PSY 260 Quiz 3
The most likely effect of damage sustained to the dorsal stream is
optic ataxia
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
realistic visual imagery
REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
reduce anxiety
The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the
reticular formation
In some insects, the _______-wavelength receptors respond to UV wavelengths that humans cannot see.
short
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.
shorter; REM
It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of
sleep apnea
To see a distant dim star, it is best to look _______ of your visual field.
slightly off center
The _______ model of vision proposes that the visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark (or color) patches in any stimulus.
spatial-frequency
In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording.
stage 2
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
stage 3
Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep.
stage 3
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
stage 3
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
stage 3 sleep (SWS)
Amblyopia is best treated with
surgical correction and an eye patch
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
sustained SWS
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
sustained sleep
The ventral stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"what."
The dorsal stream system of visual processing is said to specialize in processing information about
"where."
The brightest light we can see is about _______ times as intense as the dimmest light we can see.
10 billion
At any given time, a photoreceptor operates approximately over a _______-fold range of brightness.
100
REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep.
2
Newborn infants spend as much as _______% of their sleep time in REM sleep.
50
If an individual were to experience bilateral damage in the ventral occipitotemporal junction, a likely result would be loss of
the ability to recognize common objects
The phenomenon of adaptation refers to
the constantly changing sensitivity of photoreceptors to light in order to match illumination levels.
An on-center/off-surround cell responds most strongly when
the entire center is illuminated
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
the immediate onset of REM
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.
the initial half
The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because
the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light
Recent research suggests myopia may be caused by
too much time indoors
The _______ hypothesis proposed that there are separate receptors in the retina sensitive to blue, green, and red.
trichromatic
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is
90 - 110 minutes
Inhibitors of the neurotransmitter _______ cause the pupil of the eye to _______.
ACh; dilate
The bipolar cells of the retina have contacts with the _______ cells.
Amacrine, ganglion, and receptor
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which description of her sleep is most likely to be true?
An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep
Cones in the retina form synapses with which of the following cell types?
Bipolar cells
Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?
Brain rest
Which statement about the molecular clock is false?
Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.
Which category does not occur in the continuum of mammalian color vision?
Complete lack of wavelength discrimination
_______ of the pupils is associated with the use of drugs that block acetylcholine transmission, such as belladonna.
Dilation
Cones are most densely concentrated in which part of the human retina?
Fovea
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
Melatonin
Which pathway accurately describes the route for the passage of visual information?
Optic nerve, optic tract, optic radiations
A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?
Pons
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
REM
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
REM
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
REM
The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.
REM
Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder.
REM behavior
Quanta of light that enter the eye are captured in rod cells by
Rhodopsin
Which statement about rod receptors is false?
Rods contain a special photopigment called S opsin.
A patient enters the ER after a near-drowning episode. He was without oxygen for a significant period of time, and an MRI scan showed bilateral damage to the border between the occipital and temporal lobes. Which symptom would you expect this patient to display?
The inability to name common objects or familiar people
Which statement about photopic and scotopic vision is false?
The receptive field of cone receptors outside the fovea is small
Which statement regarding visual fields is true?
The right visual field projects to the eyes and then to the left cerebral hemisphere
Which statement about color perception is true?
The trichromatic hypothesis is supported at the level of the retina
Which statement describes the spatial-frequency model?
The visual system analyzes the number of cycles of light-dark patches in any stimulus
Illusory contours are responded to by cells located in
V2
Cortical region _______ is especially rich in color-sensitive cells.
V4
The genes for the wavelength-sensitive pigments in visual receptors are found on the _______ chromosome. This is the reason that "color blindness" is more prevalent in _______.
X; men
The lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc creates _______ in our visual field.
a blind spot
The blind spot in our visual field is created by _______ at the _______.
a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
a little more than 24 hours long
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except
a strengthened immune system
Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.
abolish
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
abolishes
The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the
alpha
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated brain animal is characterized by
alternating periods of arousal and sleep
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
an abundance of REM sleep
Cells in the primate LGN have receptive fields that
are concentric
The optic disc is the
area of the retina through which the axons of the ganglion cells exit.
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
awakening
The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in
awakenings
Simple cortical visual cells are most likely to be activated by
bars of a particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will
become free-running
Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience
better academic performance
In the monkey LGN, 70-80% of the cells are spectrally opponent, while very few spectrally opponent cells are found in the cat LGN. This may be the reason that monkeys
can distinguish colors easily, while cats cannot
Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.
cataplexy; consciousness
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.
circadian
The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are
concentric
The _______ is (are) primarily responsible for refracting light to form an image on the retina.
cornea
A diurnal animal will likely feed during the
daytime
Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the
daytime
The human visual system
detects light within a narrow range of the electromagnetic range
_______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the scotopic system, whereas _______ light and _______ convergence are properties of the photopic system.
dim; high; bright; low
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called
entrainment
The domestic cat is classified as a(n)
feeble dichromat
Visual acuity is best in the region of the retina called the
fovea
Individuals with blindsight
have no conscious perception of visual stimuli but are still able to discriminate better than would be predicted by chance alone
Hubel and Wiesel's theoretical model has been characterized as a _______ model of cortical visual processing.
hierarchical
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
improving long-term retention
_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.
jet lag
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
large-amplitude delta waves
Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells terminate in the
lateral geniculate nucleus
The boundaries of visual objects are enhanced through the process of
lateral inhibition
The process that acts to enhance the boundaries of visual objects is called
lateral inhibition
Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the
locus coeruleus
If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will
match the donor's rhythm
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
midbrain
Hawks have much better visual acuity than humans because they have
more densely packed cones in the fovea
Damage to cortical area V5 results in an inability to perceive
motion
In area V5 of the visual cortex, cells appear to be sensitive to
movement
Studies have shown a correlation between higher rates of _______ and spending too much time indoors.
myopia
Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called
night terrors
The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display
unilateral sleep
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last
up to 40 minutes
The _______ stream of visual processing may be said to process the "what" information in visual inputs.
ventral
Among mammals, color vision is
weak in some primate species
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in
women; the later stages of life
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
zeitgeber