PSY 344 Exam 2

Attitudes (TST)

"I am not a racist"

Psychological Attributes (TST)

"I am outgoing"

Physical Attributes (TST)

"I am tall"

Activities (TST)

"I have a part time job"

Interests (TST)

"I like to cook"

Goals (TST)

"I want to get an A in this class"

How many emotion words does US have versus Malaysia?

2,000 vs 8

When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,

Americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.

Research on consistency motivations in Poland and the US reveals that

Americans show stronger self-consistency motives, whereas Poles show stronger peer- consistency motives.

When given a number of pens to choose from

Americans tend to choose minority-colored pens.

Evolutionism

Culture is a product of the development of the modern human specie, culture is used for survival

Display rules & ritualized displays

Cultures vary in terms of display rules of universal emotions, and also vary in ritualized displays on non universal emotions

Why are East Asians more financially risk seeking than Westerners?

Cushion hypothesis - Asians have bigger support network to turn to if needed. Social risk is avoided because it could compromise position in group.

Cultural display rules

Deamplification, amplification, neutralization, qualification, masking, simulation

Post decision dissonance

Decision between 2 alternatives produces dissonance. Good aspects of the rejected alternative + bad aspect of chose alternative = inconsistent w/ our decision so we tend to focus on positives & not negatives

What moral reasoning do East Asian cultures find most important?

Find all three equally important of others (rather than Ethic Autonomy) as more important.

Where is freedom to choose more emphasized?

In North American contexts

Location of emotion

In Us in heart, in Japan in gut,in Malaysia emotion is in liver

Where is the need for self enhancement more prevalent?

In the US than East Asia

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers found that

Indians were more likely than Americans to make decisions based on need.

Independent Self View

Individual, positive, unrestrained, self efficacy, consistency over time

What is the cultural source of these differences in recognizing facial expressions?

Individualism. Individualism is associated with better recognition of anger, fear, and happiness

Moral worlds collide

Instances when immigrants in a new country engage in actions that are culturally appropriate in their heritage culture but against the law in their new host. non emotional response to something immoral

Kohlberg's stages (3 levels) of moral development

Interested in the question of "how do we explain why something is right or wrong?". Universal set of moral stages/levels that people advance though. 3 key levels by which people can reason morally. Depend on the individual's level of cog. development

Ethic of Community (Shweder's Big 3 Moral Ethics)

Interpersonal obligations within social order (ex. father, teacher, coach, etc) Issues of duty, loyalty, hierarchy. Loyalty to ingroup

Morality of thoughts

Is it immoral juculture (country) Moral violations and emotions - our feelings are a prime determinant of whether we view something as immoral.

Kanagawa Study

Japanese & American students complete 20 question test in 4 different situations: alone, with peers, in professors office, or in large class. Americans more consistent. Asians show consistency across time w/in each kind of relationship.

Cultural differences in judging emotions

Japanese cultures take in social context and environment more when judging emotions

Decisions-Choices

Make an explicit decision between two alternatives

Priming

Makes ideas more accessible by presenting them to participants

How do jews define sins?

Old testament only mentions impure behaviors not thoughts as sins

Big 5 model of Personality

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Justice: 3 principles in allocation of resources

People's views of what is just & fair are evident in how they go about deciding how to distribute resources

5th grade class plays computer game, Euro-American students vs Asian American

Personal choice, In-group choice, Out group choice. Dependent variable was amount of games each group played. Euro-American played more games when in personal choice, Asians played more when in in-group choice.

Anger

Relationships trigger anger in Americans, strangers trigger anger in Japanese

Interdependent Self View

Relationships, obligation, flexibility and improvement over time

Ethic of Divinity (Shweder's Big 3 Moral Ethics)

Religion, holiness, sacred principles. Issues of sacred order, purity, sanctity

Attitude Behavior Inconsistency

Say something inconsistent with your world views

Which of the following emotions is not part of the set of "basic emotions" identified by Ekman and colleagues.

Shame

Cognitive dissonance

State of tension that occurs whenever an individual simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. Unpleasant state.

Twenty Statements Test (TST)

Test consists of 20 answers to the question "Who am I?"-> cross cultural comparisons reveal differences

Max Weber said that motivation for achievement came with what?

The Protestant reformation

What emotions are Americans better at recognizing than Japanese?

Anger, disgust, fear, and sadness (negative emotions)

Universality of Big 5 model?

Appears largely similar around the world; cultural variation in how much people from different cultures endorse each trait

Sources of Dissonance

Attitude Behavior Inconsistency and Decisions-Choices

Social Identity

Categorization of self as an exemplar of a social group or collective entity; similar. Importance of being in a group

Personal Identity

Characteristics that differentiate one individual from others; unique. Who am I?

How do christians define sins?

Christians think the bible says impure thoughts are sings

Self-consistency

The interdependent self should be more contextually variable than the independent self

The more important the action...(Americans)

The more likely Americans viewed it as a choice

What do Hindus and Indians find disturbing when it comes to gender identity?

The opposite of Americans

Independent self

The self is autonomous, self contained, and behaves in accord with a unique configuration of internal attributes (such as traits, abilities, motives, and values)

Basic emotions

They are universally expressed in human faces & brought on by the same underlying psychological elicitors. Happiness, fear, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust.

Why do people rationalize their decisions?

To make them consistent with their beliefs - varies between cultures (post decision dissonance)

Gesellschaft (associational society)

Typified by modern cosmopolitan societies w/ government bureaucracies & large industrial organizations. Rational self-interest & calculating conduct act to weaken the traditional bonds of family, kinship & religion. Relationships are more impersonal & indirect, being rationally constructed in the interest of efficiency or other economic & political considerations.

Meaning of emotion

US emotion informs one about oneself, in other cultures emotions are statements about relationships between people & environment

What culture is more self-critical when in front of a mirror?

US is more compared to Japanes

What do Americans find disturbing when it comes to gender identity?

When males present themselves like women, but don't find it disturbing for females to present themselves like men.

First Person Memory

You are at the center of your memory (ex: your birthday party)

Third Person Memories

You are not at the center of the memory (ex: watching a movie with friends. Third person memories are much higher in Asian culture than Western)

Entity theory of self

abilities are fixed & reflect innate features of the self. This theory is more supported by Americans & independent thinkers

Secondary Control

adjusting to the situation.

Primary control

changing the situation to fit one's own desires/motives

Principles of equality

everyone gets the same amount, irrespective of contributions. ex: government issues identical rebate checks to every citizen

Asch's Conformity

had participants answer to a task, after several confederates gave wrong answer. Americans - about 3/4 will give wrong answer once. Conformity all around the world

Universalism

idea that culture is universal on the most basic level, universality underlies all cultures regardless of evidence of variation

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveals that

in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.

Intensity of emotional experiences

intensity of emotions vary across cultures, people in east Asian cultures experience emotions less intensely and for shorter periods than those in western cultures

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

lower SES Americans and lower SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the man's actions as immoral.

One thing that the findings from research by Kashima and colleagues contrasting men and women reveals that

men and women score similarly on agency

Independent identities seem more characteristic of

men than women, but only in respect of "relatedness" - their attention to others' feelings & concerns

More collectivistic culture =

more conformity, especially with other in-group members

In-group favoritism

more likely to rate your group well then a group you don't belong to.

self-enhancement

motivation to elaborate/focus one's positive attributes more than their negative attributes.

Distributive justice

perceived fairness of outcomes relative to our contributions & the outcomes and contributions of others

procedural justice

perceived fairness of the policies and procedures to decide the distribution of resources

Gemeinschaft (communal society)

personal relationships are defined and regulated on the basis of traditional social rules. Simple direct face-to-face relations w/ each other that are determined by natural & spontaneously arising emotions & expression of sentiment. Deep & meaningful, ingrained in one's identity

Cultural relativism

practices/beliefs of a culture dependent on the context of specific culture

self-presentation

presenting oneself modestly instead of true thoughts about oneself, might explain lower self enhancement in East Asia

Two-factor theory of emotions

proposed by Schaeffer and Singer, we interpret our physiological responses and thus produce an emotion

Ethic of Autonomy (Shweder's Big 3 Moral Ethics)

protects justice & individual rights. issues of harm, fairness, protects freedom. familiar in individualistic societies

Decoding rules

rules on how emotional expressions are recognized. Cultural differences in inferences about emotional experiences underlying expressions

independent views of self (emphasis on self)

tend to have entity theories of self (the self cannot be changed), but incremental theories of world (the world can be changed). More common in West

Interdependent views of self (more emphasis on pleasing others)

tend to have more incremental view of self (self can be changed), entity theories of world (world cannot be changed) More common in Non-Western

What is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

that which betrays his or her group.

Face

the amount of social value others give you if you live up to the standards associated with your position. A reason to be self-critical (more common in East Asia)

Incremental theory of self

the idea that abilities are malleable & capable of being changed with efforts. This theory is supported by East Asia and interdependent people

The more important the action....(Indians)

the less likely Indians viewed it as a choice

Sadness

triggered in Japanese more easily by problems in relationships, triggered in Americans by death or loss of loved ones more easily

Ethnocentric perspective

using standards of one's own culture to judge the practices of a different culture/behavior in a particular culture being observed and judged based on standards of another culture/believing one's own culture as superior to rest

Self-serving biases

viewing yourself in unrealistically positive terms by giving yourself credit for anything positive but blaming outside forces for anything negative. contributes to self enhancement & high self esteem

Independent culture

want to highlight distinctiveness, uniqueness

Ingroup advantage (for recognizing facial expressions)

we are better able to recognize the emotions of those in our culture or group than others

Interdependent identities seem more characteristic of

women than men

Interdependent self

A view of self in relation to others, and thus, behavior is dependent upon social situation

What moral reasoning do Western societies rank as most important?

Ethic Autonomy

What moral reasonings are universally present?

Ethic autonomy, ethic of community, and ethic of divinity are all universally present

self-esteem

How we feel about ourselves, positive or negative views of self

Level 2 (Kohlberg) Conventional Moral Reasoning

Morality is based on external standards, regarding that which maintains the social order (rules, norms, principles). "The law is the law". Follow the conventions of others & society - What is right & what is wrong. Interpersonal accord & conformity (live up to the expectations of people close to you). Social accord & system maintenance (He should follow the law, because the law is the law)

Level 3 (Kohlberg) Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning

Morality is based on internalized standards of abstract ethical principles regarding justice & individual rights. More abstract, not dependent on external principles. Universal Moral Principles (should generally follows laws, not bc they are morally right, but bc they are a social contract.

Subjective Self Awareness

People experience themselves as a subject ("I")

Objective Self Awareness

People experience themselves as an object ("Me"). East asians view themselves objectively much more than Americans do.

Principle of Need

People get an amount based on the degree of their needs. Ex: Universal health care. The sick get more benefits than the healthy

Principle of Equity

People get an amount based on what they have contributed. Ex: a salesperson may earn her salary based on commission

What country does not have a word for disgust?

Poland

Emotion appraisal

Process by which people evaluate events of situations that lead to them having emotions. High degree of cross cultural similarity in Emotional Appraisal. 4 Universalities of emotions: emotional appraisal, emotion physiology, emotional expression & emotional recognition.

Sanchez-Burks' study of relational styles and work found

Protestants attend less to relationships than non-Protestants when engaged in a work task

Who believed they had a moral duty to work to achieve?

Protestants. God would only reward people on Earth if they were among the elect & that it is sinful to enjoy the fruits of ones labor

Interdependent culture

Wanting to fit in, belongingness, identify with group

Ego-defensive

We maintain an image of ourselves as smart, good, rational

Object preference

Westerners prefer uncommon shape/minority colored pen; East Asians choose common shape, majority pen

Risk Seeking

Westerns appear more risk seeking than East Asians. Financially East Asians more risk seeking than Westerners

Level 1 (Kohlberg) Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning.

What is bad is determined by internal standards regarding the physical or hedonistic consequences of the action. Fear of punishment, personal interest.

What do cultures vary in when judging emotions?

What part of the face to focus on, japanese focus more on eyes

James-Lange theory of emotions

emotions are the physiological response to things happening in our world. These responses are products of our Autonomic Nervous System. Emotions are physiological sensations that come with our thoughts, without them we would feel nothing.