PSY 338

In a recent study of US female veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, about --- had experienced sexual harassment

35%

In studies of attempts by young women to control their weight, one survey found that approximately--- percent of a sample of U.S. college women reported using unhealthy weight control methods

60

research suggests that ---, of female college students do not label themselves as feminist, even though they support many goals of the feminist movement

77%

Women have a life expectancy of --- years or more in developed countries such as australia, canada, japan, and italy

80

Based on the expansion hypothesis, which of the following is true?

A woman who takes on multiple roles will feel greater self-esteem and increased sense of mastery.

When women and men are instructed to work on a task and then assign themselves fair pay for their performance, women

ANSWER IS NOT assign themselves about the same level of pay as men do

According to Nancy Chodoron and other gynocentric psychoanalytic theorists, males have difficulty forming a masculine identity because boyds

ANSWER IS NOT none of the above

Which of the following has been found by researchers studying racial differences in female friendships in the United States?

ANSWER IS NOT none of the above

Ellyn Kaschak argues that in a patriarchal family the daughter's early attachment to the mother is intertwined with learning that men are central and women are secondary. Kaschak labeled this the

ANSWER IS NOT odeipal complex

According to Alice Eagly's theory

ANSWER IS NOT women and men, having been assigned to different occupational roles, tend to learn and emphasize the same qualities and skills because those qualities are necessary to perform the roles successfully

Which of the following is NOT an outcome of the Title IX legislation?

About 50% of the total money spent on athletics in colleges is spent on women.

Research on social interactions between African American men and women suggest greater gender equality. This appears to be due to

African American women's tendency to be active and assertive

The trend toward large-scale sex surveys was begun by __________ and colleagues in the 1940s

Alfred Kinsey

According to the class physical health survey results, which of the following groups had the highest rates of physical activity?

Black men

Child A and Child B are both girls who are standing near each other in a kindergarten classroom and Child A wants the toy that Child B currently has. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression in this situation?

Child A says she will not invite Child B to her party if she will not share.

A secret language that could be written and read only by women flourished for nearly a thousand years in one province of

China

Which of the following statements reflects findings that indicate women's sexuality may be more fluid than men's sexuality?

Compared to men, women's sexual behaviors and attitudes are affected more by factors such as education and religion.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

ERT increases the risk of endometrial cancer

Which of the following statements regarding gender and math abilities is true?

Girls may have higher trait anxiety about math, but not higher state anxiety, than boys.

Troubled family relationships and a history of being teased are examples of what category of reasons for why someone may develop an eating disorder?

Interpersonal factors

According to information from class, people from which country exhibit the largest personal space?

Japan

Researchers who wanted to know if the findings of correlations between moods and menstrual cycle phase would change if they asked different questions designed the ---- to find out

Menstrual Joy Questionnaire

Which of the following is true about the social context of motherhood in North America?

Mothers are supposed to be warm, nurturing, and selfless.

According to statistics from 2012 and 2013, midwives delivered ___% of babies born in England and ___% of babies born in the United States.

NOT 21; 10

A study on the use of professional titles was described in class. The results from the study indicated that

NOT RIGHT ANSWER all of the above

Women's tendency to form intimate friendships and men's tendency to form less intimate friendships can be explained partly by opportunity factors. Such factors would include all of the following EXCEPT

NOT RIGHT ANSWER the fact that women have less leisure time than men do

In what country were women prohibited from working outside the home in recent years?

NOT Saudi Arabia

With respect to cultural attitudes toward female beauty, it has generally been observed that ___________ societies seem to impose thinness on women as a standard of beauty, whereas ___________ societies often link fatness with beauty.

NOT Western; Eastern

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the findings of research on gender and aggression?

NOT Women are as likely as men to say that they have aggressed physically against a spouse or dating partner.

Dr. Jones is a feminist researcher and is very concerned about "context stripping." Which research study below best represents the type of research study she might conduct?

NOT a study that examines the prevalence of domestic violence without examining other factors such as gender, race, socioeconomic status, gender attitudes, community relationships with police officers, community services available for victims

Which of the following is the best estimate of the proportion of families in North America that are headed by single mothers?

NOT about 10 percent

The researchers who developed the Schedule of Sexist Events found that

NOT about 50 percent of the U.S. women they sampled had experienced a sexist event at least once in their lives.

In the American Association of University Women survey of pre-adolescents and adolescents, low self-esteem during _____________ was most striking among ________________ girls and least obvious among _____________ girls.

NOT adolescence; European-American; African-American

In terms of paid employment, in the developing world, more than half the world's working women are employed in _________ jobs.

NOT agricultural

A reference group is

NOT all of the above

Based on information from class, which of the following statements is true?

NOT all of the above

In the first six weeks after conception-during typical prenatal development- males and females differ in their

NOT all of the above

For a therapist, being culturally sensitive and competent in therapy always includes

NOT being able to examine pathology without being influenced by cultural context

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation given for the trend of earlier puberty in girls?

NOT byproducts of cosmetics and plastics

The fastest-growing segment of the population in the United States and other developed countries is

NOT children

With respect to the link between watching television and accepting gender stereotypes, research shows that

NOT children who watch a lot of television generally learn to be critical of gender stereotypes.

The research on gender comparisons regarding casual sex indicated that

NOT compared to female proposers male proposers were perceived to be more dangerous but just as likely to provide sexual satisfaction

In examining the importance of ethnicity and race in depression, at least in western industrialized nations, there is--- the typical gender differences in depression

NOT definite evidence that ethnicity significantly changes

Warnings about the discomforts of menopause include all of the following EXCEPT

NOT depression

The question of whether women should work outside the home is

NOT equally relevant to women all over the world.

An example of occupational segregation would be that

NOT even when men and women work at the same job, they tend to socialize with individuals of their own gender.

Some researchers argue that African-American girls may protect their self-esteem by

NOT focusing on receiving teacher approval by being compliant, well-behaved, and nice.

When Helen Thompson administered a battery of tests to 25 men and 25 women at the University of Chicago in 1903, she

NOT found large differences between women and men on most tests

The process of change in which women are making incursions into formerly male-dominated occupations

NOT has occurred more quickly in blue collar occupations than in professional and managerial occupations.

when therapists or doctors address the question of sexuality for a disabled woman they are most likely to focus on

NOT her ability become pregnant

when women and men report on their experience of orgasm experts such as physicians and psychologists could

NOT identify a ----that were unique to women's reported experience of orgasm

we discussed research in class regarding gender comparisons in the number of sex partners people report having . what did this research indicate?

NOT it may be more prestigious for men than for women to report having many sex partners

The values associated with a task are important to whether a person will work hard to accomplish it. One value that has been shown to be an excellent predictor of occupational plans among young women with high confidence in their math and science ability is the importance of

NOT making a good income.

According to a study mentioned in class on sympathy toward people with psychological problems, people were more likely to help a

NOT man with alcoholism and a woman with depression

Women's friendships provide important support in the face of many pressures that tend to make life difficult. However, some authors have argued that such friendships can also be bad for women because they do all of the following EXCEPT

NOT may help to keep unsatisfactory or oppressive marriages intact NOT may support women's weaknesses rather than their strengths

Studies of the topics of conversation among women and men indicate that

NOT men spend the most time talking about work and money, whereas women spend most time talking about relationships

In a recent survey of United States women, respondents reported that it was

NOT more important to have a mate who can make a good living than communicate feelings.

In female embryos, once the ovaries begin to secrete hormones

NOT none of the above

People who cannot be clearly classified as female or male

NOT none of the above

Children sometimes behave in a way that is more typical of the other gender. How do other children react to this child's nontraditional behavior?

NOT nontraditional gender behavior in peers is only a problem in high school not elementary school

The process of communication creates and sustains gender because the way we communicate reflects all of the following EXCEPT

NOT patterns of male talking and female listening

Higher levels of sexual prejudice are associated with

NOT perceived unwanted sexual interest

Defining women at midlife in terms of __________ and __________ represents a sexist approach to middle age for women.

NOT pre-menopausal; post-menopausal

the statement same sex sexual Behavior may build alliances among humans best fits with which view of sexual orientation?

NOT social

Studies suggest that AA girls

NOT speak up in class less often than European girls

A researcher gives a test of color vision to a group of males and a group of females. The average score for the females is significantly better than the average score for the males. If she has examined the way the scores are distributed in the two groups, she should probably phrase her conclusion as

NOT the average woman sees color better than the average man.

Based on the research regarding the self-silencing theory of depression, which of the following is TRUE?

NOT there was a consistent significant link between self-silencing and depression for African-American women students

The first African American woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was

Ruth Howard

Which of the following is cited in the text as evidence that the absence of women from the highest achieving groups in mathematics is not inevitable?

WRONG ANSWER: a number of women have actually won the nobel piece in mathematics

The percentage of 15 to 17 year old girls not in school exceeded the percentage of boys not in school in which of the following regions of the world?

Western Asia and Northern Africa

A psychology professor is conducting research on the normative male. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for this research?

When people hear a word as "student" or "citizen", do they think about men more often than women.

In human cells, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, is

XY for males, XX for females

in womens and mens motivations for sex a strong double standard can be seen at work in that

a good woman waits to be pursued and dose not take the sexual initiative

A curandera is

a latin america healer who believes that healing is a special calling

A schema is

a mental framework that organizes incoming information.

The very first laboratory study of human sexual arousal and orgasm, reported in human sexual response based its findings on

a participants, particularly women, who were probably atypical in regard to masturbation and orgasm

In a medical model of sexuality, a woman's ability to reach orgasm consistently is viewed as

a sign of health.

According to a meta-analysis by Petersen and Hyde (2010) that was mentioned in class, the effect size for the finding that women are more likely than men to believe that sex should occur in a committed relationship was -.18. This suggests that gender has ________ on this attitude.

a small effect.

Feminist therapics go beyond nonexistent therapy in that they

acknowledge the harm to women living in sexist, racist, and oppressive conditions

A study on French students' math performances was discussed in class. This study found that girls perform best

after seeing a hardworking role model

the trend toward large-scale sex surveys was begun by --- and colleague in the 1940s

alfred kinsey

According to Dr. Kuhlman, which of the following are among the reasons that girls drop out of sports?

all of the above

Barriers faced by women in a variety of cultures have included

all of the above

Factors that improve psychological health include

all of the above

Muslim ideology holds that

all of the above

Which of the following can help a person be healthy at older ages?

all of the above

critics of the model of human sexuality portrayed in human sexual response have assailed the models omission of

all of the above

which of the following is true regarding attendance?

all of the above

According to Dr. Kuhlman, which the following are among the reasons that girls drop out of sports?

all of the above: fear of failure, abusive coach, over emphasis on winning

Marisa has not had a menstrual period for several months. She may be experiencing

amenorrhea

Amelia Edwards was

an Englishwoman who traveled through the Dolomites

In the class discussion of sexual orientation it was mentioned that,

an asexual orientation is less common than a bisexual orientation.

It is difficult to interpret gender differences in speech styles and other aspects of communication without

an awareness of the cultural context in which the patterns appear

An obsession with thinness leading to distorted body image that results in self-starvation is the defining characteristic of

anorexia nervosa

People with 5-alpha-reductase syndrome

appear female at birth but then begin to grow a penis and testicles at puberty.

In examining the importance of the feminine role hypothesis, it is important to keep in mind that African American women

are socialized in ways that may not be equivalent to European American women

Masters and Johnson's research found that women's orgasms

arise mainly from clitoral stimulation.

Worldwide, women do ---- of the domestic work

between 60 and almost 90%

In the 2014 National Survey of Family Growth, the most common method of contraception used was

birth control pills

Negative reactions to women as leaders stem from

both a and b perceptions of women being weak and warm and caring

Theorists who have developed the notion of self-in-relation argue that

both developing independence and connections with others are important in identity development.

the research on gender comparisons regarding casual sex indicated that

both women and men were more likely to accept a sexual proposal from an attractive celebrity than an unattractive celebrity

The theory of group socialization postulates that the child is socialized mainly

by identifying with her peer group and taking on that group's norms for attitudes and behavior.

Transgender people

can be of any sexual orientation

Positive attitudes toward aging

can improve both memory and physical health.

One of the health problems that pap smear tests for

cervical cancer

When discussing gender differences in athletes, Dr Kuhlaman mentioned the "four C's". These four C's stand for

chemistry, coachability, confidence, and criticism

Gender prejudice refers to the observation that

children tend to be prejudiced against the other gender during elementary school.

Research on children from Indian families in Peru indicates that

cognitive performance differences are related to the privileged status of boys

A feeling of dissasitifaction due to perceived inequities between one's own group and a more advantaged group is known as

collective relative deprivation

For young Latinas, one positive aspect of the sexual norms of their communities may be

cultural and community pride and self-respect.

Expecting menopause to be traumatic and disabling, expecting that beauty can only be youthful, and subsequently experiencing these expectations to be true and depressing reflects the power of _______________ on the experiences of aging.

cultural scripts and myths

Which of the following is NOT true of the ways in which women's friendships tend to change over the course of their lives?

dating or marriage often enhances women's friendships with other women

Researchers John Barghh and Paula Raymond have shown that men who score higher on a measure of liklihood to sexually harass are also more likely than other men to

demonstrate an automatic mental association between power and sexuality

having a body that is classified as female or male can have the following implications, depending on one's culture:

determines what kinds of behaviors are deemed acceptable

What publication is used for the diagnosis of mental illness in the u.s.?

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A(n) _______ influence strategy is one that is clear and open.

direct

Bob walks out whenever he and his partner have an argument. Based on the work by Howard and her colleagues, Bob is using which of the following influence tactics?

disengagement

To say that gender is "socially constructed" means that

each society makes up its own set of rules about what it means to be a woman or a man

A student who says they did well on a test because they worked hard is using which attribution?

effort

Which of the following statements about household work is correct?

egalitarian sharing of childcare may lead to healthier children and higher rates of marital sex

Some research shows that African-American women show less verbal and nonverbal deference to men than European-American women do. This means that

either or both a and b may be true

A dimension on which parents clearly treat their daughters and sons differently is the

encouragement of gender-typed activities

summarizing recent sex surveys women

engage in a lot of partnered sex without reaching orgasm

Sex hormones secreted by the gonads include all of the following EXCEPT

epinephrine

according to the social cognitive approach to stereotypes, people may have a tendency toward gender polarization. This means they

exaggerate the similarities within each gender and the difference between genders.

Researchers who have studied the impact of the physician's gender on patient interactions have found that

female physicians spend more time with patients than male physicians do

Which of the following would you be MOST likely to see?

female sitting with her arms and hands close to her body

According to the study mentioned in class on the potrayal of girls and women in g rated movies

females are more likely than males to be portrayed as smart and good

The theory of parental investment originally suggested that females and males have evolved to emphasize different behaviors because

females have to devote more time and energy to each offspring than males do

Witkin and others studying performance on the Rod and Frame test concluded that women were more ________________________ than were men.

field dependent (influenced by context)

Research on women's friendships with other women has shown that

for centuries, women have formed passionate, close friendships

Studies that ask respondents to evaluate the quality of a particular piece of work, such as a research article or a painting, have

frequently found that the same piece of work is evaluated less favorably when it is attributed to a woman than when it is attributed to a man.

Researchers who have studied parents' reactions to their children have found that

from the first day after birth, North American parents view their female infants as more delicate and softer than their male infants.

In a study by Butler and Geis, female and male confederates were trained to try to become leaders in mixed-gender four-person groups. Although both females and males used the same scripts and followed similar tactics in trying to gain leadership, the men were more successful. The researchers who observed the process found that group members discouraged female leaders by

frowning when the leaders spoke.

With respect to gender, essentialism refers to the view that

gender is something that lies within the individual.

The set of behaviors culturally defined as appropriate for one's sex is known as

gender role

---- is related to social expectations associated with masculinity and femininity and _____ is related to biological and anatomical distinctions between women and men.

gender, sex

The apparent reason for female difficulties with self-esteem, confidence, and entitlement in certain cultures is that

girls are adapting to a set of cultural messages that they are valued less than boys

In childhood,

girls describe relationships as providing more validation, companionship, and intimate exchange than boys

According to information collected by the Pew Research Center (2017) regarding support for same-gender marriage, support

has increased in all age groups since 2001.

with respect to some non western countries lesbian relationships

have been defined as a crime, subject to imprisonment in countries such as china

a person's sexual orientation refers part to

her choice of sexual partners

Visual dominance is when

high powered people look at subordinates when speaking, but not listening

John believes that women shouldn't be hired as accountants because they are not skilled in mathematics as men and make poor long-term employees because they will quit as soon as they get married and have children. John is exhibiting

hostile sexism

A constellation of attitudes that involves dominance-oriented paternalism; the belief that women are inferior; and contemptuous, dominance-oriented heterosexuality is known as

hostile sexism.

Studies of gender differences in aggression show that

if people are provoked, gender differences in aggression are minimal.

Karen Horney criticized Sigmund Freud's theory on the basis that he had

ignored the possibility of male envy of the female womb and breasts

With regard to women receiving professional degrees, there have been---- in medicine, ---- in law, and ---- in dentistry, since the 1970s

increases, increases, increases

Chris drops hints and asks leading questions when trying to influence his partner. Chris is using a(n) ____________ influence strategy.

indirect

Stereotype threat refers to a situation in which

individuals are aware that they may be judged by or may self-fulfill negative stereotypes about their group.

Ellen Kaschak argues that for men in a patriarchal society, easy experience teaches them to regard females as extensions of themselves. She labels this feeling as

infantile grandiosity

A child's behavior elicits reactions from others that promote the original behavior. For example, a hostile child elicits hostile reactions, which in turn promote more hostility in the child. This is known as

interactional continuity

when explaining the actions of others, we tend to assume that their actions stem from ----. Where when explaining our own actions, we tend to focus more on ---.

internal factors, external factors

During prenatal sexual differentiation, the Wolffian ducts eventually develop into male ---- genitals and the Mullerian ducts eventually develop into female ---- genitals

internal; internal

According to social learning theory, a child's gender identity and role are learned through all of the following except:

intra psychic unconscious drives

sexual stimulation is necessary for women's enjoyment of heterosexual intercourse because

it causes the vagina to become lubricated

All of the following statements are true regarding testicular cancer Except:

it is more common in black men than white men

Research on tuberculosis shows that

it is now a leading cause of death for young women in many parts of the world

Including PMDD (premenstrual phase dysphoric disorder) in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-V, was done over the objections of some feminist psychologists, who argued

it turns women's normal physiological processes into a source of pahtology

Western industrialized societies have generally refused to accept or institutionalize a "third gender" category because

it would threaten the ability to categorize every person neatly as female or male

assessing sexual orientation by asking about past, current, and ideal behaviors and preferences fits best with which model of sexual orientation?

kinseys scale

Which of the following terms is a metaphor for the situation where a woman encounters many difficulties when trying to become promoted?

labyrinth

In terms of the "matrix of tensions" surrounding motherhood, the tension in which mothers sometimes feel rage and violent urges toward their children, yet must reconcile these feelings with love for, and tending and raising of, their children is known as

life destruction vs. life promotion.

Sigmund Freud's theory had a big impact on psychology's views of women through its argument that from a very early age,

little girls inevitably learn to feel inferior to and envious of males

The type of cancer that is most likely to kill north american women is

lung cancer

the knowledge that a woman performs a role that is considered feminine, such as managing the house and caring for children, is likely to

make people think that she is likely to show feminine stereotyped traits such as emotionalist

which of the following contraceptives has the lowest failure rate

male condom

Research on speaking styles has found that

males use more contentious language than girls and women do

All of the following statements about masturbation are true except:

masturbation tends to be more common among black people than among white people

In the American Association of University Women survey of pre adolescents and adolescents, a gender gap in confidence was most noticeable in

mathematics and science

Studies of identical and fraternal twins indicate that genetics

may account for more than half of a woman's vulnerability to severe alcoholism

Research on the relation between viewing media violence (e.g., TV, movies, video games, computer games) and aggression has shown that viewing media violence

may decrease prosocial behavior and empathy in people.

The relational aggression often observed among girls

may involve withdrawal of friendship.

In general, we know less about women than we do about men because

men have had more power than women and have been able to define truth

For women in the workplace, the formation of friendships with male colleagues is often difficult because

men often exclude women from their social networks on the job

Regarding gender and interruptions,

men tend to engage in more intrusive interruptions than women

Based on the meta analyses by Linn and Pereron (1985) and subsequent paper and pencil assessments, which of the following types of visual spatial performances show the largest reliable gender differences?

mental rotation

Anemia, a deficiency of red blood cells often resulting from inadequate nutrition, is

more common among pregnant than nonpregnant women.

Poverty is

more common among women than men in virtually every country of the world

The results on gender comparisons for general intelligence indicate that

more males than females are found at the lower and higher ends of the distribution of scores

Based on objectification theory, what is Sally likely to feel when preparing for a date with Bob versus a night out with her girlfriends?

more shame and anxiety about her body

European-American women smile

more than men do

According to a study on female and male job applicants that was discussed in class

mothers were rated as less competent than nonmothers

Some researchers combine the responses of similar individuals in order to make summary statements about groups and/or compare one group with another. This approach is known as the ________ approach.

nomothetic

A researcher finds a correlation between viewing violent media and aggression. What can they conclude from these findings?

none of the above

When women and men report on their experience of orgasm, experts such as physicians and psychologists could

not reliably distinguish which reports were from women and which were from men.

Access discrimination may involve

offering women applicants less attractive positions.

Dysmenorrhea is

painful cramps in the abdominal region as well as other pain accompanying menstruation

Among the social factors that may affect gender differences in mathematics performance are that

parents expect and credit sons with more mathematical talent than they do daughters

According to Sternberg's Triangle Model of love, consummate love consists of

passion, intimacy, and commitment

Patterns of communication and relationship formation are gendered because of all of the following EXCEPT

patterns of communication that are gendered mainly because women and men are essentially different in a number of ways

The notion that women and men should be paid equally for the same work is called

pay equity

Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is

prohibited in Canada by federal law.

The psychologist Mamie Clark is known for

research on the effects of racism on Black children's development

The argument that research should be "reflexive" means that

researchers should try to be aware of the ways their identities influence their work and how their work influences their identities.

Researchers find that African-American girls often show more willingness than European-American girls to speak up in the classroom. They suggest that this is because African-American girls

resist being silenced.

Based on information presented in class,

sexual attraction and romantic attraction are not necessarily the same thing.

Research on the representation of female characters in disney movies from 1937 to 2013 demonstrated that the percentage of compliments on

skills have increased and compliments on appearance have decreased

The term queer refers to

someone who may not use a specific gender or sexual identity to define who they are

In a visual spatial task, Stephanie is asked to make time of arrival judgments about a moving object. This is an example of

spatiotemporal ability

Studies of mental illness and health in African contexts has found that

spiritual dimensions are important when assessing mental health in African cultures

which of the following statements about stereotype threat is false?

stereotype threat has only been demonstrated in the U.S.

Studies on heart disease and osteoporosis comparing North American women with women in Japan and China

suggest that dietary differences among countries may provide clues to preventing these diseases.

Some researchers have found that women are often more likely than men to use qualifiers and to end their assertions with ------- in order to elicit signs of attention and agreement

tag questions

A central theme in North American girls' and women's friendship is

talking and self-disclosure

Studies of the way teachers treat children in the classroom show that

teachers pay more attention to boys

The Spanish theorist Juan Harte argued in the 16th century that the ---- maintained the heat and dryness of spirit necessary for intelligence

testicles

One economic factor that affects women's retirement is

that nearly half of all women have spent their lives working in low-paid jobs without pensions.

The stress hypothesis seeks to explain gender differences in depression based on research showing all of the following EXCEPT

that women experience more stressful life events than men do

Menopause is defined as

the cessation of menstrual periods.

Theorists have suggested that the explanation for the female preponderance among people with agoraphobia lies mainly with

the feminine role

The highly mathematically talented boys and girls in Bunbow and Stanleys research were followed into adulthood to see which career paths they chose. Results showed that

the girls were much more likely than the boys to grow up to be homemakers or health care workers

According to 2016 statistics on enrollment in U.S. universities

the majority of students were women

Comparative research across cultures has shown that

the more gender equality in a society, the less preference women show for men with lots of resources

The practice of female genital mutilation is based on the belief that

the procedure dampens the sex drive, protecting the woman from temptation and disgrace

In the study of 2,500 latino women and men the central barrier to safer was risky sex for the women with men partners was

the role of gender norms and female powerlessness in convincing men to use condoms

With respect to samples of individuals being studied, a basic principle of the scientific approach to research is that

the sample studied should be as representative as possible of the population in which the researcher is interested.

Reproductive fitness means

the survival of an organisms own genes

Noncontroversial recommendations to improve the odds against osteoporosis include all of the following EXCEPT

the use of estrogen replacement drugs

When Australian scholar Dale Spender tape recorded a series of conversations between male and female academics at her university, she found that

the women's share of the conversational time was always shorter than the man's

The results of studies of gender differences in verbal performance can be summarized as follows

there are consistent gender differences on some types of verbal tasks, but many types of verbal performances show no differences

Research on the coming-out process among lesbians suggests that

there is a great deal of diversity in the ways women develop lesbian identities

Research on university students in Spain showed that contrast to students in the United States,

there was no gender difference in the estimated likelihood of achieving a powerful position

Studies on the use of "he" and "man" as generic terms show that

these terms are likely to make listeners think of men rather than people

Studies show that, on average, when women work outside the home,

these women still do most of the domestic work in their households.

In Niobe Way's study of urban adolescent girls, she found that these girls were outspoken with others because

they were resisting attacks on their self-esteem that were present in their environment.

In North America, people tend to--- in a status hierarachy

touch downward

From what you know about gender differences in the use of personal space in the united states, which of the following would you be least likely to see?

two men sitting close to each other

which of the following is not a part of the external genitals in women?

vagina

According to the class physical health survey results, women were more likely than men to

wear a seatbelt

In which of the following conditions would you expect to find gender differences in people's explanations for their own success?

when performing a task that is stereo-typically masculine

When public discussions focus on women, the prototypical woman is often assumed to be

white

In a study of the use of drugs and alcohol among a multiethnic u.s. sample of urban girls in the seventh to ninth grades,-- girls were significantly more likely than --- girls to use alcohol and other drugs, and the two groups reported using marijuana at --- rates

white, black, almost equal

Studies in the u.s. show that women make up the majority of the eating disorder cases and that the most typical sufferer is ----- and under the age of ---

white, middle-class, 25

No matter what country the research statistics are from, the pattern is consistent:

women are less likely than men to use and abuse illegal drugs

Masters and johnson found that with regard to physiological sexual arousal

women are more likely than men to have multiple orgasms

A study that was mentioned in class found that when under stress

women decrease risk taking behavior and men increase risk taking behaviors

Studies of the division of labor within U.S. households have shown that

women do more housework than men do in every type of family living situation.

Dr Gonzalez conducts an experiment in which male and female students are approached at a party and asked if they would be interested in having sex. More males than females say yes. He concludes that males have stronger sexual desires than females do. This conclusion is doubtful because

women have learned to be more wary than men of strangers offering sex

Studies of how women and men spend their time show that, in most of the world,

women spend more hours a week working than men do.

Research on computer-mediated communication suggests that

women tend to be more self-disclosing than men

Stress among employed women comes from all of the following except

women's lack of skill as paid workers and over involvement in work decisions related to their jobs

In class we discussed a study in which students worked on a series of cognitive tasks and then received either positive or negative comments about their performance. The results of this research indicated that

women's self-confidence showed significant increases after positive comments and significant decreases after negative comments.