PSY 311

Inferential

Tests a specific prediction about why something occurs.

researcher notes

a place to keep track of anything out of the ordinary that happens during a study.

pretest-posttest design

a within-subjects design where participants are measured before and after exposure to a treatment or intervention.

mundane realism

the degree to which a study parallels everyday situations in the real world.

To determine causality

you need to eliminate or control any extraneous variables that could serve as an alternative explanation for the observed changes in the dependent measure

testing effect

a threat to the internal validity of a study where participants' scores may change on subsequent measurements simply because of their increased familiarity with the instrument.

A study design based on _____ ensures that your study parallels the real word.

mundane realism

Benefit of Experimental designs

A major benefit of experimental designs is their ability to identify cause and effect relationships between variables

Why do researchers need to perform a literature search in their first phase of developing a research project? A)Researchers search through literature to get ideas on what they can do in their study and to give their research assistance something to do. B)Researchers search through literature to make sure others have not done the same thing already. C)Researchers search through literature because it is the next required step in the research plan process. Once they have made the attempt they can check off that step and move on to the next step. D)Researchers search through literature in order to see and use what others have already learned in order to refine their research question and focus.

D)Researchers search through literature in order to see and use what others have already learned in order to refine their research question and focus.

placebo group

a group where participants believe they are getting the treatment, but in reality they are not.

order effect

a threat to the internal validity in a within-subjects design resulting from influence that the sequence of experimental conditions can have on the dependent variable.

two-group design

an experimental design that compares two groups or conditions and is the most basic way to establish cause and effect also known as a SIMPLE EXPERIMENT.

sensitization effect.

continued exposure to experimental conditions in a within-subjects study increasing the likelihood of hypothesis-guessing, potentially influencing participants' responses in later experimental conditions.

In order to prove that the more sleep you get the night before a test, the better you do on the test, you will need to establish _____ between the variables of minutes spent sleeping the night before a test and the test score the following day.

covariation

counterbalancing

identifying and using all potential treatment sequences in a within-subjects design.

post-hoc tests

statistical tests that examine all of the possible combinations of conditions in a way that statistically accounts for the fact that not all of them were predicted ahead of time.

planned contrasts

statistical tests that examine comparisons between groups that were predicted ahead of time. These tests have the added benefit of allowing the combination of two conditions to be compared to a third.

exploratory analyses

statistical tests that examine potential differences that were not anticipated or predicted prior to the study.

One of the disadvantages of using within-subjects design comes from the repeated assessments using the same measurement instruments over and over. Any changes in participants' scores may be the result of increased familiarity with the measurements instrument rather than the independent variable. This threat to internal validity is called: attrition. testing effect. instrumentation. sampling bias.

testing effect.

Selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. Which group is the control group? A)The group that was in a quiet room B)The group that listened to music at 100 dB C)The group that listened to music at 50 dB

A)The group that was in a quiet room

Brett (2011) asked students questions about their texting behavior. How did students view the relationship between texting and learning in this study? A)Texting is the best learning tool we have available. B)Students do not mind texts from tutors, but approve of them only between certain hours. C)Texts from a tutor were seen as intrusive because students view texting as something personal. D) Students use texting for everything including learning.

C)Texts from a tutor were seen as intrusive because students view texting as something personal.

research participant pool

a list of students maintained by a psychology department who will receive credit in their psychology class if they participate in a research study.

Often in experiments with study groups _____is lost because people start acting like or sharing opinions similar to other people in their assigned study groups.

independence

In a research study the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is _____. A)stopped; validated B)manipulated; measured C)controlled; predicted D)recorded; self-reported

B)manipulated; measured

Within-subjects design comes from the repeated assessments using the same measurement instruments over and over. Any changes in participants' scores may be the result of increased familiarity with the measurements instrument rather than the independent variable. This is a threat to: attrition. internal validity. external validity. instrumentation

internal validity.

thought suppression

the process of deliberately trying to stop thinking about certain thoughts

methodological pluralism

the use of multiple methods or strategies to answer a research question

You are walking to your final class of the day. Walking in front of you are two girls from your class and you hear them talking in derogatory terms about the teacher, a person you admire. Just as you get near the door of the classroom, the door swings open quickly, surprising the two gossipers and smacking one of them in the face. You have to control the giggle that wants to erupt. This is an example of: A)pseudobulbar affect. B)schadenfreude. C)a total lack of empathy. D)karma.

B)schadenfreude.

What is the name for a factor, other than the treatment, that can change the outcome variable? A) covariation B) temporal precedence C) extraneous variable D) internal validity

C) extraneous variable

You have a multigroup study design with four groups; approximately how many total participants should you plan to have? A)30 B)60 C)120 D)1000

C)120

behavioral diary

a self-report data collection strategy where individuals record their behaviors and associated feelings as they occur.

Schadenfreude

is defined as the "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others.

Behavioral Choice

A behavioral measure involving participants making a purposeful selection from several options.

Behavioral Trace

A behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by participants who are no longer present.

What is a directional hypothesis? A)A directional hypothesis specifically predicts the degree and direction of the outcome of the study. B)A directional hypothesis is an educated guess. C)A directional hypothesis is a prediction on the outcome of an experiment that states that groups will differ, but not how they will differ. D)A directional hypothesis is a prediction about how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

A) A directional hypothesis specifically predicts the degree and direction of the outcome of the study.

Misleading or using deception as to prevent participants from guessing a study's purpose may be a strategy to minimize: A)sensitization effect. B)order effect. C)fatigue effect. D)carryover effect.

A)sensitization effect.

random assignment

Any method of placing Participants in groups that is nonsystematic and nonbiased, and that ensures each participant has an equal chance of being in any group.

Which of the following is an appropriate topic for a three-group experimental design? A)How weight changes over a 3-month weight loss program B)How gender impacts the IQ of 3-year-olds C) How learning differs in traditional, online, and hybrid introductory psychology courses

C) How learning differs in traditional, online, and hybrid introductory psychology courses

A research firm is hired by a political organization to test the effectiveness of campaign commercials. The dependent variable will be a categorical measure: either the study participant will or will not agree to receive more information about the campaign/candidate after viewing the commercial. There are three types of commercials: one which features images and music which invokes patriotism, one which focuses heavily on emotions around love of family and friends, and one which points out perceived negative qualities or actions of opponents. The researchers want to find if there are more information positives in one condition than another. Which test should they perform? A)a one-way ANOVA B)a planned contrast C)a chi-square test of independence D)an exploratory analysis

C)a chi-square test of independence

Which concept describes when changes in one variable are linked to changes in another variable? A)internal validity B)extraneous variable C)temporal precedence D)covariation

D) covariation

An advertising agency is running a few market tests trying to determine how color affects a person's hunger level. The agency runs an experiment to see if people indicate they are hungrier when exposed to bright colors like orange and red, or cool colors like blue and green. If they run only a two-group design test, they run into the likelihood of missing a _____. This situation would become apparent when they graphed the responses to the independent variables. A)study's power B)self-report C)false positive D)nonlinear relationship

D)nonlinear relationship

Williams and Bargh (2008) examined whether a person holding a hot cup/hot beverage rated a second person's personality more favorably. Is their research relevant to the research question, "Can the experience of warmth lead you to consider climate change as more problematic, consequently influencing your attitudes and behaviors?"

Yes, the study is relevant. Williams and Bargh (2008) examined the relationship between immediate physical experiences, such as warmth, and attitudes and perceptions of people. This is the same type of relationship, between immediate physical experiences and attitudes, researchers seek to explore with the research question posed.

empty control group

a group that does not receive any form of the treatment and just completes the dependent variable.

manipulation check

a measure that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed or varied the independent variable across conditions.

t-test for dependent means

a statistic used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between two related sets of scores; also known as dependent means t-test.

nonlinear (or functional) relationship

any association between variables that the use of just two comparison groups cannot uncover. These relationships, often identified on a graph as a curved or curvilinear line, help provide us with a clearer picture of how variables relate to one another.

You want to determine if wearing flip-flops to school improves a student's test scores. Your two-group design or simple experiment would have a group that does not wear flip-flops, the _____, and a group that does wear flip-flops, the experimental group.

control group

Rita is managing a research study with 3 conditions and wanted to mix the order of delivery so as to avoid order effect, among other things. With 30 participants, Rita could randomly assign five participants to each of the six possible sequences. Rita is using: potential order effect. random assignment. fatigue effect. counterbalancing.

counterbalancing.

carryover effect

exposure to earlier experimental conditions influencing responses to subsequent conditions.

A longitudinal research study changed the submission method from mailing surveys to completing surveys online. The potential for instrumentation in this study is a threat to: attrition. sampling bias. internal validity. testing effects.

internal validity.

experimental control

the ability to keep everything between groups the same except for the one element we want to test in an experiment.

internal validity

the degree to which we can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

attrition

the differential dropping out of participants from a study; also known as MORTALITY.

experimental group

the group or condition that gets the key treatment in an experiment.

null hypothesis

the hypothesis of no difference; usually the hypothesis the researcher is trying to statistically reject.

baseline measurement

the initial assessment of a participant at the onset of a study, prior to any intervention or treatment.

hypothesis-guessing

when a participant in a study actively attempts to identify the purpose of the research.

temporal precedence

when changes in the suspected cause or treatment occur before changes in the effect or outcome.

Behavioral Observation

A behavioral measure that relies on directly seeing or observing behavior.

A cosmetics company is developing a new skincare line. They have several study participants who agreed to use the new skincare line every night for two full months. At the end of each week the participants must complete an online survey about their use of the product and their perception of their skin. Before participants receive the samples, they met with the researchers for a(n) _____ consisting of a dermatology assessment and a survey. A)self-report B)behavioral diary C)baseline measurement D)instrumentation

C)baseline measurement

If you are interested in determining whether fatigue causes a negative mood state you would need to conduct a(n): A)observational study. B) survey. C)interview. D)experiment.

D)experiment

experimental hypothesis

a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

Latin square design.

a counterbalancing strategy where each experimental condition appears at every position in the sequence order equally often.

extraneous variable

a factor other than the intended treatment that might change the outcome variable.

Covariation

when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable; part of determining causality.

Brendan wants to study the effectiveness of different relationship initiation strategies. Which of the following research scenarios has the best mundane realism? A) Placing participants in a speed-dating session B) Asking people to remember times in their past when another person used a pick-up line on them C) Having people predict how they might react to a set of pick-up lines

A) Placing participants in a speed-dating session

Which of the following is an appropriate topic for a two-group experimental design? A) How happiness relates to life satisfaction B) How the presence or absence of an attractive person impacts eating behavior C) How three different classroom interventions predict learning

B) How the presence or absence of an attractive person impacts eating behavior

What function does the confederate or accomplice serve in the study? A) This is a study participant who creates an outlier data point. B)This person helps the participant have a real experience by controlling variables that would otherwise perhaps influence the subject. C) This is a person sent into a study to create conflict. D) This is a person who guides the participants to the answers the researchers want.

B)This person helps the participant have a real experience by controlling variables that would otherwise perhaps influence the subject.

The dependent variable is defined as: A)he conditions that are out of the researcher's control. B)the outcome or the byproduct of the experiment or study. C)the variable that has influence on the outcome. D)any data point that is outside of the expected.

B)the outcome or the byproduct of the experiment or study.

What is it called when someone becomes so involved in the study that they are influenced by it? A) random assignment B)researcher notes C)experimental realism D)manipulation check

C) experimental realism

According to research on the prevalence of texting, _____ percent of students have used a cell phone during a test. A)95 B)92 C)31.5 D)10

D) 10

_____ is deterioration in quality of measurement due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study. A)Practice effect B)Sensitization effect C)Order effect D)Fatigue effect

D)Fatigue effect

A company designing a new website for its customers is deciding between 3 different user interfaces (UI). The company wants to select the UI that will make their users the happiest. The research department creates a multigroup design test, which includes asking the study participants (that have been randomly assigned to groups) to perform the same specific task on the website. The researchers would like to capture the happiness level and contentment of the users after completing the task. What would be considered the dependent variable? A)The different demographics of the people participating in the study. B)The variation between the user interfaces. C)The variation between the sizes of the user groups. D)The happiness and contentment level of the users.

D)The happiness and contentment level of the users.

matched-pair design

a design in which one creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait and then randomly assigns individuals in the pair to different groups.

multigroup design

an experimental design with three or more groups.

control group

any condition that serves as the comparison group in an experiment.

A(n) _____ is a self-report data collection strategy where individuals record their behaviors and associated feelings as they occur. baseline measurement behavioral diary attrition testing effect

behavioral diary

When the research study began six months ago the participants completed an online form. Recently, the research team developed an app that would deliver the survey via the app. All of the research participants are required to download the app. The advance in technology is meant to make reporting results easier for participants and collecting data more efficient for researchers. This study might have problems with internal validity due to: ttrition. testing effect. sampling bias. instrumentation.

instrumentation.

Darya is interested in the impact that real-life violence in the news has on people's inclination to help. She exposes half of her participants to news footage of riots and half of her participants to news footage about a waterskiing dog. She then measures helping by "accidentally" spilling a cup of pens and counting the number of pens that participants help her pick up. What is the independent variable in Darya's study? A) Violence B)The number of pens picked up C) Helping

A) Violence

Following the administration of the test, researchers want to ensure that the independent variables were significant enough to cause a noticeable or significant change in the dependent variable, or test outcome. For example, the Princess-and-the-Pea research team wants to see if frozen peas under a student's seat will negatively affect their test scores. Researchers place frozen peas under the seats of the students in the experimental group and leave the students in the control group alone. After the group of uncomfortable students and the group of comfortable students take their final exam, the researchers ask the study participants to rank their level of "discomfort" on a scale of 1-5, 1 being the most uncomfortable. This is an example of what? A) conducting a manipulation check B) identifying those study participants who were double-blind C) collecting demographic information from study participants D) performing dependent variable analysis

A) conducting a manipulation check

Donna is a very motivated student. In chemistry class she tunes out the lovers quarrel happening in the hallway, ignores text messages, and does not gaze out the window during lecture. To get the most out of her chemistry class Donna is practicing: A) selective attention. B)temporal precedence. C)covariation. D) internal validity.

A) selective attention.

Which of the following is NOT an important reason to minimize interactions between experiment participants? A) to control the outcome of the study B) to ensure the integrity of the data C)to not disclose the manipulation or variation D) to limit the influence participants have on each other, and maintain independence

A) to control the outcome of the study The researchers are not seeking to control the outcome of the study, but rather record the outcome of the study.

Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. What is an issue that the IRB might have with Preston's study? A)The study seems to involve more than minimal risk since exposure to 100 dB—the maximum level on many mp3 players—could damage one's hearing. B) Measuring biological factors, such as heart rate, is not allowed by the IRB in studies involving vulnerable populations. C) Because the study is on teenagers, the IRB will insist that parents do not need to give consent for participation.

A)The study seems to involve more than minimal risk since exposure to 100 dB—the maximum level on many mp3 players—could damage one's hearing.

What is meant by the term "study's power"? A)This is the study's ability to find differences between groups when there is a true difference to be found. B)This term refers to the validity of the research design. C)A study's power is a test of the strength of the hypothesis. D)This refers to the power of influence that the independent variables have on the dependent variables.

A)This is the study's ability to find differences between groups when there is a true difference to be found.

Jason and Meredith are conducting an experiment which involves three research groups and exposing each group to a different degree of light stimulus and recording the effect the stimulus has on their short-term memory. Before they can expose any of their participants to the independent variable, they must: A)have each participant complete an informed consent form. B)ensure their research study has been posted to the open science website. C)have each participant complete a survey about what their best guess is as to what the research is about. D)give each recipient payment for their time.

A)have each participant complete an informed consent form.

Darya is interested in the impact that real-life violence in the news has on people's inclination to help. She exposes half of her participants to news footage of riots and half of her participants to news footage about a water skiing dog. She then measures helping by "accidentally" spilling a cup of pens and counting the number of pens that participants help her pick up. In Darya's study, which group is the control group? A) the group that watched the footage of the riots B) the group that watched the footage of the water skiing dog C) There was no control group in Darya's study.

B) the group that watched the footage of the water skiing dog

Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. What is the independent variable in this study? A)10 minutes of exposure B)Noise C)Excitability

B)Noise

. Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. To test his hypothesis, Preston is most likely to use which of the following statistical analyses? A)Correlation B)One-way ANOVA C) t-test for independent means

B)One-way ANOVA

Researchers are testing the relationship between empathy and self-reward. The study participants are told that they can have a monetary reward if they agree to deliver a very mild shock, via a large red button sitting in front of them, to the person sitting on the other side of the divide. They are told that the person on the other side of the divide will receive the same monetary reward for receiving the shock. Each successive shock appears to increase in amplitude, causing the recipient to cry out more loudly in pain. Unbeknownst to the study participant, the individual on the other side is a research assistant and he is acting as if he is experiencing pain, but the electrical stimulus is fake. This would be an example of _____, which occurs when participants are deliberately given false information about some aspect of the research. A)false reporting B)deception C)false measures D)demand characteristics

B)deception

When the t-test for independent means was applied to the data, the p value was p = .12. What does this p value indicate about the research findings? A)A P value that low indicates that there was not enough evidence to suggest that there was a true difference between the two research groups. B) A P value in this range indicates that the students in the experimental group were negatively affected by the treatment. C) The P value of p = .12 indicates the difference between the test scores of those students in the experimental group and those in the control group was not significant and could be explained away by accident or chance. D) The P value is an indication that the research hypothesis was incorrect because it was so low.

C) The p value of p = .12 indicates the difference between the test scores of those students in the experimental group and those in the control group was not significant and could be explained away by accident or chance.

When we compare two groups to see if there is a statistical difference in the responses between the study groups, it is called an: A) irrelevant hypothesis. B) effect size measurement. C) independent samples t-test. D) accuracy check.

C) independent samples t-test

Darya is interested in the impact that real-life violence in the news has on people's inclination to help. She exposes half of her participants to news footage of riots and half of her participants to news footage about a waterskiing dog. She then measures helping by "accidentally" spilling a cup of pens and counting the number of pens that participants help her pick up. To test her hypothesis, Darya is most likely to use which of the following statistical analyses? A) Cronbach's alpha B) t-test for dependent means C) t-test for independent means

C) t-test for independent means

A study on the effect of temperature on mood requires study participants to complete a questionnaire to assess their mood and conduct a manipulation check. Which of the following is an example of a distractor? A)What would you estimate the temperature in this room to be?" B)"Would you say that this room is uncomfortably warm, warm, just right, cool or uncomfortably cool?" C)"What would you estimate the dimensions of this room are?" D)"What would you estimate the temperature outside to be?"

C)"What would you estimate the dimensions of this room are?"

A marketing firm is conducting a survey for a new catering company. They are looking at the relationship between packaging and perceived taste: they say people eat with their eyes before their taste-buds. They will be conducting a survey after the experiment to measure perception. Inadvertently, one of the research assistants wore a catchy t-shirt with the catering company's logo on it (his aunt just happened to work for the catering company). Which of the following could be problematic consequences of this scenario? A)The study participants may see the shirt and become hungry and therefore rush through the questionnaire and not give it the proper consideration. B)Factors such as environmental conditions or interactions with research support staff do not have influence on the dependent or independent variables. C)A study participant may guess what the point of the study is, due to some clues given through the self-assessment questionnaire and the shirt worn by the person administering the questionnaire, and give responses that are no longer spontaneous. D)The study participants may not even notice the shirt the person administering the questionnaire is wearing.

C)A study participant may guess what the point of the study is, due to some clues given through the self-assessment questionnaire and the shirt worn by the person administering the questionnaire, and give responses that are no longer spontaneous.

Enoch and Eli conduct an experiment to assess the relationship between two variables: room temperature and mood. However, they do NOT want the research subjects to know that the independent variable is the room temperature. However, they do want to know if the variation in temperature is even noticeable. They administer a short survey at the beginning of the study, with questions regarding the temperature in the room such as, "What would you estimate the temperature in the room to be?" They also included questions like, "What would you estimate the dimensions of this room to be?" Enoch and Eli used _____ to conceal the aim of their study. A)placebos B)demand characteristics C)distractor questions D)measures

C)distractor questions

Williams and Bargh (2008) examined whether a person holding a hot beverage cup rated a second person's personality more favorably. What was the general topic being tested by Williams and Bargh? A)how perceptions of smell influence behavior B)how surroundings of the environment influence people C)the influence of physical experiences on perceptions and attitudes D)perception of climate change

C)the influence of physical experiences on perceptions and attitudes

A demand characteristic is: A)when a participant looks to the researchers to give them nonverbal clues as to how they should respond to the research questions. B)when a study participant demands that they be included in a specific user group. C)when a study participant guesses what the point of the study is, due to some clues given through the self-assessment questionnaire or other data-gathering process, and gives responses that are no longer spontaneous. D)when a study participant tells the researchers what they think are socially acceptable or "right" answers.

C)when a study participant guesses what the point of the study is, due to some clues given through the self-assessment questionnaire or other data-gathering process, and gives responses that are no longer spontaneous.

A website designer must select from three different user interfaces (UI) for a company website. The company wants to select the UI that will make their users the happiest. The research department creates a multigroup design test, which includes asking the study participants (that have been randomly assigned to groups) to perform the same specific task on the website. Which method is best for capturing a participant's feelings or attitude? A)A lie detector test: If the participants are given a lie detector test, then they have to tell the truth. B)A performance task: If the individuals can perform a specific task, then it is reflective of their state of mind. C)Observation: If the participant is smiling, then it must have been a positive experience. D)A self-report: A good self-report asks multiple questions and is a good gauge of someone's attitude toward an issue.

D)A self-report: A good self-report asks multiple questions and is a good gauge of someone's attitude toward an issue.

A retail company is running an experiment on how in-store music influences the moods of shoppers. They play a selection of classical pieces for one group of shoppers. A second group shops to instrumental music, and a third group will have silence while they shop. At the end of the participants' shopping experience, a survey is administered to assess their mood. After the first series of surveys, the one-way ANOVA showed little to no variation between the groups. How could the researchers increase the study's power? A)The study's power would be increased by adding another variable to the experiment, such as lighting or smell. B)To increase this study's power, the researchers would need to add another group. C)A study's power is a test of the strength of the hypothesis, therefore they would need to write a stronger hypothesis. D)This study's power could be increased by making the contrast between the music styles more dramatic. For example, playing classical for one shopping group, and pop-rock for a different shopping group may increase the differences between groups.

D)This study's power could be increased by making the contrast between the music styles more dramatic. For example, playing classical for one shopping group, and pop-rock for a different shopping group may increase the differences between groups.

Whitmarsh (2008) examined whether a direct experience with an environmental event influenced perceptions of risk, specifically from environmental factors. Does the study by Whitmarsh (2008) relate to the research question "Can the experience of warmth lead you to consider climate change as more problematic, consequently influencing your attitudes and behaviors?" A) No, it is not a relevant study. Whitmarsh (2008) looked at perception of risk, not attitudes about global warming. B)No, the study is not relevant because the Whitmarsh (2008) study looked at flood victims, which is a very small sample size and much more extreme than simple hot and cold temperature change. C)No, the Whitmarsh (2008) study is not relevant because it was conducted more than 5 years ago. D)Yes, the study is relevant because Whitmarsh (2008) looked at a cause-and-effect relationship -- an immediate experience and its impact on attitudes and behaviors.

D)Yes, the study is relevant because Whitmarsh (2008) looked at a cause-and-effect relationship -- an immediate experience and its impact on attitudes and behaviors.

The research study in this chapter used a multigroup between-subjects experimental design. The stated reason for using this type of design was: A)this design proved to meet the research question and was the simplest to execute. B)a multigroup between-subjects design would allow them to compare more than one IV and several dependent variables at the same time. C)the researchers wanted to be able to include the independent variables at a cost-effective level, while not compromising the data. D)this design allowed researchers to test more than two groups in a single study. Having more groups helps to identify nonlinear relationships between variables and gives us a clearer picture of how the independent variables may influence the dependent variable.

D)this design allowed researchers to test more than two groups in a single study. Having more groups helps to identify nonlinear relationships between variables and gives us a clearer picture of how the independent variables may influence the dependent variable.

Descriptive:

Describes or summarizes what is happening in a meaningful way.

What is a benefit to addressing multiple questions in the same study? Addressing multiple questions in the same study will allow you to increase the scope of your experiment. It is more cost effective to address multiple questions in the same study. The increase in efficiency along with the opportunity to gain a richer understanding of the phenomena under investigation are benefits to addressing multiple questions in the same study. The more variables you have to study, the more statistically significant your results will be.

The increase in efficiency along with the opportunity to gain a richer understanding of the phenomena under investigation are benefits to addressing multiple questions in the same study.

A local mattress store tests several pillows to make sure they offer the very best. The store picks three of the best pillows on the market for the study. Using a within-subjects design, participants rate each pillow on several factors to eventually give each pillow an overall score. Which statistical test will determine if there is a significant difference in participants' ratings of the pillows? a repeated-measures analysis of variance or repeated-measures ANOVA post-hoc test Latin square design t-test for dependent means

a repeated-measures analysis of variance or repeated-measures ANOVA

repeated-measures analysis of variance (repeated-measures ANOVA)

a statistic used to test a hypothesis from a within-subjects design with three or more conditions.

effect size

a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between groups.

t-test for independent means

a statistical test comparing groups' means to see if the groups differ to a degree that could not have happened accidentally or by chance; also known as an INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST

chi-square test of independence

a statistical test in which both variables are categorical. This test generally examines if the distribution of participants across categories is different from what would happen if there were no difference between the groups.

one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA

a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.

power

a study's ability to find differences between groups when there is a real difference (i.e., when the null hypothesis is false); the probability that a study will yield significant results.

history

a threat to the internal validity of a study due to an external event potentially influencing participants' behavior during the study.

instrumentation

a threat to the internal validity of a study due to changes in how a variable is measured during the course of a study.

maturation.

a threat to the internal validity of a study stemming from either long-term or short-term physiological changes occurring within the participants that may influence the dependent variable.

confound

a variable that the researcher unintentionally varies along with the manipulation.

repeated-measures design

a within-subjects design where participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable and are measured on the dependent variable after each level; unlike the pretest-posttest design, there is no baseline measurement.

A cosmetics company is developing a new skincare line. They have 200 study participants who agreed to use the new skincare line every night for two months. At the end of each week the participants complete an online survey about their use of the product and their perception of their skin. Unfortunately, after the first week only 176 participants completed the survey. After the second week only 120 participants completed the survey. This study is suffering from: attrition. sampling bias. testing effect. instrumentation.

attrition.

practice effect

changes in a participant's responses or behavior due to increased experience with the measurement instrument, not the variable under investigation.

fatigue effect

deterioration in quality of measurements due to participants becoming tired, less attentive, or careless during the course of the study.

In order to test the hypothesis that the more sleep you get the night before a test, the better you do on the test, you will need to track the amount of sleep you get prior to taking a test. You will also need to ensure that standard conditions are set for each test day (i.e., same breakfast, same testing location, same study habits prior to test, etc.). Establishing these controls is meant to mitigate the effects of _____.

extraneous variables

An elementary school district has a new afterschool program that is designed to help kids improve in academics. The first class of students is enrolled in the program. At the end of the first quarter, the students are given an exam and a survey. At the end of the second and third quarters respectively, the students are also given an exam and a survey. The researchers find that the activities that were effective for the students at the beginning of the year do not seem to be having the same efficacy. Even getting the students to fill out the survey is becoming more of a challenge. This change could be due to: maturation. testing effect. history. attrition.

maturation.

Leslie has developed a super-charged bubble gum that is supposed to give users an energy boost after chewing it for just 30 minutes. Leslie decides to conduct a research study to test his gum and he gets 50 participants for his study. He gives each participant an energy survey before having them chew the gum for 30 minutes. Afterwards he administers a second energy survey. He wants to see if the participants' scores between the pretest and posttest were significantly different. Which statistic would he use to find out if the difference was statistically significant? a repeated-measures analysis of variance post-hoc test Latin square design t-test for dependent means

t-test for dependent means

independence

the assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point.

experimental realism

the degree to which a study participant becomes engrossed in the manipulation and truly influenced by it.

The Randolph Research Center, located in New York City, was hired to conduct a longitudinal study for a prominent cosmetic company. They had 300 participants testing a skin care regimen over a 6-month period. The test started in July of 2001. On September 11, 2001, the attacks in New York City occurred. Though their offices were not directly affected by the activities, the Randolph Research Center decided to scrap the cosmetic study and start anew at a later time. What threat to internal validity would have led to this decision? threat of attrition threat of history threat of maturation testing effect

threat of history