PSY 200 TEST 1 QUIZZES

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. Select one: a. an internal locus of control b. an external locus of control c. good self-regulation d. poor self-regulation

a. an internal locus of control

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? Select one: a. archetypes b. the shadow c. the id d. womb envy

a. archetypes

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? Select one: a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. disorganized d. permissive

a. authoritative

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

a. fixed interval

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Select one: a. her own conscious experience b. her own unconscious wishes c. another person's consciousness d. the social construction of consciousness

a. her own conscious experience

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. Select one: a. milestones b. markers c. norms d. boundaries

a. milestones

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? Select one: a. object permanence b. pretend play c. egocentrism d. language development

a. object permanence

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. Select one: a. centration b. assimilation c. accommodation d. egocentrism

b. assimilation

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. Select one: a. social psychologist b. biopsychologist c. developmental psychologist d. humanist

b. biopsychologist

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly. Select one: a. sensorimotor b. concrete operational c. preoperational d. formal operational

b. concrete operational

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory. Select one: a. unidirectional b. discontinuous c. continuous d. bidirectional

b. discontinuous

In the HEXACO model of personality traits, to what does the "X" refer? Select one: a. emotionality b. extraversion c. cross-culturalism d. honesty

b. extraversion

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes? Select one: a. preoperational b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor

b. formal operational

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? Select one: a. cognitive capacity b. genes and biology c. language acquisition d. environment and culture

b. genes and biology

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence? Select one: a. pointing out their mistakes so that they learn not to repeat them b. giving them unconditional positive regard c. not allowing them to use their defense mechanisms d. forcing them to be independent from a nearly age

b. giving them unconditional positive regard

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive. Select one: a. ego b. id c. superego d. unconscious

b. id

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development. Select one: a. generativity vs. stagnation b. identity vs. confusion c. trust vs. mistrust d. isolation vs. intimacy

b. identity vs. confusion

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. Select one: a. primary b. latent c. conditioned d. partial

b. latent

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. reversibility b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. stranger anxiety

b. object permanence

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. Select one: a. cognition b. personality c. perception d. social psychology

b. personality

What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck? Select one: a. introversion versus extraversion b. psychoticism versus superego control c. agreeableness versus unpleasantness d. neuroticism versus emotional stability

b. psychoticism versus superego control

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. Select one: a. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism b. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism c. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism d. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism

b. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. Select one: a. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior b. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior c. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain d. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses

b. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. Select one: a. fetus b. zygote c. placenta d. embryo

b. zygote

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why? Select one: a. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases. b. People in developed nations revere the elderly. c. Populations of developed nations are living longer. d. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.

c. Populations of developed nations are living longer.

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known? Select one: a. Studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior b. Dream analysis for the latent and manifest content of a dream c. Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior d. Classical conditioning of non-human animals

c. Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies. Select one: a. Either-Or b. H.O.P.E.S. c. Fifth Dimension d. Five Factor

d. Five Factor

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics. Select one: a. Personality b. Trait c. Temperament d. Heritability

d. Heritability

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. playing the slot machine b. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification c. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? Select one: a. Freudian b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. permissive

d. permissive

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. Select one: a. extinction b. stimulus discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization

d. stimulus generalization

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. Select one: A. Physical B. Psychosocial C. Learning D. Cognitive

A. Physical

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. Select one: a. Erik Erikson b. Jean Piaget c. Abraham Maslow d. Lawrence Kohlberg

a. Erik Erikson

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Select one: a. Humanism b. Behaviorism c. Gestalt psychology d. Structuralism

a. Humanism

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. Select one: a. Rescorla b. Thorndike c. Koelling d. Garcia

a. Rescorla

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. Select one: a. Schemata b. Cognitions c. Prototypes d. Categories

a. Schemata

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify? Select one: a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. formal operational d. post-conventional

a. pre-conventional

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. stimulus discrimination b. operant conditioning c. stimulus generalization d. higher-order conditioning

a. stimulus discrimination

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. Select one: a. surveys b. experiments c. naturalistic observations d. case studies

a. surveys

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. Select one: a. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions b. sensation and the effect of culture on perception c. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior d. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior

a. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? Select one: a. collective unconscious b. repressed memory c. Freudian slip

c. Freudian slip

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. Select one: a. psychoanalytic theory b. humanism c. Gestalt psychology d. structuralism

c. Gestalt psychology

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth? Select one: a. Margaret Mahler b. Anna Freud c. Karen Horney d. Abraham Maslow

c. Karen Horney

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. Select one: a. sanguine b. phlegmatic c. choleric d. melancholic

c. choleric

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. Select one: a. personality b. social c. developmental d. cognitive

c. developmental

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development. Select one: a. anal b. phallic c. oral d. genital

c. oral

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? Select one: a. repression b. sublimation c. regression d. reaction formation

c. regression

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? Select one: a. critical thinking b. statistical validation c. scientific theory d. hypothesis

c. scientific theory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. reinforcement b. acquisition c. shaping d. learning

c. shaping

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Select one: a. Artistic b. Psychosocial c. Emotional d. Cognitive

d. Cognitive

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

d. variable ratio

Sally really loves being outdoors. She likes to hike, do yoga in the warm sun, and go for long camping trips. She and her wife move to Arizona from New York so that they can enjoy these activities in warmer weather for most of the year. This process of moving to an area that is most suited for one's personality tendencies is called selective ________. Select one: a. relocation b. compartmentalization c. homesteading d. migration

d. migration

The empirical method of study is based on ________. Select one: a. logical positivism b. statistical validation c. practice of skills or procedures d. observation of phenomena

d. observation of phenomena

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. Select one: a. formal operational b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor

d. sensorimotor

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________. Select one: a. actions that are internally motivated b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded c. reactions that are externally motivated d. actions that occur without conscious thought or intentionality

b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy? Select one: a. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it. b. Natasha is late for her therapy session and her therapist believes she did this because she unconsciously dislikes therapy. c. Xavier receives a hug from the doctor when he arrives on time; he does not get a hug when he arrives late. d. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

B. Boris tells his therapist that that he needs stronger medication and his therapist prescribes it.

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality. Select one: a. post-conventional b. pre-conventional c. conventional d. concrete operational

a. post-conventional

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. trust vs. mistrust b. identity vs. confusion c. autonomy vs. shame/doubt d. industry vs. inferiority

a. trust vs. mistrust

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? Select one: a. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. b. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. c. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. d. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy.

b. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. Select one: a. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character b. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character c. after dreaming they were on television d. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents

b. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following illustrates conservation? Select one: a. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower but doesn't realize that he is wasting water that way. b. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels but he doesn't know the value of either coin by itself. c. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices. d. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries because she doesn't think they can be recycled

c. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? Select one: a. Erik Erikson b. Lawrence Kohlberg c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean Piaget

c. Sigmund Freud

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures. Select one: a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. Rorschach test c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? Select one: a. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results. b. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. c. The process was highly subjective. d. Structuralism was parsimonious.

c. The process was highly subjective.

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment? Select one: a. Ainsworth b. Kohlberg c. Vygotsky d. Piaget

c. Vygotsky

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig? Select one: a. William James b. Wolfgang Köhler c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud

c. Wilhelm Wundt

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________. Select one: a. reversibility b. assimilation c. accommodation d. seriation

c. accommodation

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? Select one: a. punishment and reinforcement b. continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement c. acquisition and extinction d. latent learning and insight learning

c. acquisition and extinction

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. Select one: a. instinctive b. reflexive c. associative d. processual

c. associative

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? Select one: a. avoidant b. resistant c. disorganized d. secure

c. disorganized

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? Select one: a. reversibility b. conservation c. egocentrism d. abstract thought

c. egocentrism

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? Select one: a. sexual preference b. genetics c. environment and culture d. biology

c. environment and culture

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. Select one: a. acquisition b. conditioning c. extinction d. learning

c. extinction

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. Select one: a. fine b. reflexive c. gross d. native

c. gross

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. Select one: a. response b. stimulus c. model d. cognition

c. model

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology. Select one: a. biopsychosocial b. naturist c. neuroconstructivist d. epigenetic

c. neuroconstructivist

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? Select one: a. imitation b. modeling c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

c. operant conditioning

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? Select one: a. resistant b. avoidant c. secure d. disorganized

c. secure

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? Select one: a. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. b. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. c. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. d. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

d. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? Select one: a. Max is an introvert who is trying hard to pretend that he is an extrovert. b. Max has become fixated at the Oedipal complex within the phallic stage. c. Max is overcompensating for an inferiority complex that was established in childhood. d. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

d. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? Select one: a. The second World War overshadowed Gestalt psychology b. The theories were not based on measurable data. c. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. d. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

d. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality? Select one: a. They are universal to virtually all cultures studied. b. They use animal research instead of relying on research with humans. c. They are more respectful of feminist psychology concepts.

d. They can be scientifically tested because they involve observable actions.

Early maturing girls are ________. Select one: a. more confident b. more likely to go to college c. less likely to drop out of high school d. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

d. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? Select one: a. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life b. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious c. ability of the introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life d. balance between extroversion and introversion

d. balance between extroversion and introversion

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. Select one: a. fixed ratio map b. latent map c. fixed interval map d. cognitive map

d. cognitive map

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. Select one: a. unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response

d. conditioned response

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait. Select one: a. agreeableness b. extroversion c. openness d. conscientiousness

d. conscientiousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. partial b. secondary c. primary d. continuous

d. continuous

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? Select one: a. boys display more fear than girls b. boys display fear differently from girls c. fear cannot be a conditioned response d. emotion can be a conditioned response

d. emotion can be a conditioned response

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. Select one: a. gross b. native c. manipulative d. fine

d. fine

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. Select one: a. poor reciprocal determinism b. intrinsic motives c. an introverted archetype d. high self-efficacy

d. high self-efficacy

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. identity vs. guilt b. initiative vs. guilt c. generativity vs. stagnation d. integrity vs. despair

d. integrity vs. despair

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? Select one: a. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room b. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables c. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting d. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

d. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student