Psy 200 Final Exam

describe syllogism

2 premises, 1 conclusion

speech perception is based on speech production; we perceive speech because we unconsciously know how to produce speech and we run the system backward

Al Lieberman motor theory of speech perception

T or F: visual acuity for images is the same as actual vision

False

T or F: Patients with neglect can't pay attention to the left side of visual image

True

T or F: imagery is affected by damage to brain regions involved in actual vision

True

T or F: imagery is affected by verbal descriptions

True

T or F: it is easier to detect a phoneme if it is part of the word than presented in isolation because of top-down expectations

True

who proposed that people may be far more likely to make decisions based on biases and heuristics than earlier decision making research has suggested

Tversky and Kahneman

what is true about insight

a break from problem solving can help produce an insight

after reading many articles about how difficult it is to get a job even with a college degree, you begin to think that you better get a masters to be competitive. This is an example of which heuristic

anchoring and adjustment

the teacher hands back tests in class and you notice your friend got 100%. You then see that you got a 90% on your test and feel terrible. This is because of

anchoring and adjustment

when estimating quantity or probability, start from initial value (anchor) and adjust in desired direction

anchoring heuristic

structure of language

at multiple levels; pattern in not arbitrary

judge frequency or probability of an event based on the ease with which instances are brought to mind; whatever you know/think

availability heuristic

people are bad at using base rates to calculate the probability of an event. Which of these statements is true

base rate information will be correctly used only if no other information is available

why are boundaries not clear in oral speech

because humans do not pause in between saying words

predictable or systematic error

biases

generative property of language

build together in new, limitless ways, can combine to form unlimited sentences

when one identifies phonemes it is done categorically rather than graded perception

categorical speech perception

describe relation between two categories using all, no, or some

categorical syllogism

economics - assumption of rationality to maximize outcome

classical decision theory

boundaries between words are

clear in written language but not oral

what is the relationship between language and knowledge

concepts are organized in categories, categories are labeled using language, relationship is strong between language and conceptual knowledge

melanie is a democrat and is deciding whether to vote for a republican or democrat in the next election. To get more information, she talks to her friends who are also democrats, and votes for the Democratic candidate. This is an example of

confirmation bias

when the probability of two uncertain events happening together are assessed as greater than the odds of either happening alone

conjunction fallacy

if creating an analogy to solve a problem, it is best if it focuses on the similarity of the

deep structure

the semantics of a sentence

deep structure

who proposed that english language has 11 basic color words

eleanor rosch

if the probability of an outcome is multiplied by the value of the outcome, the product will be the

expected value

T or F: taking a break from solving a problem can produce insight because problems are sometimes better solved by the unconscious

false

which is the equivalent of a hallucination

false alarm

robert is asked whether a kangaroo has a pouch. He will be faster to answer the question when asked to picture the kangaroo next to a

flower

how one phrases affects decisions more than probabilities

framing

charlie sees something moving in his peripheral vision, but when he looks at that location there is nothing there. Which type of neuron would be firing when he noticed the movement

frontal but not sensory neurons

if you use a mug as a bowl, you are free from

functional fixedness

you are initially led to one interpretation, but this interpretation turns out to be wrong

garden path sentences

units of language can be combined and recombined to create vast numbers of new linguistic entities. This is an example of the _____ principle of language

generative

cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks

heuristic

drawing a conclusion about the probability of an event based on available, but incomplete, evidence from the past

inductive reasoning

reasoning from specific to general

inductive reasoning

constraints based on common ground are ____

late and processed later

humans usually are more dominant in what brain hemisphere

left

language is ____ dominant

left hemisphere

the time taken to mentally rotate an imagined object is _____ function of how far it must be rotated

linear

drawing a conclusion intended to follow logically from a given set of conclusions

logic - deductive reasoning

what is the arbitrary property of language

man made construct; given name with no context

mental representations of words are activated in parallel on the basis on bottom up input (sounds), that can be deactivated by subsequent bottom up (phonological) and top-down (contextual) input

marslen-wilson's cohort model

_______ demonstrates use of motor information to perceive speech

mcgurk effect

smallest unit of sound that can carry meaning

morpheme

demand characteristics are when

people perform the way they think the experimenter wants then to perform

what are the four forms of language processing

perceiving, producing, reading, writing

changes the meaning of the word if letters are changed or swapped

phoneme

smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words

phoneme

influences how we perceive phonemes

phonemic restoration effect

Mitchell hears Nate tell him "gum see this." What type of error did Nate make

phonological

what is the structure of language

phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon

context constraints ______, meaning what

possible meanings, on the correct one gets activated

the rules of language use

pragmatics

results from cross-modal lexical priming

priming based on the word going to be shown, all meanings are primed, and then later only the correct meaning is primed

assess likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype

representativeness heuristic

particular languages nature influences that habituate thought of its speakers. different language patterns yield different patterns of thought

sapir whorf hypothesis

coherent sequences; combines words through syntax rules

sentence

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

the words on the page

surface structure

sapir whorf hypothesis

the idea that different languages create different ways of thinking

what idea does the sapir whorf hypothesis challenge

the possibility of representing the world perfectly with language

what is true about heuristics

they are susceptible to error

smallest free form in a language

word

dynamic property of language

words and meaning can be changed over time