. Consequently, she feels more conscious of her gender in that situation. At the start of the class, the instructor gives each student a written quiz to assess their current level of knowledge. When taking this test, Banafsheh, being particularly aware of her gender, is most likely to experience which of the following phenomena?

stereotype threat

When in a conversation people quickly discover common ground and will adjust the descriptions in the conversations appropriately based on how familiar the listener is to the topic. This is called:

syntax

Wechler designed IQ tests that provide specific scores for different kinds of abilities. Performance items:

test nonverbal abilities such as arithmetic knowledge

The failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent is known by psychologists as the _____________ effect.

tip-of-the-tongue

When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor—you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in—but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect.

tip-of-the-tongue

Quantitative genetics looks at similarities among individuals, analyzing how biologically related they are. These studies are often done on all of the following EXCEPT which?

unrelated stragers

Why is creating a well-defined category so difficult?

Creating a category that is broad enough to allow in all the members it should means that it will usually also include members that should be excluded.

Who of the following completed Nobel Prize-winning research on how people think and make decisions?

Daniel Kahnemen

Which of the following is an issue with the heritability coefficient?

It is too easy to interpret when making judgments about genetics

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced:

Priming

Crystallized Intelligence is to Fluid Intelligence:

ability to apply information in novel settings: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

when eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals.

willpower

Average life expectancy is calculated by taking the mean number of years that ____ percent of people in a specific birth cohort are expected to survive.

50

John has just been assessed as having an mild intellectual disability. Part of this diagnosis was based on his IQ score, which must have been below which of the following thresholds?

70

_________________ are used to understand characteristics and life themes that an individual considers to uniquely distinguish him- or herself from others.

Autobiographical narratives

The questions on Binet's original intelligence test were developed by

Binet who applied "reasonable standards" for each question selection

Why is it difficult to determine whether candy is food?

Candy is a subordinate level category and food is a basic level category.

Which psychologist conducts research on the mindset of children looking at differences in high and low achievers with similar IQ scores?

Carol Dweck

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

Common Ground

Some researcher say that ____________________ is really a set of skills including stress management and the ability to perceive moods.

Emotional Intelligence

Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems?

Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment

Alfred takes an IQ test at ages 25 and 55, measuring his fluid and crystallized intelligence. Based on research of their respective developmental trajectories, what are most likely changes in these two areas that we would see?

His fluid intelligence would decrease with age, whereas his crystallized intelligence would increase.

Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation of the Flynn effect in many cultures?

IQ tests have gotten easier over time

Howard Gardner proposed that:

Intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences - a model that claims there are eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner's multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?

Interpersonal

How is the statement "boys will be boys" an example of psychological essentialism?

It suggests that boys have something fundamental in common that causes their behavior.

A memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events is known as a schema. What is the best example of a schema below?

Jessica knows that when going to a restaurant it is typical to be seated, given menus, time to order, and she will be expected to pay the bill after she finishes eating.

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons?

Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.

Which of the following sentences best describes current thinking on the nature nurture debate?

Most psychological traits have a genetic component but nature also has the ability to change even supposedly "fixed" traits such as height.

If a baby was given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual's behavior.

Nature v nurture study

is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.

Need for achievement

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique?

Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.

Your friend Mike says, "Let's go get pizza! I can drive you in my Honda Civic." Why does this sound strange?

People typically use the basic level in speech but Mike is using the subordinate level.