PSY 383 CH-1
29. (p. 10) An experiment conducted by a health care practitioner to evaluate treatments or interventions, and their effectiveness over time is called a______.
A. retrospective design B. prospective research #C. randomized clinical trial D. correlational study
16. (p. 5) The belief that profiles of particular disorders is caused by emotional conflict is propagated by the:
A. theory of biophysics. #B. field of psychosomatic medicine. C. biomedical model. D. tools of neuroscience.
44. (p. 11) _____ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time.
#A. Morbidity B. Mortality C. Pathology D. Etiology
3. (p. 3) A health psychologist who designs a media campaign to get people to improve their diets is focusing on:
#A. health promotion and maintenance. B. prevention and treatment of illness. C. the etiology and correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction. D. the health care system and the formulation of health policy.
25. (p. 9) Most of the research in health psychology is guided by _____.
#A. practical problems B. proven theory C. unproven hypothesis D. clinical trials
8. (p. 4) According to the humoral theory of illness, disease occurs when:
A. God punishes one for wrong-doing. B. evil spirits enter a body. #C. bodily fluids are imbalanced. D. there is cellular disorder.
50. (p. 12) Which of the following is made available to people with hypertension so that they can monitor their blood pressure successfully?
A. Ventricular assist device #B. Ambulatory monitoring device C. IAP monitoring device D. Implanted neural device
53. (p. 12) A _____ is responsible for assessing where patients go once they are discharged from a medical setting.
A. physical therapist B. dietician #C. social worker D. nurse practitioner
39. (p. 10) In a(n) _____ study, a researcher measures the diets that people create for themselves, and looks at changes in rates of heart disease as determined by how good or poor the diet is.
A. retrospective B. mixed-model C. experimental prospective #D. correlational prospective
22. (p. 7) Which of the following suggests that chronic illnesses helped in propagating the field of health psychology?
#A. Chronic illnesses often result in problems in family functioning. B. Chronic illnesses are short-lived, and its management is simple. C. Psychological factors are the sole causes implicated in chronic illnesses. D. Chronic illnesses usually have no requirement for lengthy interventions.
15. (p. 5) _____ linked specific personality patterns to specific illnesses.
#A. Dunbar and Alexander B. Kaplan and Stone C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Sigmund Freud
6. (p. 3) _____ refers to the origins or causes of illness.
#A. Etiology B. Epidemiology C. Oncology D. Pathology
24. (p. 9) Judith is diagnosed with a lump in her gallbladder which must be surgically removed. The doctor and the hospital psychologist explain the procedure, the difficulties, and the benefits of undergoing the surgery. Judith is aware of the extent of pain she might experience, and she will be taught techniques to manage the pain. According to Janis and Johnson, which of the following is Judith likely to do?
#A. Improve her adjustment toward the procedure. B. Feel anxious and withdraw from the procedure. C. Ask for a substitute procedure that might involve lesser pain. D. Take a second opinion from another health care provider to verify the facts.
41. (p. 11) Which of the following best describes a retrospective design?
#A. Looking backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation B. Looking forward to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time C. Measuring whether a change in one variable corresponds with changes in another variable D. Solving practical problems in the society by the using empirical methods
2. (p. 3) The term health involves:
#A. a balance among physical, mental, and social well-being. B. the absence of disease or infirmity. C. a reduction in physical pain and social pain. D. surgically treating physical ailments to eliminate chronic pain.
30. (p. 10) In a randomized clinical trial:
#A. a target treatment is compared against an organically inert treatment. B. it is difficult to determine the direction of causality unambiguously. C. the same people are observed at multiple points in time. D. researchers attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation.
32. (p. 10) A health psychologist measures whether a change in one variable corresponds with changes in another variable in a _____.
#A. correlational research B. prospective research C. retrospective research D. applied research
27. (p. 10) Most of the research in health psychology is said to be _____.
#A. experimental B. descriptive C. meta-analytic D. semi-experimental
52. (p. 12) Meta-analysis is a powerful methodological tool because:
#A. it uses a broad array of diverse evidence to reach conclusions. B. it attempts to reconstruct conditions that led to a current situation. C. it analyzes how a relationship between two variables changes over time. D. it measures whether a change in one variable corresponds with changes in another variable.
35. (p. 10) The _____ approach is used to remedy some of the problems with correlational research.
#A. prospective B. cross-sectional C. meta-analytic D. retrospective
20. (p. 7) Acute disorders are:
#A. short-term illnesses that are usually amenable to cure. B. typically co-managed by the patient and the practitioner. C. the major causes of death and illness in the United States. D. slowly developing diseases with which people live for many years.
48. (p. 11) Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a neuroscientific tool that permits glimpses into:
#A. the brain. B. the abdominal cavity. C. the circulatory system. D. the DNA molecules.
26. (p. 9) Which of the following statements best defines a theory?
A. A combination of results from different studies that identify how strong the evidence is for a particular research finding. B. A proposition made based on a researcher's belief that provides a starting point for further investigation. #C. A set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors. D. A creation of two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways.
17. (p. 6) According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following is a macrolevel process that continually interacts with microlevel processes to influence health, illness and its course?
A. Cellular disorders B. Chemical imbalances #C. Depression D. Social seclusion
7. (p. 3) Which of the following is studied by health psychologists to analyze the health care system and formulate health policy?
A. Classification of occupations that is highly stressful, and can adversely affect people's health. B. Exercise patterns and dietary interventions that help to promote good habits, and develop a healthy lifestyle. C. The behavioral and social factors that contribute to health, illness, and dysfunction such as alcohol consumption and smoking. #D. The impact of hospitals and physicians on people's behavior to develop recommendations for improving health care.
49. (p. 11) _____ interventions make use of cell phones, pagers, palm pilots, tablets, and other mobile technologies to deliver interventions; and assess health-related events in the natural environment.
A. Control-enhancing B. Expressive writing C. Mindfulness-based #D. Ecological momentary
36. (p. 10) _____ research looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time.
A. Correlational #B. Prospective C. Retrospective D. Applied
51. (p. 12) _____ combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for a particular research finding.
A. Cross sectional analysis B. Retrospective research C. Prospective research #D. Meta-analysis
47. (p. 11) Which of the following is the primary concern for health psychologists?
A. Development of superior quality medication B. Methods to reduce disability C. Rate of mortality in a given population #D. Health-related quality of life
43. (p. 11) _____ is the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious diseases in a population.
A. Ethnicity B. Etiology C. Ethnology #D. Epidemiology
31. (p. 10) _____ is a medical intervention that goes through rigorous testing, and evaluation of its benefits through randomized clinical trials.
A. Ethno medicine B. Alternative medicine C. Psychosomatic medicine #D. Evidence-based medicine
21. (p. 7) _____ is an example of a chronic illness that is particularly prevalent in industrialized countries.
A. Influenza B. Pneumonia #C. Cancer D. Tuberculosis
19. (p. 7) Which of the following is a characteristic of an acute disorder?
A. It can only be managed, not cured. B. It is currently the main contributor to disability and death. #C. It often develops due to a virus or bacteria. D. It is usually a long-term illness.
55. (p. 12) Reese works at the Real Life hospital. She specializes in nutrition sciences, and her primary duty is managing food and nutrition of patients suffering from cancer and diabetes mellitus. Which of the following is likely to be Reese's profession?
A. Occupational therapist #B. Dietitian C. Advanced nurse practitioner D. Hospitality manager
18. (p. 6) Which of the following is emphasized by the biopsychosocial model?
A. Psychological conflict is sufficient to produce certain disorders. B. Certain biological disorders can be related on a consistent basis to specific personality types. C. Certain disorders are best treated medically; however, other disorders are best treated using psychotherapy. #D. Health is achieved by being attentive to biological, psychological, and social needs.
1. (p. 3) Which of the following best defines health psychology?
A. Using psychological theories and principles to tackle problems in the areas of mental health, education, product design, ergonomics, and law #B. Understanding the psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they get ill C. Applying the principles of biology in order to study the anatomy of a human being D. Diagnosing, preventing, and treating a disease without including the option of surgery
10. (p. 4) According to the humoral theory of illness, yellow bile is known to be associated with:
A. a laid-back approach to life. #B. an angry disposition. C. sadness. D. a passionate temperament.
9. (p. 4) Each of the four humors has been associated with different personality types, in that blood has been associated with:
A. a laid-back approach to life. B. an angry disposition. C. sadness. #D. a passionate temperament.
4. (p. 3) According to the psychological aspects of prevention and treatment of illness, health psychologists who work with people who are already ill focus on:
A. altering their exercise patterns. #B. helping them in following their treatment regimen. C. developing recommendations to maintain a healthy lifestyle. D. advising individuals about career paths that are less stressful.
33. (p. 10) Dr. Garcia has recently completed a study of personality and physical health. He administered a questionnaire to college students that included a standardized optimism scale and a symptom checklist. He found that participants with higher levels of optimism reported fewer physical symptoms. This is an example of a(n) _____ research.
A. applied #B. correlational C. prospective D. retrospective
42. (p. 11) Dr. Yee has collected the medical records of thirty women who display symptoms of a chronic illness. She has identified factors in their records that have contributed to the development of their current illness. This is an example of a(n) _____ research.
A. applied B. prospective #C. retrospective D. correlational
12. (p. 5) The humoral theory of illness was replaced by the science of _____ during the renaissance.
A. biotechnology B. organic chemistry C. molecular biology #D. cellular pathology
11. (p. 5) The _____ model assumes a mind-body dualism to understanding illness.
A. commonsense B. health-belief C. biopsychosocial #D. biomedical
28. (p. 10) A researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways in a(n) _____.
A. descriptive research B. longitudinal study C. theory #D. experiment
14. (p. 5) Sigmund Freud described _____ as a specific unconscious conflict that produces physical disturbances, and symbolizes repressed psychological conflicts.
A. etiology #B. conversion hysteria C. chronic illness D. epidemiology
5. (p. 3) A health psychologist who is interested in the behavioral and social factors that contribute to disease focuses on:
A. health promotion and maintenance. B. the prevention and treatment of illness. #C. the etiology and correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction. D. the health care system and the formulation of health policy.
46. (p. 11) The number of deaths due to a particular cause is known as _____.
A. homicide B. obliteration #C. mortality D. morbidity
34. (p. 10) A major disadvantage of a correlational study is that:
A. it is not empirically testable. B. only one variable can be examined at any given point in time. #C. the direction of causation is ambiguous. D. it studies issues when variables cannot be manipulated experimentally.
37. (p. 10) Dr. Rane has been researching on Type II diabetes among children and young adults. He found that overweight and obese children are more likely to develop Type II diabetes. He also studied how these children react to, and manage the disease as they grow older. In this case, Dr. Rane is conducting a(n) _____ research.
A. meta-analytic B. experimental #C. prospective D. retrospective
38. (p. 10) A researcher intervenes in the diet of one community and not in another, and over time looks at the difference in the rates of heart disease between the two communities. This is an example of a(n) _____ study.
A. mixed-model B. retrospective C. correlational prospective #D. experimental prospective
45. (p. 11) The total number of existing cases of a disease that exist at any given point in time is called _____.
A. plague B. mortality #C. prevalence D. incidence
54. (p. 12) The main function of a physical therapist is to:
A. provide psycho-educational counselling to patients who suffer from chronic illnesses. B. assess where patients need to go after discharge based on their psychosocial needs. C. conduct dietary interventions for patients suffering from chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. #D. support patients in regaining the use of bodily functions that may have been compromised by illness.
13. (p. 5) The biomedical model maintains that:
A. psychological and social processes are relevant to the disease process. B. disease results when the four humors or circulating fluids of the body are out of balance. C. health and illness are consequences of biological, psychological, and social factors. #D. all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes.
23. (p. 8) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010 _____ million Americans had no health insurance.
A. 15.3 B. 26.7 #C. 49.9 D. 54.6
40. (p. 11) A prospective approach where the same people are observed at multiple points in time is known as a _____.
A. correlational research #B. longitudinal research C. cross-sectional research D. quasi-experimental research
57. (p. 4) According to the humoral theory of illness, phlegm is associated with sadness.
FALSE
59. (p. 5) The biomedical model emphasizes health over illness.
FALSE
62. (p. 8) The health care industry is closely monitored and well-managed as substantial increase in health care costs have led to tremendous improvement in basic indicators of health.
FALSE
65. (p. 5) A disadvantage for students who are trained as health psychologists at the undergraduate level is that they cannot pursue medicine in higher education.
FALSE
56. (p. 3) World Health Organization (1948) defined health as "a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
TRUE
58. (p. 5) Franz Alexander developed a profile of the ulcer-prone personality as someone with excessive needs for dependency and love.
TRUE
60. (p. 6) The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the importance of an effective patient-practitioner relationship.
TRUE
61. (p. 7) The division of health psychology was formed in 1978 within the American Psychological Association.
TRUE
63. (p. 5) One advantage of correlational research is the ability to study health-related variables in situations where the variable cannot be manipulated experimentally.
TRUE
64. (p. 5) Morbidity may be expressed in two ways: as the number of new cases, or as the total number of existing cases of an illness.
TRUE