PSY 338
In a recent study of US female veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, about --- had experienced sexual harassment
35%
In studies of attempts by young women to control their weight, one survey found that approximately--- percent of a sample of U.S. college women reported using unhealthy weight control methods
60
research suggests that ---, of female college students do not label themselves as feminist, even though they support many goals of the feminist movement
77%
Women have a life expectancy of --- years or more in developed countries such as australia, canada, japan, and italy
80
Based on the expansion hypothesis, which of the following is true?
A woman who takes on multiple roles will feel greater self-esteem and increased sense of mastery.
When women and men are instructed to work on a task and then assign themselves fair pay for their performance, women
ANSWER IS NOT assign themselves about the same level of pay as men do
According to Nancy Chodoron and other gynocentric psychoanalytic theorists, males have difficulty forming a masculine identity because boyds
ANSWER IS NOT none of the above
Which of the following has been found by researchers studying racial differences in female friendships in the United States?
ANSWER IS NOT none of the above
Ellyn Kaschak argues that in a patriarchal family the daughter's early attachment to the mother is intertwined with learning that men are central and women are secondary. Kaschak labeled this the
ANSWER IS NOT odeipal complex
According to Alice Eagly's theory
ANSWER IS NOT women and men, having been assigned to different occupational roles, tend to learn and emphasize the same qualities and skills because those qualities are necessary to perform the roles successfully
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of the Title IX legislation?
About 50% of the total money spent on athletics in colleges is spent on women.
Research on social interactions between African American men and women suggest greater gender equality. This appears to be due to
African American women's tendency to be active and assertive
The trend toward large-scale sex surveys was begun by __________ and colleagues in the 1940s
Alfred Kinsey
According to the class physical health survey results, which of the following groups had the highest rates of physical activity?
Black men
Child A and Child B are both girls who are standing near each other in a kindergarten classroom and Child A wants the toy that Child B currently has. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression in this situation?
Child A says she will not invite Child B to her party if she will not share.
A secret language that could be written and read only by women flourished for nearly a thousand years in one province of
China
Which of the following statements reflects findings that indicate women's sexuality may be more fluid than men's sexuality?
Compared to men, women's sexual behaviors and attitudes are affected more by factors such as education and religion.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
ERT increases the risk of endometrial cancer
Which of the following statements regarding gender and math abilities is true?
Girls may have higher trait anxiety about math, but not higher state anxiety, than boys.
Troubled family relationships and a history of being teased are examples of what category of reasons for why someone may develop an eating disorder?
Interpersonal factors
According to information from class, people from which country exhibit the largest personal space?
Japan
Researchers who wanted to know if the findings of correlations between moods and menstrual cycle phase would change if they asked different questions designed the ---- to find out
Menstrual Joy Questionnaire
Which of the following is true about the social context of motherhood in North America?
Mothers are supposed to be warm, nurturing, and selfless.
According to statistics from 2012 and 2013, midwives delivered ___% of babies born in England and ___% of babies born in the United States.
NOT 21; 10
A study on the use of professional titles was described in class. The results from the study indicated that
NOT RIGHT ANSWER all of the above
Women's tendency to form intimate friendships and men's tendency to form less intimate friendships can be explained partly by opportunity factors. Such factors would include all of the following EXCEPT
NOT RIGHT ANSWER the fact that women have less leisure time than men do
In what country were women prohibited from working outside the home in recent years?
NOT Saudi Arabia
With respect to cultural attitudes toward female beauty, it has generally been observed that ___________ societies seem to impose thinness on women as a standard of beauty, whereas ___________ societies often link fatness with beauty.
NOT Western; Eastern
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the findings of research on gender and aggression?
NOT Women are as likely as men to say that they have aggressed physically against a spouse or dating partner.
Dr. Jones is a feminist researcher and is very concerned about "context stripping." Which research study below best represents the type of research study she might conduct?
NOT a study that examines the prevalence of domestic violence without examining other factors such as gender, race, socioeconomic status, gender attitudes, community relationships with police officers, community services available for victims
Which of the following is the best estimate of the proportion of families in North America that are headed by single mothers?
NOT about 10 percent
The researchers who developed the Schedule of Sexist Events found that
NOT about 50 percent of the U.S. women they sampled had experienced a sexist event at least once in their lives.
In the American Association of University Women survey of pre-adolescents and adolescents, low self-esteem during _____________ was most striking among ________________ girls and least obvious among _____________ girls.
NOT adolescence; European-American; African-American
In terms of paid employment, in the developing world, more than half the world's working women are employed in _________ jobs.
NOT agricultural
A reference group is
NOT all of the above
Based on information from class, which of the following statements is true?
NOT all of the above
In the first six weeks after conception-during typical prenatal development- males and females differ in their
NOT all of the above
For a therapist, being culturally sensitive and competent in therapy always includes
NOT being able to examine pathology without being influenced by cultural context
Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation given for the trend of earlier puberty in girls?
NOT byproducts of cosmetics and plastics
The fastest-growing segment of the population in the United States and other developed countries is
NOT children
With respect to the link between watching television and accepting gender stereotypes, research shows that
NOT children who watch a lot of television generally learn to be critical of gender stereotypes.
The research on gender comparisons regarding casual sex indicated that
NOT compared to female proposers male proposers were perceived to be more dangerous but just as likely to provide sexual satisfaction
In examining the importance of ethnicity and race in depression, at least in western industrialized nations, there is--- the typical gender differences in depression
NOT definite evidence that ethnicity significantly changes
Warnings about the discomforts of menopause include all of the following EXCEPT
NOT depression
The question of whether women should work outside the home is
NOT equally relevant to women all over the world.
An example of occupational segregation would be that
NOT even when men and women work at the same job, they tend to socialize with individuals of their own gender.
Some researchers argue that African-American girls may protect their self-esteem by
NOT focusing on receiving teacher approval by being compliant, well-behaved, and nice.
When Helen Thompson administered a battery of tests to 25 men and 25 women at the University of Chicago in 1903, she
NOT found large differences between women and men on most tests
The process of change in which women are making incursions into formerly male-dominated occupations
NOT has occurred more quickly in blue collar occupations than in professional and managerial occupations.
when therapists or doctors address the question of sexuality for a disabled woman they are most likely to focus on
NOT her ability become pregnant
when women and men report on their experience of orgasm experts such as physicians and psychologists could
NOT identify a ----that were unique to women's reported experience of orgasm
we discussed research in class regarding gender comparisons in the number of sex partners people report having . what did this research indicate?
NOT it may be more prestigious for men than for women to report having many sex partners
The values associated with a task are important to whether a person will work hard to accomplish it. One value that has been shown to be an excellent predictor of occupational plans among young women with high confidence in their math and science ability is the importance of
NOT making a good income.
According to a study mentioned in class on sympathy toward people with psychological problems, people were more likely to help a
NOT man with alcoholism and a woman with depression
Women's friendships provide important support in the face of many pressures that tend to make life difficult. However, some authors have argued that such friendships can also be bad for women because they do all of the following EXCEPT
NOT may help to keep unsatisfactory or oppressive marriages intact NOT may support women's weaknesses rather than their strengths
Studies of the topics of conversation among women and men indicate that
NOT men spend the most time talking about work and money, whereas women spend most time talking about relationships
In a recent survey of United States women, respondents reported that it was
NOT more important to have a mate who can make a good living than communicate feelings.
In female embryos, once the ovaries begin to secrete hormones
NOT none of the above
People who cannot be clearly classified as female or male
NOT none of the above
Children sometimes behave in a way that is more typical of the other gender. How do other children react to this child's nontraditional behavior?
NOT nontraditional gender behavior in peers is only a problem in high school not elementary school
The process of communication creates and sustains gender because the way we communicate reflects all of the following EXCEPT
NOT patterns of male talking and female listening
Higher levels of sexual prejudice are associated with
NOT perceived unwanted sexual interest
Defining women at midlife in terms of __________ and __________ represents a sexist approach to middle age for women.
NOT pre-menopausal; post-menopausal
the statement same sex sexual Behavior may build alliances among humans best fits with which view of sexual orientation?
NOT social
Studies suggest that AA girls
NOT speak up in class less often than European girls
A researcher gives a test of color vision to a group of males and a group of females. The average score for the females is significantly better than the average score for the males. If she has examined the way the scores are distributed in the two groups, she should probably phrase her conclusion as
NOT the average woman sees color better than the average man.
Based on the research regarding the self-silencing theory of depression, which of the following is TRUE?
NOT there was a consistent significant link between self-silencing and depression for African-American women students
The first African American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was
Ruth Howard
Which of the following is cited in the text as evidence that the absence of women from the highest achieving groups in mathematics is not inevitable?
WRONG ANSWER: a number of women have actually won the nobel piece in mathematics
The percentage of 15 to 17 year old girls not in school exceeded the percentage of boys not in school in which of the following regions of the world?
Western Asia and Northern Africa
A psychology professor is conducting research on the normative male. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for this research?
When people hear a word as "student" or "citizen", do they think about men more often than women.
In human cells, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, is
XY for males, XX for females
in womens and mens motivations for sex a strong double standard can be seen at work in that
a good woman waits to be pursued and dose not take the sexual initiative
A curandera is
a latin america healer who believes that healing is a special calling
A schema is
a mental framework that organizes incoming information.
The very first laboratory study of human sexual arousal and orgasm, reported in human sexual response based its findings on
a participants, particularly women, who were probably atypical in regard to masturbation and orgasm
In a medical model of sexuality, a woman's ability to reach orgasm consistently is viewed as
a sign of health.
According to a meta-analysis by Petersen and Hyde (2010) that was mentioned in class, the effect size for the finding that women are more likely than men to believe that sex should occur in a committed relationship was -.18. This suggests that gender has ________ on this attitude.
a small effect.
Feminist therapics go beyond nonexistent therapy in that they
acknowledge the harm to women living in sexist, racist, and oppressive conditions
A study on French students' math performances was discussed in class. This study found that girls perform best
after seeing a hardworking role model
the trend toward large-scale sex surveys was begun by --- and colleague in the 1940s
alfred kinsey
According to Dr. Kuhlman, which of the following are among the reasons that girls drop out of sports?
all of the above
Barriers faced by women in a variety of cultures have included
all of the above
Factors that improve psychological health include
all of the above
Muslim ideology holds that
all of the above
Which of the following can help a person be healthy at older ages?
all of the above
critics of the model of human sexuality portrayed in human sexual response have assailed the models omission of
all of the above
which of the following is true regarding attendance?
all of the above
According to Dr. Kuhlman, which the following are among the reasons that girls drop out of sports?
all of the above: fear of failure, abusive coach, over emphasis on winning
Marisa has not had a menstrual period for several months. She may be experiencing
amenorrhea
Amelia Edwards was
an Englishwoman who traveled through the Dolomites
In the class discussion of sexual orientation it was mentioned that,
an asexual orientation is less common than a bisexual orientation.
It is difficult to interpret gender differences in speech styles and other aspects of communication without
an awareness of the cultural context in which the patterns appear
An obsession with thinness leading to distorted body image that results in self-starvation is the defining characteristic of
anorexia nervosa
People with 5-alpha-reductase syndrome
appear female at birth but then begin to grow a penis and testicles at puberty.
In examining the importance of the feminine role hypothesis, it is important to keep in mind that African American women
are socialized in ways that may not be equivalent to European American women
Masters and Johnson's research found that women's orgasms
arise mainly from clitoral stimulation.
Worldwide, women do ---- of the domestic work
between 60 and almost 90%
In the 2014 National Survey of Family Growth, the most common method of contraception used was
birth control pills
Negative reactions to women as leaders stem from
both a and b perceptions of women being weak and warm and caring
Theorists who have developed the notion of self-in-relation argue that
both developing independence and connections with others are important in identity development.
the research on gender comparisons regarding casual sex indicated that
both women and men were more likely to accept a sexual proposal from an attractive celebrity than an unattractive celebrity
The theory of group socialization postulates that the child is socialized mainly
by identifying with her peer group and taking on that group's norms for attitudes and behavior.
Transgender people
can be of any sexual orientation
Positive attitudes toward aging
can improve both memory and physical health.
One of the health problems that pap smear tests for
cervical cancer
When discussing gender differences in athletes, Dr Kuhlaman mentioned the "four C's". These four C's stand for
chemistry, coachability, confidence, and criticism
Gender prejudice refers to the observation that
children tend to be prejudiced against the other gender during elementary school.
Research on children from Indian families in Peru indicates that
cognitive performance differences are related to the privileged status of boys
A feeling of dissasitifaction due to perceived inequities between one's own group and a more advantaged group is known as
collective relative deprivation
For young Latinas, one positive aspect of the sexual norms of their communities may be
cultural and community pride and self-respect.
Expecting menopause to be traumatic and disabling, expecting that beauty can only be youthful, and subsequently experiencing these expectations to be true and depressing reflects the power of _______________ on the experiences of aging.
cultural scripts and myths
Which of the following is NOT true of the ways in which women's friendships tend to change over the course of their lives?
dating or marriage often enhances women's friendships with other women
Researchers John Barghh and Paula Raymond have shown that men who score higher on a measure of liklihood to sexually harass are also more likely than other men to
demonstrate an automatic mental association between power and sexuality
having a body that is classified as female or male can have the following implications, depending on one's culture:
determines what kinds of behaviors are deemed acceptable
What publication is used for the diagnosis of mental illness in the u.s.?
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
A(n) _______ influence strategy is one that is clear and open.
direct
Bob walks out whenever he and his partner have an argument. Based on the work by Howard and her colleagues, Bob is using which of the following influence tactics?
disengagement
To say that gender is "socially constructed" means that
each society makes up its own set of rules about what it means to be a woman or a man
A student who says they did well on a test because they worked hard is using which attribution?
effort
Which of the following statements about household work is correct?
egalitarian sharing of childcare may lead to healthier children and higher rates of marital sex
Some research shows that African-American women show less verbal and nonverbal deference to men than European-American women do. This means that
either or both a and b may be true
A dimension on which parents clearly treat their daughters and sons differently is the
encouragement of gender-typed activities
summarizing recent sex surveys women
engage in a lot of partnered sex without reaching orgasm
Sex hormones secreted by the gonads include all of the following EXCEPT
epinephrine
according to the social cognitive approach to stereotypes, people may have a tendency toward gender polarization. This means they
exaggerate the similarities within each gender and the difference between genders.
Researchers who have studied the impact of the physician's gender on patient interactions have found that
female physicians spend more time with patients than male physicians do
Which of the following would you be MOST likely to see?
female sitting with her arms and hands close to her body
According to the study mentioned in class on the potrayal of girls and women in g rated movies
females are more likely than males to be portrayed as smart and good
The theory of parental investment originally suggested that females and males have evolved to emphasize different behaviors because
females have to devote more time and energy to each offspring than males do
Witkin and others studying performance on the Rod and Frame test concluded that women were more ________________________ than were men.
field dependent (influenced by context)
Research on women's friendships with other women has shown that
for centuries, women have formed passionate, close friendships
Studies that ask respondents to evaluate the quality of a particular piece of work, such as a research article or a painting, have
frequently found that the same piece of work is evaluated less favorably when it is attributed to a woman than when it is attributed to a man.
Researchers who have studied parents' reactions to their children have found that
from the first day after birth, North American parents view their female infants as more delicate and softer than their male infants.
In a study by Butler and Geis, female and male confederates were trained to try to become leaders in mixed-gender four-person groups. Although both females and males used the same scripts and followed similar tactics in trying to gain leadership, the men were more successful. The researchers who observed the process found that group members discouraged female leaders by
frowning when the leaders spoke.
With respect to gender, essentialism refers to the view that
gender is something that lies within the individual.
The set of behaviors culturally defined as appropriate for one's sex is known as
gender role
---- is related to social expectations associated with masculinity and femininity and _____ is related to biological and anatomical distinctions between women and men.
gender, sex
The apparent reason for female difficulties with self-esteem, confidence, and entitlement in certain cultures is that
girls are adapting to a set of cultural messages that they are valued less than boys
In childhood,
girls describe relationships as providing more validation, companionship, and intimate exchange than boys
According to information collected by the Pew Research Center (2017) regarding support for same-gender marriage, support
has increased in all age groups since 2001.
with respect to some non western countries lesbian relationships
have been defined as a crime, subject to imprisonment in countries such as china
a person's sexual orientation refers part to
her choice of sexual partners
Visual dominance is when
high powered people look at subordinates when speaking, but not listening
John believes that women shouldn't be hired as accountants because they are not skilled in mathematics as men and make poor long-term employees because they will quit as soon as they get married and have children. John is exhibiting
hostile sexism
A constellation of attitudes that involves dominance-oriented paternalism; the belief that women are inferior; and contemptuous, dominance-oriented heterosexuality is known as
hostile sexism.
Studies of gender differences in aggression show that
if people are provoked, gender differences in aggression are minimal.
Karen Horney criticized Sigmund Freud's theory on the basis that he had
ignored the possibility of male envy of the female womb and breasts
With regard to women receiving professional degrees, there have been---- in medicine, ---- in law, and ---- in dentistry, since the 1970s
increases, increases, increases
Chris drops hints and asks leading questions when trying to influence his partner. Chris is using a(n) ____________ influence strategy.
indirect
Stereotype threat refers to a situation in which
individuals are aware that they may be judged by or may self-fulfill negative stereotypes about their group.
Ellen Kaschak argues that for men in a patriarchal society, easy experience teaches them to regard females as extensions of themselves. She labels this feeling as
infantile grandiosity
A child's behavior elicits reactions from others that promote the original behavior. For example, a hostile child elicits hostile reactions, which in turn promote more hostility in the child. This is known as
interactional continuity
when explaining the actions of others, we tend to assume that their actions stem from ----. Where when explaining our own actions, we tend to focus more on ---.
internal factors, external factors
During prenatal sexual differentiation, the Wolffian ducts eventually develop into male ---- genitals and the Mullerian ducts eventually develop into female ---- genitals
internal; internal
According to social learning theory, a child's gender identity and role are learned through all of the following except:
intra psychic unconscious drives
sexual stimulation is necessary for women's enjoyment of heterosexual intercourse because
it causes the vagina to become lubricated
All of the following statements are true regarding testicular cancer Except:
it is more common in black men than white men
Research on tuberculosis shows that
it is now a leading cause of death for young women in many parts of the world
Including PMDD (premenstrual phase dysphoric disorder) in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-V, was done over the objections of some feminist psychologists, who argued
it turns women's normal physiological processes into a source of pahtology
Western industrialized societies have generally refused to accept or institutionalize a "third gender" category because
it would threaten the ability to categorize every person neatly as female or male
assessing sexual orientation by asking about past, current, and ideal behaviors and preferences fits best with which model of sexual orientation?
kinseys scale
Which of the following terms is a metaphor for the situation where a woman encounters many difficulties when trying to become promoted?
labyrinth
In terms of the "matrix of tensions" surrounding motherhood, the tension in which mothers sometimes feel rage and violent urges toward their children, yet must reconcile these feelings with love for, and tending and raising of, their children is known as
life destruction vs. life promotion.
Sigmund Freud's theory had a big impact on psychology's views of women through its argument that from a very early age,
little girls inevitably learn to feel inferior to and envious of males
The type of cancer that is most likely to kill north american women is
lung cancer
the knowledge that a woman performs a role that is considered feminine, such as managing the house and caring for children, is likely to
make people think that she is likely to show feminine stereotyped traits such as emotionalist
which of the following contraceptives has the lowest failure rate
male condom
Research on speaking styles has found that
males use more contentious language than girls and women do
All of the following statements about masturbation are true except:
masturbation tends to be more common among black people than among white people
In the American Association of University Women survey of pre adolescents and adolescents, a gender gap in confidence was most noticeable in
mathematics and science
Studies of identical and fraternal twins indicate that genetics
may account for more than half of a woman's vulnerability to severe alcoholism
Research on the relation between viewing media violence (e.g., TV, movies, video games, computer games) and aggression has shown that viewing media violence
may decrease prosocial behavior and empathy in people.
The relational aggression often observed among girls
may involve withdrawal of friendship.
In general, we know less about women than we do about men because
men have had more power than women and have been able to define truth
For women in the workplace, the formation of friendships with male colleagues is often difficult because
men often exclude women from their social networks on the job
Regarding gender and interruptions,
men tend to engage in more intrusive interruptions than women
Based on the meta analyses by Linn and Pereron (1985) and subsequent paper and pencil assessments, which of the following types of visual spatial performances show the largest reliable gender differences?
mental rotation
Anemia, a deficiency of red blood cells often resulting from inadequate nutrition, is
more common among pregnant than nonpregnant women.
Poverty is
more common among women than men in virtually every country of the world
The results on gender comparisons for general intelligence indicate that
more males than females are found at the lower and higher ends of the distribution of scores
Based on objectification theory, what is Sally likely to feel when preparing for a date with Bob versus a night out with her girlfriends?
more shame and anxiety about her body
European-American women smile
more than men do
According to a study on female and male job applicants that was discussed in class
mothers were rated as less competent than nonmothers
Some researchers combine the responses of similar individuals in order to make summary statements about groups and/or compare one group with another. This approach is known as the ________ approach.
nomothetic
A researcher finds a correlation between viewing violent media and aggression. What can they conclude from these findings?
none of the above
When women and men report on their experience of orgasm, experts such as physicians and psychologists could
not reliably distinguish which reports were from women and which were from men.
Access discrimination may involve
offering women applicants less attractive positions.
Dysmenorrhea is
painful cramps in the abdominal region as well as other pain accompanying menstruation
Among the social factors that may affect gender differences in mathematics performance are that
parents expect and credit sons with more mathematical talent than they do daughters
According to Sternberg's Triangle Model of love, consummate love consists of
passion, intimacy, and commitment
Patterns of communication and relationship formation are gendered because of all of the following EXCEPT
patterns of communication that are gendered mainly because women and men are essentially different in a number of ways
The notion that women and men should be paid equally for the same work is called
pay equity
Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is
prohibited in Canada by federal law.
The psychologist Mamie Clark is known for
research on the effects of racism on Black children's development
The argument that research should be "reflexive" means that
researchers should try to be aware of the ways their identities influence their work and how their work influences their identities.
Researchers find that African-American girls often show more willingness than European-American girls to speak up in the classroom. They suggest that this is because African-American girls
resist being silenced.
Based on information presented in class,
sexual attraction and romantic attraction are not necessarily the same thing.
Research on the representation of female characters in disney movies from 1937 to 2013 demonstrated that the percentage of compliments on
skills have increased and compliments on appearance have decreased
The term queer refers to
someone who may not use a specific gender or sexual identity to define who they are
In a visual spatial task, Stephanie is asked to make time of arrival judgments about a moving object. This is an example of
spatiotemporal ability
Studies of mental illness and health in African contexts has found that
spiritual dimensions are important when assessing mental health in African cultures
which of the following statements about stereotype threat is false?
stereotype threat has only been demonstrated in the U.S.
Studies on heart disease and osteoporosis comparing North American women with women in Japan and China
suggest that dietary differences among countries may provide clues to preventing these diseases.
Some researchers have found that women are often more likely than men to use qualifiers and to end their assertions with ------- in order to elicit signs of attention and agreement
tag questions
A central theme in North American girls' and women's friendship is
talking and self-disclosure
Studies of the way teachers treat children in the classroom show that
teachers pay more attention to boys
The Spanish theorist Juan Harte argued in the 16th century that the ---- maintained the heat and dryness of spirit necessary for intelligence
testicles
One economic factor that affects women's retirement is
that nearly half of all women have spent their lives working in low-paid jobs without pensions.
The stress hypothesis seeks to explain gender differences in depression based on research showing all of the following EXCEPT
that women experience more stressful life events than men do
Menopause is defined as
the cessation of menstrual periods.
Theorists have suggested that the explanation for the female preponderance among people with agoraphobia lies mainly with
the feminine role
The highly mathematically talented boys and girls in Bunbow and Stanleys research were followed into adulthood to see which career paths they chose. Results showed that
the girls were much more likely than the boys to grow up to be homemakers or health care workers
According to 2016 statistics on enrollment in U.S. universities
the majority of students were women
Comparative research across cultures has shown that
the more gender equality in a society, the less preference women show for men with lots of resources
The practice of female genital mutilation is based on the belief that
the procedure dampens the sex drive, protecting the woman from temptation and disgrace
In the study of 2,500 latino women and men the central barrier to safer was risky sex for the women with men partners was
the role of gender norms and female powerlessness in convincing men to use condoms
With respect to samples of individuals being studied, a basic principle of the scientific approach to research is that
the sample studied should be as representative as possible of the population in which the researcher is interested.
Reproductive fitness means
the survival of an organisms own genes
Noncontroversial recommendations to improve the odds against osteoporosis include all of the following EXCEPT
the use of estrogen replacement drugs
When Australian scholar Dale Spender tape recorded a series of conversations between male and female academics at her university, she found that
the women's share of the conversational time was always shorter than the man's
The results of studies of gender differences in verbal performance can be summarized as follows
there are consistent gender differences on some types of verbal tasks, but many types of verbal performances show no differences
Research on the coming-out process among lesbians suggests that
there is a great deal of diversity in the ways women develop lesbian identities
Research on university students in Spain showed that contrast to students in the United States,
there was no gender difference in the estimated likelihood of achieving a powerful position
Studies on the use of "he" and "man" as generic terms show that
these terms are likely to make listeners think of men rather than people
Studies show that, on average, when women work outside the home,
these women still do most of the domestic work in their households.
In Niobe Way's study of urban adolescent girls, she found that these girls were outspoken with others because
they were resisting attacks on their self-esteem that were present in their environment.
In North America, people tend to--- in a status hierarachy
touch downward
From what you know about gender differences in the use of personal space in the united states, which of the following would you be least likely to see?
two men sitting close to each other
which of the following is not a part of the external genitals in women?
vagina
According to the class physical health survey results, women were more likely than men to
wear a seatbelt
In which of the following conditions would you expect to find gender differences in people's explanations for their own success?
when performing a task that is stereo-typically masculine
When public discussions focus on women, the prototypical woman is often assumed to be
white
In a study of the use of drugs and alcohol among a multiethnic u.s. sample of urban girls in the seventh to ninth grades,-- girls were significantly more likely than --- girls to use alcohol and other drugs, and the two groups reported using marijuana at --- rates
white, black, almost equal
Studies in the u.s. show that women make up the majority of the eating disorder cases and that the most typical sufferer is ----- and under the age of ---
white, middle-class, 25
No matter what country the research statistics are from, the pattern is consistent:
women are less likely than men to use and abuse illegal drugs
Masters and johnson found that with regard to physiological sexual arousal
women are more likely than men to have multiple orgasms
A study that was mentioned in class found that when under stress
women decrease risk taking behavior and men increase risk taking behaviors
Studies of the division of labor within U.S. households have shown that
women do more housework than men do in every type of family living situation.
Dr Gonzalez conducts an experiment in which male and female students are approached at a party and asked if they would be interested in having sex. More males than females say yes. He concludes that males have stronger sexual desires than females do. This conclusion is doubtful because
women have learned to be more wary than men of strangers offering sex
Studies of how women and men spend their time show that, in most of the world,
women spend more hours a week working than men do.
Research on computer-mediated communication suggests that
women tend to be more self-disclosing than men
Stress among employed women comes from all of the following except
women's lack of skill as paid workers and over involvement in work decisions related to their jobs
In class we discussed a study in which students worked on a series of cognitive tasks and then received either positive or negative comments about their performance. The results of this research indicated that
women's self-confidence showed significant increases after positive comments and significant decreases after negative comments.