PSY 150 exam 4

Given its emphasis on the unconscious, the notion that disturbing memories may be repressed is particularly relevant for:

Loftus' reconstructive model of memory.

How does the brain's memory system differ from that of a computer?

The brain's neurons communicate in a more complex manner than what occurs within electrical circuits.

Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is the BEST explanation for Drew's memory failure?

The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny.

Match the psychologist(s) with the correct concept or theory.

Baddeley and Hitch ? working memory

Observational learning is to latent learning as _____ is to _____.

Bandura; Tolman

Skinner's work reflected the psychological school of:

behaviorism

When one uses the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, one is making reference to the memory process of:

retrieval

The inability to retrieve past memories is called _____ amnesia. The inability to develop new memories is called _____ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

If Lola begins to list all the classes she's ever taken in college, she will most likely recall her last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?

the recency effect

In the words of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is the "magical number _____."

7, plus or minus 2

Which promotion exemplifies the use of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage.

Which scenario describes extinction?

Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.

Which cognitive learning theorist is correctly matched with the concept with which he is associated?

Both Tolman and Kohler are correctly matched.

How is conditioned taste aversion an exception to the general principles of classical conditioning?

Conditioned taste aversions often require only a single CS-US pairing for their acquisition.

Which scenario describes spontaneous recovery?

Gabby is a former cocaine user in recovery. Although she hasn't had any symptoms in weeks, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her driveway, like her dealer used to do in his car.

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia.

anterograde

"Have you ever noticed that when people reminisce, they generally remember the good times, not the bad ones?" Sharon remarks. "That's because people are generally in a good mood when they start reminiscing," Portia explains. Portia's mood congruence theory is MOST directly consistent with the:

encoding specificity principle.

The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. It is probably MOST accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in _____ than in _____.

encoding; retrieval

In 2010, an advertising agency stopped paying bonuses to executives who attracted new clients. In 2011, the agency signed no new clients. This example illustrates:

extinction

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant deliberately manipulates the interval between the sound of the bell and the presentation of food. After conditioning, he measures how much the dog salivates when the bell is presented alone. The interval is the _____ variable. The amount of salivation is the _____ variable.

independent; dependent

In real life, behavior is probably MOST often reinforced by _____ reinforcement.

partial

Which of these is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified at the beginning of the chapter?

perception

In _____, something unpleasant follows an unwanted behavior.

positive punishment

A "one-hit-wonder" song popular 5 years ago comes on the radio. "I used to love this song!" Clyde exclaims. "Who sang it?" "Oh! I know! It's . . . it's . . . Darn! It's on the tip of my tongue!" Ralph responds. Ralph is experiencing a failure of the memory process called:

retrieval

In one study described in the textbook, Dewar et al. (2012) examined participants' retention of newly-learned material. Some participants experienced a 15-minute period of waking rest after learning the material. Other participants played a game after learning. What did Dewar et al. find and why?

The waking-rest participants outperformed the game participants because the rest aided encoding.

The roots of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

Thorndike

A relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking due to experience is called:

learning

The primacy effect refers to the fact that:

the first-presented items in a list are more likely to be remembered than items in the middle of the list.

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

the last items on a list are more likely to be remembered than the middle items.

In research cited in the textbook, Greitemeyer (2009) exposed participants to either neutral or prosocial messages and assessed their prosocial thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In this research, participants exposed to neutral messages were in the _____ group.

control

One of Ebbinghaus's key _____ variables was a _____ score.

dependent; savings

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, but not when a blender is used. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

discrimination

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _____ digits correctly.

short-term; 7

Which schedule of partial reinforcement is correctly matched with its definition?

variable-interval ? reinforcement is delivered after a fluctuating time period