PSY 1100 Ch. 4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?

1) Be flexible. 2) Recognize individuality. 3) Avoid labeling.

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

1) Goodness of fit influences 2)Cultural influences

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

1) It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. 2) It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

imitative and reciprocal

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

in the first year of life.

According to Erikson's theory, three year old Gannon is determined to get his own juice from the refrigerator. This is a sign of Gannon striving for

independence

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional.

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

true

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

trust

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral blank

inhibition

In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive

longitudinal study of child care.

In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a blank

mirror

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

A(n) blank smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) blank smile does.

reflective, social

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

Slow to warm up

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure blank baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

The term stranger blank describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of

basic

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

cannot receive paid leave.

Behavioral inhibition is valued in China. This is an example of how reaction to an infant's temperament may depend in part on blank

culture

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of blank diversity on emotional development.

culture

blank attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

secure

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of

self-recognition.

The term blank anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.

separation

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development?

1) Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. 2) Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. 3) East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

1) Low intensity of mood 2) Somewhat negative affect 3) Low activity level

Match the type of infant attachment with its caregiver description.

1) secure - sensitive, consistent 2) avoidant - unavailable, rejecting, irritable 3) resistant- inconsistent, unaffectionate 4) disorganized - neglectful, abusive

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?

1)Age-appropriate activities. 2)A safe environment. 3)Age-appropriate toys for play.

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods? (Select all that apply.)

1)interviews 2)trained observers 3)questionnaires

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?

12%

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.

13 to 15 months

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

At what age do most infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?

15 to 18 months

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be

2 million.

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.

2 years old

The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.

30 hours per week

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

Between 18 and 24 months

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal blank

socialization

Ainsworth created the blank Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

stranger

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to blank

temperament

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the blank of a person's personality. (Please watch your spelling.)

temperament

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to -face

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

False

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

He is an insecure resistant baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) blank child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

Six-month-old John often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) blank child

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure blank babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) blank child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.

easy

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n) blank child.

easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an blank

emotions

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?

guilt

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high-quality

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.

yelled at their infant

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?

Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?

Diverting the infant's attention

Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care?

Poor-quality child care

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as blank emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as blank emotions.

Positive, negative