PSY 260 Quiz 3

The most likely effect of damage sustained to the dorsal stream is

optic ataxia

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

realistic visual imagery

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation

In some insects, the _______-wavelength receptors respond to UV wavelengths that humans cannot see.

short

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of

sleep apnea

To see a distant dim star, it is best to look _______ of your visual field.

slightly off center

The _______ model of vision proposes that the visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark (or color) patches in any stimulus.

spatial-frequency

In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording.

stage 2

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep.

stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS)

Amblyopia is best treated with

surgical correction and an eye patch

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep

The ventral stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about

"what."

The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about

"where."

The brightest light we can see is about _______ times as intense as the dimmest light we can see.

10 billion

At any given time, a photoreceptor operates approximately over a _______-fold range of brightness.

100

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.

2

Newborn infants spend as much as _______% of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

If an individual were to experience bilateral damage in the ventral occipitotemporal junction, a likely result would be loss of

the ability to recognize common objects

The phenomenon of adaptation refers to

the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light in order to match illumination levels.

An on-center/off-surround cell responds most strongly when

the entire center is illuminated

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

the immediate onset of REM

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.

the initial half

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light

Recent research suggests myopia may be caused by

too much time indoors

The _______ hypothesis proposed that there are separate receptors in the retina sensitive to blue, green, and red.

trichromatic

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is

90 - 110 minutes

Inhibitors of the neurotransmitter _______ cause the pupil of the eye to _______.

ACh; dilate

The bipolar cells of the retina have contacts with the _______ cells.

Amacrine, ganglion, and receptor

A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is most likely to be true?

An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep

Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?

Bipolar cells

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

Brain rest

Which statement about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

Which category does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?

Complete lack of wavelength discrimination

_______ of the pupils is associated with the use of drugs that block acetylcholine transmission, such as belladonna.

Dilation

Cones are most densely concentrated in which part of the human retina?

Fovea

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?

Melatonin

Which pathway accurately describes the route for the passage of visual information?

Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?

Pons

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder.

REM behavior

Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured in rod cells by

Rhodopsin

Which statement about rod receptors is false?

Rods contain a special photopigment called S opsin.

A patient enters the ER after a near-drowning episode. He was without oxygen for a significant period of time, and an MRI scan showed bilateral damage to the border between the occipital and temporal lobes. Which symptom would you expect this patient to display?

The inability to name common objects or familiar people

Which statement about photopic and scotopic vision is false?

The receptive field of cone receptors outside the fovea is small

Which statement regarding visual fields is true?

The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere

Which statement about color perception is true?

The trichromatic hypothesis is supported at the level of the retina

Which statement describes the spatial-frequency model?

The visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark patches in any stimulus

Illusory contours are responded to by cells located in

V2

Cortical region _______ is especially rich in color-sensitive cells.

V4

The genes for the wavelength-sensitive pigments in visual receptors are found on the _______ chromosome. This is the reason that "color blindness" is more prevalent in _______.

X; men

The lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc creates _______ in our visual field.

a blind spot

The blind spot in our visual field is created by _______ at the _______.

a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

abolishes

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated brain animal is characterized by

alternating periods of arousal and sleep

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

an abundance of REM sleep

Cells in the primate LGN have receptive fields that

are concentric

The optic disc is the

area of the retina through which the axons of the ganglion cells exit.

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Simple cortical visual cells are most likely to be activated by

bars of a particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will

become free-running

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience

better academic performance

In the monkey LGN, 70-80% of the cells are spectrally opponent, while very few spectrally opponent cells are found in the cat LGN. This may be the reason that monkeys

can distinguish colors easily, while cats cannot

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.

cataplexy; consciousness

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

circadian

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are

concentric

The _______ is (are) primarily responsible for refracting light to form an image on the retina.

cornea

A diurnal animal will likely feed during the

daytime

Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the

daytime

The human visual system

detects light within a narrow range of the electromagnetic range

_______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the scotopic system, whereas _______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the photopic system.

dim; high; bright; low

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called

entrainment

The domestic cat is classified as a(n)

feeble dichromat

Visual acuity is best in the region of the retina called the

fovea

Individuals with blindsight

have no conscious perception of visual stimuli but are still able to discriminate better than would be predicted by chance alone

Hubel and Wiesel's theoretical model has been characterized as a _______ model of cortical visual processing.

hierarchical

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

jet lag

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large-amplitude delta waves

Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the

lateral geniculate nucleus

The boundaries of visual objects are enhanced through the process of

lateral inhibition

The process that acts to enhance the boundaries of visual objects is called

lateral inhibition

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the

locus coeruleus

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will

match the donor's rhythm

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

Hawks have much better visual acuity than humans because they have

more densely packed cones in the fovea

Damage to cortical area V5 results in an inability to perceive

motion

In area V5 of the visual cortex, cells appear to be sensitive to

movement

Studies have shown a correlation between higher rates of _______ and spending too much time indoors.

myopia

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called

night terrors

The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display

unilateral sleep

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes

The _______ stream of visual processing may be said to process the "what" information in visual inputs.

ventral

Among mammals, color vision is

weak in some primate species

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in

women; the later stages of life

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber