PSY 201 FINAL

they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because

language acquisition device

What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?

the far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

the theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment

Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?

It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins

Which of the following is true of the trait theory?

electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

Children bring neurological presiding to language learning

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?

Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions from research evidence collected through the scientific method.

Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?

Epinephrine

______ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

reinforcers

________ are defined as stimuli that increase frequency of behavior

the vestibular sense

_________ tells us whether we are failing and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

self-efficacy expectations

__________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

Narcolepsy

__________ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Latent learning

__________ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed.

Intimacy

___________ involves championing the interests of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own

altruism

___________ is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Charles Spearman

____________ believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

observational learning

____________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

dissociative amnesia

____________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Positive psychology

______________ is best described as the ford of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future

The principle of closure

______________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.

pure research

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called:

suppression

The term __________ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness.

cones

Visual activity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _______ in the region.

objective

__________ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers

Standarization

___________ is the process by which test scores from various population groups, are obtained and organized so that test results can be compared to those with similar demographic profiles.

Eustress

_____________ stress is considered healthful.

Correlation

an association among variables is known as ________.

stage 1 sleep

as we enter _________, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves.

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

B. F. Skinner proposed

social cognitive theory

Observational learning is one of the foundations of ________.

climacteric phase

Ophelia is 51 years old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Ophelia is most likely experiencing the ________ of middle adulthood.

some of them considered academic success to be stressful.

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

learn more slowly.

People deprived of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:

sleep apnea

People with ________ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night.

men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson:

recall

Essay tests are examples of ________.

information that can be clearly stated

Explicit memory is:

low levels of adrenaline

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood

Schizophrenia is characterized by ____________.

sympathetic division

The __________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during when you are scared.

optic nerve

The ___________ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is related to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

Psychotherapy only influences clients' feelings?

The principles of psychotherapy focus on all of the following except for:

size constancy

Two identical model cars are parked at the far end of a parking lot. You are able to determine that one of the cars is closer to you than the other because it appears slightly larger, even though you know it is the same size as the other. This is an example of which perceptual cue?

Umami

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

Insist on evidence

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Both are ages of feeling in-between

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

people with schizophrenia may have more receptor cites for dopamine in an area of the brain that is involved in emotional responding

Which of the following statements highlights the relationships between dopamine and schizophrenia?

primary mental abilities

according to Louis Thurstone, ________ are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

observational learning

according to ________________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

autonomic nervous system

the __________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

uncomscious

the __________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

avoidant attachment

According to Ainsworth, infants who show ___________ are lease distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mothers when they return.

from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems arise ___________.

Love and belongingness

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, which must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

situational or environmental influences

According to behaviorists, personality is formed by _________.

attachment

According to ethnologist Konrad Lorenz, ____________ only occurs during a critical period of development.

observable behavior

which of the following best identifies the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

forced-choice format

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

school psychologist

Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?

sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality

Psychological disorders are:

conventional

Simone who does not run on the wrong side of the road because it's the law is exhibiting which stage of moral reasoning?

Central Nervous System

The brain and the spinal cord make up the _______, which controls and commands bodily functions.

the id

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?

self-efficacy

____________ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

modeling

_____________ is a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observed and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations.

Serotonin

which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

an anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Chelsea sells used cars and she had noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price for a car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a stare of arousal

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

has high self-efficacy expectations

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene ___________.

Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement.

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

amygdala

If you are upset over something that you saw on social media, most likely your ________ is highly active right now.

Wether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

implicit memory

Knowing how to play piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________ memory.

iconic

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of _________ memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second.

the serial-position effect

Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates _________.

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

nonconscious processes

_______ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Cognitive Psychologists

________ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

correlation coefficient

a ________ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables

fixation time

A researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then, he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's __________.

assimilation

A two-year-old child has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor and sees the neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

need

A(n) ________ is a state of deprivation.

They center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as the amount of damage done when assigning blame.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?

the future of the nation

According to your text, if you are American you are most likely stressed about _____________.

Role theory

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming?

rapid eye movement

Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a higher level of neurological arousal l. The patient is most likely in ________ sleep.

overregularization

Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy dotted down." These examples illustrate __________.

inferred from behavior

Motives are ___________.

pupils

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

40%-60%

Researchers estimate that the heritability of the extroverted personality is _________.

subliminal stimulation

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of __________.

fear appeal

_____________ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis or arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

sexual orientation

______________ is best described as the direction of one's romantic interests and erotic attractions—towards members of one's own anatomic sex, the other anatomic sex, or both.

thalamus

if the _________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

electroencephalograph

the _________________ monitors brain waves and dan be used to teach people how to produce alpha waves, which are associated with relaxation.

bystander effect

the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

retrieval cue failure

After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing _________.

Norepinephrine

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of ___________ in the brain.

the effects of social conformity.

Asch's study using line judgements was able to demonstrate ___________.

double-blind

Ferris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know." This is an example of a ________ study.

substance use disorder

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, __________ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.

cognitive therapy

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal to help him cope with his work more effectively: In this scenario, Susan is using ___________.

cognitivr

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism.

bisexual

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled ______________.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _______.

multiple approach-avoidance

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

the corpus callosum

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of __________ is severed.

Sensory adaption

At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?

Stage 4

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

A hypothesis is:

both positive and negative symptoms

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits ___________.

variable-interval schedule

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bud to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus as arrived. Thi schedule is a ___________.

the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

According to cognitive psychologists, ___________.

the participants are debriefed afterward

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments?

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

After returning from work, Greg contemplated whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) ____________.

post-traumatic stress disorder

After surviving the horrific car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from ___________.

Babinski reflex

Baby Sam's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet is toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the __________.

afferent neurons

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through _______.

metastasize

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may ____________, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

schema

Carole walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that she did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Her surprise stems from the fact that she has never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

the identities must not be aware of the others.

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threatening

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

delusions of reference

It seemed like no matter what you were talking about, Sam always thought you were talking about him. What type of delusion is he most likely suffering from?

120

Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is __________.

focus on the present.

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

eidetic imagery

Mr. Rupp's memory had always been spectacular. He can see an image, like a painting or a page in a book, and recall exactly all of the details of either one. Mr. Rupp's ability to remember these specific details is known as _________.

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Prior to conditioning, Michael silicates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the __________, which Michael salivating would be labeled the _________.

depress the activity of the central nervous system

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will ___________.

hypothalamus

The _____________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

thalamus

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the _______ and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage.

Behaviorist

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

"There are multiple intelligences which are influenced by different areas in the brain."

Which best characterized Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?

noise

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

meditation

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

anorexia nervosa

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and ha recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that's he is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

naturalistic observation

On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of _________.

sense of smell declines

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Testosterone

in boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of __________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and tested and the appearance of body hair.

dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind

in the context of the origins of dissociative disorders, both psychodynamic and learning theories suggest that:

Prospective memory

Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication: She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?

more

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is _______ resistant to extinction.

virtual therapy

Behavior-therapy methods for reducing fears include _____________.

memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues.

Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that:

Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.

In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking, and running?

reinforcement

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of ____________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

hierarchy

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) __________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

higher-order conditioning

Johnny us always feared doing to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear or bright lights is due to ________.

primacy effect

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on their first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the __________.

paranoid personality disorder

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from ________.

emotions

According to James and Lange, __________ are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses

it was collected from a non-random sample

According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that _____________.

the concept of the imaginary audience

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?

borderline personality disorder

People with _____________ alternate between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned.

delirium tremens

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience __________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations s

negative instance

Pointing to a car and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n) ____________ of the dog concept.

have higher self-esteem than those who do

Research on acculturation shows that people who do not fully surrender their traditional backgrounds:

medical model

Sanchez, an eight-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to his imaginary friends. His mother confessed to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused damage to Sanchez's brain." This statement supports the _____________ on psychological disorders.

negative or positive

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

Hippocampus

Shana is a young girl who was in a bud accident a few years ago. Since her accident, Shana is only able to remember people she had met before the accident and instances from her childhood. However, she is unable to remember people she met recently or events that are currently happening in her life. She reads the same newspaper for several days without realizing that she has read it before. The accident has made Shana unable permanently store new information because she sustained an injury to her ______.

an antidepressant

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

Biological

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

formal operational stage

The ___________ is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

representativeness heuristic

The _______________ assumes that the more similar something is to our expectations, the more likely the entity belongs to that category.

parasympathetic nervous system

The _______________ is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body.

schizoid personality disorder

Tom is a loner who shows little interest in making friends and does not exhibit much emotion. However, he is efficient at his job. His job involves updating a database to reflect the most recent events occurring in the world. He is showing signs of ____________.

propinquity and reciprocity

What are the names of the two terms your text discusses with regard to why we typically develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to us?

holophrases

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _________.

the age of possibilities

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?

people need more sleep when they are under stress

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

Glial cells

______ form a fatty substance called myelin.

Natural Selection

_______ is the concept that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of a species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce.

Mutations

________ is best described as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection.

social-cognitive theorists

____________ believe that we are not likely to act aggressively unless we believe that aggression is appropriate under the circumstances and likely to be reinforced.

the gate theory

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

infinite creativity

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combined words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating _____________.

tolerance

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying ___________.

the systematic random search algorithm

Dave could not remember the last digit of his friend's cell phone number, so he kept trying different digits until he found the right one. In this scenario, which of the following methods did Dave use?

token economy

Derris's mom used to give him gold stars on their refrigerator whenever he would help out around the house. If Derris earned enough gold stars, then he could have some ice cream after dinner. This type of reward system is called a ___________.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with ___________.

extrinsic rewards

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through ____________.

sensorineural deafness

Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in ____________.

biofeedback training

Gol was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to ____________.

selective perception

Hudson was pretty depressed because, after receiving some world news updates on his cell phone, he believed that the word was a violent place. His friends were surprised by his mood because Hudson worked with wonderful people at his place of worship. According to Beck, what type of cognitive error is this?

creating positive cognitive shifts that result in positive emotions

Humor helps people cope with stress by ___________.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

insight

In Gestalt psychology, _______ is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements and f a problem that permits it's solution.

"you cannot stop, the experiment must continue"

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

divergent thinking

In ____________, the problem solver associates greet to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:

empathy

In client-centered therapy, __________ refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

social roles and obligations

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's ____________.

aversive conditioning

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

both heredity and environment are important in determining inteligence

In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that:

It involves continuous use closure to fear-evoking stimuli

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

behavior therapy

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting.

it is the most commonly used social decision scheme

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is true of the majority-wins scheme?

the body to burn fewer calories

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes ___________ when someone goes on a diet.

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

may learn to disown the parts of ourselves to which they object

In the context of psychological problems arising from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization, if, when we are young, other people approve of us only when we are doing what they want us to do, we __________.

gamma knife surgery

In the context of psychosurgery, in ___________, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.

the illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

they are developed through experience

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?

pupil

In the context of the human eye, the size of the ________ is sensitive to an individual's emotions.

They appreciate art and music.

In the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people?

hoarding disorder

Jenny is obsessed with collecting chocolate wrappers. She picks up wrappers from the road and stacks them at her house. Over the years, these wrappers have been piled up to such an extent that Jenny is left with only a narrow pathway that leads from the entrance of her house to her bedroom. Although Jenny has advised by many to get rid of the clutter, she refuses to do so. Jenny is most likely suffering from _______________.

selective attention

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _______.

agoraphobia

Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowded with shoppers, Jenny most likely suffers from _________.

major depressive disorder

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with ___________.

somnambulism

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of _________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kim demonstrates _____________.

preconscious information

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked to Liz summon up __________.

empty-nest syndrome

Mark and Mindy have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Recently, their younger daughter also moved to a different country for her undergraduate studies. Now, Mindy is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do with her free time. This scenario heat illustrates the _______.

dopamine

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _______.

appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to ___________.

the person's mood at the time of a memory is encoded and retrieved.

The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:

umbilical cord

The embryo is connected to the placenta by the _____________.

decibels (dB)

The loudness of a sound is expressed in _______.

self-serving bias

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.

mirror neurons

These neurons fire when an animal observed the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.

ego identity

Tom, a high school senior, is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Tom is determined to study at Harvard Medical School. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Tom is demonstrating _____________.

processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tried to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is:

an implicit social norm

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of ___________.

evaluation apprehension

When Shaina is about to begin her speech in class, she notices that a few of her classmates are whispering among themselves. She becomes nervous that she might be boring to her audience and gets distracted. In this scenario, the presence of the classmates is not likely to facilitate her performance due to ____________.

social relationships

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

group members who are overly shy do better in these settings.

Which of the following is not an advantage of group therapy?

the exhaustion stage

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaption syndrome?

They are more likely to conform to group adjustments

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

It is shown more generally by vocabulary

Which of the following is true of crystallized intelligence?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Extracting a promise not to die by suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides.

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct?

It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."

Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?

Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?

a predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origins of anxiety disorders?

humanism

While on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trio had really helped her gain perspective on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. What theory best explains this?

Critical Thinking

____________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

biological factors

____________ such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious cases of illness.

personality

_____________ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Broca's Aphasia

phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

implicit memory

How to preform different skills and actions is a component of _________.

spend time with people who share your attitudes

In the current political climate, there has been an increase in ethnic prejudices. Because you study psychology, your friend approaches you with his ideas to combat it. Which of the following ideas would be ineffective?

transference

Sean's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what?

prefrontal cortex

Some researchers consider the _______ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and to solve problems.

is insensitive to visual stimuli

The blind spot:

mental hospital

Tom is a World War II war hero who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression. In 1954, he was sent to an institution of treatment. He was successfully cured and he reentered society to lead a normal life. He was most likely admitted to a(n) __________.

aggression

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does

Which of the following is true of metabolism?

a visual illusion

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

Displacement

____________ is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time

Existentialism

______________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

internal

If you have a(n) _________ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

dissociative amnesia

Cory was driving when his car met with an accident. His best friend, who was sitting in the car with him, was killed in the accident, However, Cory escaped uninjured. When he work up the next morning, he could not recall where he was or what had happened the previous night. He is most likely exhibiting ________.

archetypes

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

emotional concern

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, ___________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

resistance stage

According to the general adaptation syndrome, the levels of the endocrine and sympathetic activity in the __________ are lower than the levels in the alarm reaction but still higher than normal:

observation of other people acting aggressively

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by _________.

forensic psychologist

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assessed the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ______.

Discrimination

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags it's tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the different in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________.

generalization

Three-year old Derris watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants." At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus __________.

medulla

Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

Placebos

when a patient insists on having a medical cure by a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called _________.

genotype

which of the following represent your full genetic potential?

vision

which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?

They are secreted directly into the bloodstream

which of the following statements is true of hormones?

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

systematic desensitization

Naomi is afraid of dogs. while she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used the extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

distant objects are focused in front of the retina

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of:

reduced probability of aggressive behavior

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:

reinforcement

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____.

vestibular

If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your ______ system.

variable-ratio schedule

Michaela works as waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits in the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a ___________.

it is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?