PSY 200 Exam 1

What is a cross sectional study?

A study of different ages within a certain period of time (snapshot of time)

Sensorimotor stage: New means through mental combinations A. 18 to 24 months B. 12 to 18 months C. 4 to 8 months D.1 to 4 months

A. 18 to 24 months

Sensorimotor stage: secondary circular reactions A. 4 to 8 months B. 18 to 24 months C. 12 to 18 months D. 1 to 4 months

A. 4 to 8 months

Do children who are more active on the playground during recess demonstrate elevated classroom concentration after recess had ended? Which is this the best example? A. Correlation B. Case Study C. Survey D. Experiment

A. Correlation

Suppose researchers determined that the original colonizers of a village just happened to be taller than the population in their country of origin. As a result, the colonizers' offspring were significantly taller than usual. This BEST demonstrates a genetic bottleneck. A. True B. False

A. False Because it was not caused by a natural disaster

Jake works at McDonald's and steals french fries routinely when preparing drive-through orders. Freud would point to which which aspect of Jake's personality as the driving force behind this action? A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Trans fat conducer

A. ID

A child is thirsty and steals their siblings drink to quench their thirst. What action is this?

A. ID The ID operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.

Marcus, an adopted child, demonstrates a level of intelligence that is positively correlated with the intelligence of his biological father. This result is MOST applicable to which of the following themes of development? A. nature vs. nurture B. continuous vs. discontinuous development C. critical vs. sensitive period

A. Nature vs. nurture Nature: genetics Nurture: environment The child is intelligent because his biological father is intelligent

Dr. Morris, a supporter of Piaget's theory, believes his son demonstrates clear differences from substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage to substage 6 of the sensorimotor stage. This BEST demonstrates which tenet of Piaget's theory? A. qualitative change B. invariance C. assimilation D. equilibrium

A. Qualitative Change

Frank takes the same 5 gallon gas can to fill up at Costco on three separate occasions. He is extremely careful to fill the can to the same level each occasion. The pump reads 5.5, 4.8, and 5.75 gallons of gas on the first, second, and third occasion, respectively. This BEST represents an issue with A. reliability B. validity

A. Reliability He is TRYING to measure the same thing every time

Dr. Mimosa hypothesizes there is a primarily genetic inheritance of alcoholism. She determines that the rates of alcoholism are equivalent across identical and fraternal twins. Dr. Mimosa results support her hypothesis. A. True B. False

A. True

A pregnant woman is informed by her physician that her developing fetus has reached the age of viability. The woman is glad to hear this, as she concludes if her baby is born prematurely it will certainly survive. The woman demonstrates an accurate understanding of age of viability. A. True B. False

A. True A fetus that has reached the stage (usually 20 weeks) where it is capable of living outside of the uterus.

A child has a family dog. He goes over to a friends house and sees a cat and thinks it is a dog until somebody tells him other wise. Piaget would most likely describe the child's actions as assimilating the cat into existing schemes. A. True B. False

A. True Theory of Cognitive Development: Constructivist - children construct their own knowledge (child is a scientist)

Maria's mother gave her a tennis ball to bounce around the house. One day she encounters a similarly rounded lemon and tries to bounce it. Piaget would MOST likely describe Maria's actions as assimilating the lemon into existing schemes. A. True B. False

A. True Theory of Cognitive Development: Constructivist - children construct their own knowledge (child is a scientist)

Sensorimotor stage: Simple Reflexes A. birth to 1 month B. 1 to four months C. 4 to 8 months D. 8 to 12 months

A. birth to 1 month

A man steps on a group of beetles, randomly killing most of the green ones but leaving most of the brown ones alive, resulting in fewer green beetles being produced in the population. This BEST represents ______. A. intersexual selection B. founders effects C. natural selection D. evolution

B. Founders Effects *genetic drift* Genetic drift refers to the change in a type of genes in a population due to a random occurrence. In other words, a random circumstance causes a certain genetic trait to become more common or rarer over time

Dr. Jones suspects consuming blueberries results in benefits to one's visuospatial memory. Dr, Jones has formulated a A. law B. Hypothesis C. Proof D. Theory

B. Hypothesis

Sensorimotor stage: tertiary circular reactions A. 18 to 24 months B. 12 to 18 months C. 4 to 8 months D.1 to 4 months

B. 12 to 18 months

Sensorimotor stage: coordination of secondary circular reactions A. 4 to 8 months B. 8 to 12 months C. 12 to 18 months D. 18 to 24 months

B. 8 to 12 months

Which of the following BEST demonstrates an affordance? A. A child stares at a goldfish cracker. B. A child swings on a swing set that supports them. C. A child is surprised by a fireworks display. D. A child laughs when tickled.

B. A child swings on a swing set that supports them. Affordance are a set of actions that a specific object or environmental situation affords to make available

A particular configuration of branches allows for the building of a nest. This would MOST likely consist of which term? A. Dynamical system theory B. Affordance C. Reliability D. Validity

B. Affordance Affordance is a set of actions that a specific object or environmental situation affords to make available

A researcher is investigating whether caffeine affects taste perception. Participants are randomly assigned to drink a cup of caffeinated coffee or drink a coffee-like beverage that is not caffeinated. Next, they complete a taste test. The independent variable is _____. A. taste B. caffeine C. warmth of the beverage D.judged strength of the beverage

B. Caffeine Independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.

A couple who is expecting their first child visits their physician. The physician MOST likely cautions the couple to be extremely careful about teratogen exposure during which of the following prenatal stages? A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. proximal development

B. Embryonic When all the organs are forming

A friend tells you she is so happy that her son just began walking, as this new development means she does not have to watch him so carefully. Your friend is well informed about how motor development unfolds. A. True B. False

B. False

Darwin's theory of natural selection involves one component: survival. A. True B. False

B. False Because he has two components: Survival and reproduction

A male bird develops a brightly colored coat during mating season in order to attract female birds. This BEST represents ______. A. genetic drift B. intersexual selection C. intrasexual selection D. founder effects

B. Intersexual selection Inter: appeal to opposite sex > mating access Intra: same sex battle > victory > mating access

A child watches their mother tap a spoon against the table and three days later taps their own spoon against the table. Piaget would MOST likely predict that this child is currently in which of the following substages of the sensorimotor period? A. primary circular reaction B. tertiary circular reaction C. new means through mental combinations D. secondary circular reaction

B. Tertiary circular reaction

Manuel earns an A on a spelling test and his mother agrees to purchase him an Xbox game. This is MOST consistent with which of the following broad theories of human development? A. cognitive B. behavioral C. contextual D. psychodynamic

B. behavioral Operant Conditioning: behavior + consequence = future behavior

A teenager says a swear word at the dinner table so his mother takes away his phone for a week. This is MOST consistent with which of the following broad theories of human development? A. cognitive B. behavioral C. contextual D. psychodynamic

B. behavioral Operant Conditioning: behavior + consequence = future behavior

Sensorimotor stage: Primary circular reactions A. 8 to 12 months B. birth to 1 month C. 1 to 4 months D. 12 to 18 months

C. 1 to 4 months

Suppose Dr. Sanchez determines that infants who are not exposed to a specific frequency of sound by the time they are 8 months old never demonstrate an ability to hear that frequency of sound. Dr. Sanchez's findings BEST demonstrate which of the following A. continuous vs. discontinuous development B. nature vs. nurture C. critical vs. sensitive periods D. natural selection vs. intelligent design

C. Critical vs. sensitive period Critical- have a set exposure or you don't Sensitive- there is a period of time to be exposed but it is still possible to develop skill later it just might be more difficult

A researcher is investigating whether caffeine affects taste perception. Participants are randomly assigned to drink a cup of caffeinated coffee or drink a coffee-like beverage that is not caffeinated. Next, they complete a taste test. The dependent variable is _____. A. warmth of the beverage B. caffeine C. taste D.judged strength of the beverage

C. Taste A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.

You're interested in how many cars come to a complete stop when reaching an intersection with a stop sign. Which of the following should you choose to investigate this question? A. survey B. case study C. experiment D. naturalistic observation

D. naturalistic observation

Bethany, a 2-month-old, often cries and looks to her mother for comfort. Erickson would be MOST likely to place Bethany in what stage? A. sensorimotor period B. initiative vs. guilt C. autonomy vs. shame/doubt D. trust vs. mistrust

D. trust vs. mistrust (birth to 18mo) Newborn depends on everyone around them so if their parents don't respond to their cry the newborn will mistrust them

Developmental continuity vs. discontinuity

Developmental continuity- continuous process Discontinuity- set stages

What is a longitudinal study?

Group of people through time 3 months 6 months 1 year

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development. In contrast to Jean Piaget's understanding of child development (in which development necessarily precedes learning, child is a scientist), Vygotsky felt social learning precedes development.