PSY 201 Unit3 Test prep

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:

associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing.

automatic/ phonemic

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

For every 10 cars Gus sells, he gets three days of vacation time. Gus's sales are being reinforced according to a ____________.

FIXED RATIO

A factory pays its employees on Wednesdays, and on Thursdays employee productivity seems to be a little slow. The productivity gradually increases over the week and reaches its peak on Wednesday. This is an example of which of the following types of schedules?

Fixed interval

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory?

Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this study?

Loud noise

Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?

Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer?

The treat

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur

Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case?

Amygdala

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

Association

As a child, Paul was bitten by a spider and thereafter developed an intense phobia of them. In an effort to cure Paul's phobia, a psychologist gradually exposed him to spiders. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences with spiders, Paul's phobia was cured. This is an example of ___________.

extinction

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

forgetting curve

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because:

his attention was divided

Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory.

iconic

Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her:

implicit memory

__________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.

implicit;explicit

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.

mimicry

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

moving information from short-term to long-term memory requires repetition.

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt.

negative reinforcement

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

recovered memory

Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of:

rehearsal

Derrick's mother gave him $10 because he got an 'A' on his math test. He studies hard for his next math test because he wants his mother to give him another $10. In this scenario, the money is serving as a(n) ___________.

reinforcer

Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of:

retroactive interference

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?

semantic memory

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

When being photographed, Maria used to blink whenever the flash went off. Now, Maria starts blinking every time she is photographed, even before the camera's flash goes off. To Maria, the camera has become a(n) ___________.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel?

Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Which of the following is true about sensory memory?

It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.

The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999, 1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier.

chunking

_____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source.

suggestibility

Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called:

the recency effect