Psy 230: Chapter 6
self-esteem
evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people
empathy
feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing
guilt
feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior
prosocial behavior
sharing, helping, and caring actions
initiative versus guilt
Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks
industry versus inferiority
Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work
shame
a feeling of being personally humiliated
reactive aggression
a hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt
relational aggression
a hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships
proactive aggression
a hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal
externalizing tendencies
a personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively
internalizing tendencies
a personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression
sympathy
a state necessary for acting prosaically, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help
learned helplessness
a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying
aggression
any hostile or destructive act
self-awareness
the ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
emotion regulation
the capacity to manage one's emotional state
induction
the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person
hostile attributional bias
the tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign