Psy 200 Final Exam
describe syllogism
2 premises, 1 conclusion
speech perception is based on speech production; we perceive speech because we unconsciously know how to produce speech and we run the system backward
Al Lieberman motor theory of speech perception
T or F: visual acuity for images is the same as actual vision
False
T or F: Patients with neglect can't pay attention to the left side of visual image
True
T or F: imagery is affected by damage to brain regions involved in actual vision
True
T or F: imagery is affected by verbal descriptions
True
T or F: it is easier to detect a phoneme if it is part of the word than presented in isolation because of top-down expectations
True
who proposed that people may be far more likely to make decisions based on biases and heuristics than earlier decision making research has suggested
Tversky and Kahneman
what is true about insight
a break from problem solving can help produce an insight
after reading many articles about how difficult it is to get a job even with a college degree, you begin to think that you better get a masters to be competitive. This is an example of which heuristic
anchoring and adjustment
the teacher hands back tests in class and you notice your friend got 100%. You then see that you got a 90% on your test and feel terrible. This is because of
anchoring and adjustment
when estimating quantity or probability, start from initial value (anchor) and adjust in desired direction
anchoring heuristic
structure of language
at multiple levels; pattern in not arbitrary
judge frequency or probability of an event based on the ease with which instances are brought to mind; whatever you know/think
availability heuristic
people are bad at using base rates to calculate the probability of an event. Which of these statements is true
base rate information will be correctly used only if no other information is available
why are boundaries not clear in oral speech
because humans do not pause in between saying words
predictable or systematic error
biases
generative property of language
build together in new, limitless ways, can combine to form unlimited sentences
when one identifies phonemes it is done categorically rather than graded perception
categorical speech perception
describe relation between two categories using all, no, or some
categorical syllogism
economics - assumption of rationality to maximize outcome
classical decision theory
boundaries between words are
clear in written language but not oral
what is the relationship between language and knowledge
concepts are organized in categories, categories are labeled using language, relationship is strong between language and conceptual knowledge
melanie is a democrat and is deciding whether to vote for a republican or democrat in the next election. To get more information, she talks to her friends who are also democrats, and votes for the Democratic candidate. This is an example of
confirmation bias
when the probability of two uncertain events happening together are assessed as greater than the odds of either happening alone
conjunction fallacy
if creating an analogy to solve a problem, it is best if it focuses on the similarity of the
deep structure
the semantics of a sentence
deep structure
who proposed that english language has 11 basic color words
eleanor rosch
if the probability of an outcome is multiplied by the value of the outcome, the product will be the
expected value
T or F: taking a break from solving a problem can produce insight because problems are sometimes better solved by the unconscious
false
which is the equivalent of a hallucination
false alarm
robert is asked whether a kangaroo has a pouch. He will be faster to answer the question when asked to picture the kangaroo next to a
flower
how one phrases affects decisions more than probabilities
framing
charlie sees something moving in his peripheral vision, but when he looks at that location there is nothing there. Which type of neuron would be firing when he noticed the movement
frontal but not sensory neurons
if you use a mug as a bowl, you are free from
functional fixedness
you are initially led to one interpretation, but this interpretation turns out to be wrong
garden path sentences
units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities. This is an example of the _____ principle of language
generative
cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks
heuristic
drawing a conclusion about the probability of an event based on available, but incomplete, evidence from the past
inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific to general
inductive reasoning
constraints based on common ground are ____
late and processed later
humans usually are more dominant in what brain hemisphere
left
language is ____ dominant
left hemisphere
the time taken to mentally rotate an imagined object is _____ function of how far it must be rotated
linear
drawing a conclusion intended to follow logically from a given set of conclusions
logic - deductive reasoning
what is the arbitrary property of language
man made construct; given name with no context
mental representations of words are activated in parallel on the basis on bottom up input (sounds), that can be deactivated by subsequent bottom up (phonological) and top-down (contextual) input
marslen-wilson's cohort model
_______ demonstrates use of motor information to perceive speech
mcgurk effect
smallest unit of sound that can carry meaning
morpheme
demand characteristics are when
people perform the way they think the experimenter wants then to perform
what are the four forms of language processing
perceiving, producing, reading, writing
changes the meaning of the word if letters are changed or swapped
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words
phoneme
influences how we perceive phonemes
phonemic restoration effect
Mitchell hears Nate tell him "gum see this." What type of error did Nate make
phonological
what is the structure of language
phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon
context constraints ______, meaning what
possible meanings, on the correct one gets activated
the rules of language use
pragmatics
results from cross-modal lexical priming
priming based on the word going to be shown, all meanings are primed, and then later only the correct meaning is primed
assess likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype
representativeness heuristic
particular languages nature influences that habituate thought of its speakers. different language patterns yield different patterns of thought
sapir whorf hypothesis
coherent sequences; combines words through syntax rules
sentence
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
the words on the page
surface structure
sapir whorf hypothesis
the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking
what idea does the sapir whorf hypothesis challenge
the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language
what is true about heuristics
they are susceptible to error
smallest free form in a language
word
dynamic property of language
words and meaning can be changed over time