PSY 207 Chapter 10 Guided Reading Questions

True or false: In middle and late childhood, children become less skeptical and more accepting of claims made by others, particularly those that involve social desirability.

FALSE

The preconventional reasoning has sometimes been described as _____. "What's in it for me?" "What goals should I pursue?" "How can I add value to the society?" "How should I lead my life?"

"What's in it for me?"

T/F: Most people have begun to reason in postconventional ways by early adulthood.

FALSE; By early adulthood, only a small number of individuals reason in postconventional ways.

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state. Role reversal Self-understanding Perspective taking Egoism

Perspective taking

_________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

postconventional

Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men. much better slightly better slightly worse much worse

slightly better

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning have NOT been found in all cultures? level 3 level 1 level 2

level 3

In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as peers. friends. managers. disciplinarians.

managers.

Based on answers that interviewees gave for the moral dilemmas that they were presented, Kohlberg described ______ levels of moral thinking. five two six three

3

What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking? Self-monitoring Emotion regulation Attention Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility

Cognitive inhibition Cognitive flexibility

Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood? A major shift occurs, as children become completely autonomous. Children rebel as parents try to cede them more control. Control is coregulated by both child and parent. Children are not yet ready for any type of autonomy.

Control is coregulated by both child and parent.

_________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Conventional

T/F: Differences between the sexes stem from primarily biological factors.

FALSE; Differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both.

True or false: Critics think Kohlberg's theory stresses moral behavior too much and does not stress moral thought enough.

FALSE; Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for overemphasizing moral thought and not putting enough emphasis on moral behavior.

How did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development? He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. He performed natural observation. He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. He did correlational research.

He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

______ cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for ______ theory, but in the latter model there are three levels of moral development. Piaget's; Kohlberg's Erikson's; Piaget's Kohlberg's; Erikson's Kohlberg's; Piaget's

Piaget's; Kohlberg's

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg. Conventional Postconventional Preconventional Unconventional

Preconventional

Which of the following statements about parent-child interaction during middle and late childhood is accurate? Some control is transferred from parent to child. Children receive more physical discipline than when they were younger. Parents cease acting as gatekeepers in children's lives. Parents play less of a role in children's academics.

Some control is transferred from parent to child.

T/F: Research suggests boys tend to have better visuospatial skills, important for geometry and geography, than girls.

TRUE

True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person.

TRUE

True or false: According to Haidt, one of the major flaws in Kohlberg's theory is that it posits that moral thinking is deliberative and individuals spend time reasoning about morality.

TRUE; Haidt argues that in Kohlberg's theory individuals spend time reasoning about morality, which does not necessarily translate to moral behavior.

What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory? His theory emphasizes relationships rather than abstract principles. There are not enough stages in his theory of moral development. His stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle and late childhood. There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior.

As compared to conventional rules, which of the following are true about moral rules? They are widely accepted. They are arbitrary. They involve concepts of justice. They focus on ethical issues. They are concepts of social organization.

They are widely accepted. They involve concepts of justice. They focus on ethical issues.

A person with ______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self. moral fairness moral cognition a moral commitment a moral identity

a moral identity

Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood. self-regulation anxiety confidence independence

anxiety

According to Kohlberg, as individuals progress through the levels of moral development, their morality is externalized. is increasingly based on immanent justice. becomes more connected to punishment and reward. becomes more internal.

becomes more internal.

In a(n) __________stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

In the _________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

domain

Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience? justice perspective care perspective domain theory Kohlberg's theory

domain theory

Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development. totally unimportant essential essentially unimportant

essentially unimportant

"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- __________ (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- ________(concept/esteem).

esteem, concept

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following? exploring alternative moral courses fear of punishment expectations about social roles internal standards of morality

expectations about social roles

A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a gender similarity. care perspective. heteronomous morality. gender stereotype.

gender stereotype.

According to Kohlberg, emotion has negative effects on moral reasoning. is involved only at the highest level of moral reasoning. positively benefits moral reasoning. is completely unrelated to the process of moral reasoning.

has negative effects on moral reasoning.

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they _______ psychological differences. have explained known have proven to cause significant have been directly linked to have not been directly linked to

have not been directly linked to

Eleven-year-old Meagan has some doubts about Ian's claim that he is the smartest student in the school. This is likely due to the jealousy that she feels regarding Ian's intelligence. an attempt to improve her own social desirability. her increased skepticism regarding others' claims. the increase in social competitiveness that occurs in middle and late childhood.

her increased skepticism regarding others' claims.

Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life. identity character being personality

identity

In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more internal. effective. external. valid.

internal.

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's __________ perspective of moral development and argued for a ____________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice; care

As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as kind. blond. strong. tall.

kind

As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend __________(more/less) time with them.

less

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but in this Kohlberg's model suggested that there were three levels of preoperational thought. moral development. intellectual development. operational thought.

moral development.

According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development. emotional stability moral reasoning social stimulation cultural sensitivity

moral reasoning

The fact that not all of Kohlberg's levels have been found in all cultures indicates that moral reasoning is not influenced by cultural context. some cultures lack moral reasoning. moral reasoning may be more culture-specific than he thought. moral reasoning is universal.

moral reasoning may be more culture-specific than he thought.

Who is most likely to undertake a managerial role in parenting? care provider mother child father

mother

Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability. significant some no specific

no

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is equally important as peer relations. not as important as peer relations. more important than peer relations. the most influential factor.

not as important as peer relations.

Self-esteem and self-concept are rooted in moral development. parent-child interaction. intellectual functioning. biological determinants.

parent-child interaction.

Developmentalists have distinguished five ________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer

Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school peer reciprocity becomes less important. peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important. peer status becomes less important. peer status becomes increasingly important.

peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important.

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings? perspective taking social comparison psychological adjustment cognitive inflexibility

perspective taking

Recent research indicates that emotion is unrelated to moral thinking. was wisely avoided by Kohlberg. boosts the efficacy of moral thinking. plays an important role in moral thinking.

plays an important role in moral thinking.

In Haidt's view, much of morality begins with moderate but deliberate evaluation of circumstances. slow, thoughtful evaluation and then judgment. rapid evaluative judgments.

rapid evaluative judgments.

Children with high self-esteem are more likely than other children to be socially unaccepted by their peers. intellectually gifted. securely attached to their parents. held accountable for their actions.

securely attached to their parents.

Which of the following describes the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes? self-concept self-esteem self-efficacy self-identity

self-efficacy

Question Mode Multiple Choice Question Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high self-efficacy. self-esteem. self-achievement. self-concept.

self-efficacy.

The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called self-concept. self-parody. self-awareness. self-esteem.

self-esteem.

Which of the following types of reasoning focuses on rules established to control behavior and maintain the social system? preconventional moral social conventional postconventional

social conventional

Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect? social descriptions psychological characteristics social comparison real self and ideal self

social descriptions

Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender androgyny. concepts. stereotypes. regulations.

stereotypes.

Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to experience more than one emotion in a particular situation. suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions. tie their emotional reactions to other people. express their emotions in an unfiltered manner.

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing ______ emphasis on moral thought and ______ emphasis on moral behavior. no; some not enough; too much some; no too much; not enough

too much; not enough

Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat. three times twice four times half

twice