PSY 390 - Exam (1-4) Review

Health risk research suggests that smoking more than __ in one's lifetime increases the difficulty of quitting and the risk of addiction. a. 100 cigarettes b. 50 cigarettes c. 1 cigarette d. 1000 cigarettes

a. 100 cigarettes

In general, the minimum amount of exercise necessary for cardiovascular health is about __. a. 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week b. 30 to 45 minutes of moderate jogging, 5 or 6 times a week c. 30 to 45 minutes of vigorous running, 7 times a week d. 45 to 60 minutes of jogging, 5 to 7 times a week

a. 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week

Of the following people, who is more likely to gain more weight upon quitting smoking? a. Abel, who is already overweight b. Starting weight has no influence c. Cris, who is already underweight d. Bella, who is of a normal weight

a. Abel, who is already overweight

If Jake took only a sedative, he did not take __. a. LSD b. opiates c. alcohol d. barbiturates

a. LSD

As you have learned throughout this course, health care disparities exist in the U.S. and __ are served LEAST by health care in the United States. a. Native Americans b. Well-educated African Americans c. European Americans d. Cuban Americans

a. Native Americans

Stan completes a questionnaire about his level of stress, and his wife is asked to complete the same questionnaire about Stan's stress experiences based on he observations of Stan. If the two measures yielded a Pearson r = -0.80, which of the following would describe the measurement (assuming a p-value of less than .05)? a. a strong negative correlation, suggesting low validity b. a strong positive correlation, suggesting good validity c. a negative correlation, suggesting low reliability d. a strong positive correlation, suggesting good reliability

a. a strong negative correlation, suggesting low validity

Health psychologists study biopsychosocial influences on smoking behavior to develop interventions for behavior change. Current research on adolescence peer pressure and smoking suggests that __. a. adolescents will smoke to fit in with others, regardless whether pressure is overt b. overt pressure from friends is required to increase the chances a tee will smoke c. anti-smoking message serve to decrease smoking rates among groups of friends d. media exposure has not been found to influence young teens in starting to smoke

a. adolescents will smoke to fit in with others, regardless whether pressure is overt

Jackson and his roommates do not feel well. However, Jackson and the others are considered to be ill __. a. after they have been officially diagnosed with a health care provider b. whenever they feel sick c. if they have an elevated temperature for at least 24 hours d. when a disease process first begins

a. after they have been officially diagnosed with a health care provider

The mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. However, __ has been shown to increase a person's susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. a. apolipoprotein e4 b. glucagon c. insulin level d. white blood cell count

a. apolipoprotein e4

People with a negative outlook and a tendency to ruminate over problems __. a. are at higher risk of depression than those with more positive attitudes b. all of these c. explores greater satisfaction with life in comparison to other people d. are less likely than other people are to complain about their being sick

a. are at higher risk of depression than those with more positive attitudes

Nancy attempts to be consistent in her patterns of eating based on research showing that __. a. both overeating and undereating can change metabolism b. overeating changes metabolism c. undereating changes metabolism d. metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed

a. both overeating and undereating can change metabolism

Measures of perceived self-efficacy (1 = low, 7 = high) would likely __ a. correlate negatively with cortisol b. correlate positively with cortisol c. have no relationship with hormone levels d. correlate positively with adrenocorticotropic hormone

a. correlate negatively with cortisol

Stan as Type 2 diabetes. As a consequence, he is likely to experience the following health complications (Check all that apply) a. damage to the retina b. damage to blood vessels c. damage to the kidneys d. damage to bronchial tubes e. double the risk of cancer to the pancreas f. damage to short-term memory

a. damage to the retina b. damage to blood vessels c. damage to the kidneys e. double the risk of cancer to the pancreas

Allen has an acute illness. Alex has a chronic disorder. Thus, Alex is more likely to __. a. develop a hopeless attitude toward his condition b. comply with medical advice c. accept his physician's authority d. be aware of his disease

a. develop a hopeless attitude toward his condition

Which of the following is true about risk factors? a. does not identify cause of the disease b. a condition that occurs with less frequency in people with the disease compared to those without the disease c. all of the options d. is a precise predictor of who will or will not get a disease

a. does not identify cause of the disease

If you are experiencing pain, which of the body's own neurochemicals will help modulate, or lessen, the experience of pain? a. endorphins b. glutamates c. interneurons d. proinflammatory cytokines

a. endorphins

As discussed throughout this course, health-related behaviors may be associated with ethnic background. For example, __ have the highest rate of drinking in the United States. a. european americans b. hispanic americans c. asian americans d. african americans

a. european americans

There is a positive correlation for years of education and life expectancy. Research suggests that compared to individuals with low educational levels individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to live longer because they __. a. have a combination of these factors b. have lower smoking rates c. have greater access to health care d. have higher health literacy

a. have a combination of these factors

Someone taking a Schedule 1 drug should be aware that the drug has __. a. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use b. high abuse potential but accepted medical use c. low abuse potential and accepted medical use d. low abuse potential but no accepted medical use

a. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use

The component of Type A personality that is most associated with risk for cardiovascular disease is __. a. hostility & anger b. a sense of urgency c. competitiveness d. competitiveness, a sense of urgency, hostility and anger

a. hostility & anger

Studies of smoking rates and the number of lung cancer deaths have revealed similar patterns except that __. a. increased smoking rates preceded the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 20 to 25 years b. increased lung cancer rates preceded the increase in smoking death rates by about 20 to 25 years c. increased lung cancer rates preceded the increase in smoking death rates by about 2 to 3 years d. increased smoking rates preceded the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 2 to 3 years

a. increased smoking rates preceded the increase in lung cancer deaths by about 20 to 25 years

The biomedical model is to biopsychosocial model as __ is to __. a. infectious disease; chronic disease b. unintentional injury; terminal disease c. pathogen; parasite d. lifestyle; pathogen

a. infectious disease; chronic disease

As expected, many theories that are relevant to health behavior include similar concepts. However, researchers found that the self-efficacy theory __. a. it is not inclusive of other factors for motivation b. it is not related to reducing the severity of disease c. it is not predictive of adherence or medical results d. it is not included in most health behavior models

a. it is not inclusive of other factors for motivation

According to studies cited in the textbook, ethnic background is a factor in observations that European Americans are more likely to visit a physician compared to other groups. Which of the following is not a primary reason for ethnic groups being less likely to seek medical care. a. lack of information about potential health issues b. experienced and/or perceived discrimination c. differences in health insurance coverage d. none; all are cited as primary influences resulting in disparities

a. lack of information about potential health issues

When setting goals to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, which target goal combination yields the lowest risk of CVD? a. low levels of total cholesterol with a ration of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1 b. Low total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of LDL to total cholesterol c. Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a 3.5 to 1 ratio of total cholesterol to LDL d. Moderate total levels of cholesterol with a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL of more than 6 to 1

a. low levels of total cholesterol with a ration of total cholesterol to HDL of less than 4.5 to 1

Match the following a. non-specific immune response b. specific immune response c. antigen d. lymphocyte

a. macrophage b. antibodies c. foreign intruder d. T-cell

If Lily tried the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States, she tried __. a. marijuana b. cocaine c. heroin d. anabolic steroids

a. marijuana

In the Taylor et al. study, which of the following best reflects the results? a. members of collectivist cultures benefited more by thinking about aspects of group membership b. culture was not a factor for type of support c. members of individualistic cultures benefited more by thinking about aspects of group membership d. members of collectivist cultures benefited more by discussing or disclosing issues through a writing task

a. members of collectivist cultures benefited more by thinking about aspects of group membership

A health psychologist is likely to focus on the fact that cardiovascular disease and cancer account for __ of all deaths in the US which is __. a. more than half; particularly relevant to lifestyle and heath behavior change b. the vast majority; particularly relevant to developing better pharmacological interventions c. a small minority; a reason to focus on other causes of mortality d. around on third; not particularly relevant to lifestyle and health behavior change

a. more than half; particularly relevant to lifestyle and heath behavior change

In an experiment in which patients were allowed only 10% of calories from fat, Ornish and colleagues reported that __. a. most patients in the experimental group reduced the plaque in their coronary arteries b. a higher mortality rate among those participants than among a control group c. drugs were more effective than diet was for reducing coronary artery plaque d. lower mortality rates for the experimental group, but no regression in coronary artery plaque

a. most patients in the experimental group reduced the plaque in their coronary arteries

Research by Sheldon Cohen and colleagues correlated individual's responses to symptoms with the Big Five personality traits. They found people scoring high in which trait more likely to seek medical care? a. neuroticism b. conscientiousness c. extraversion d. openness to experience

a. neuroticism

Some evidence indicates that being __ is positively related to colon and rectal cancer. a. obese b. European American c. female d. male

a. obese

Practitioners' accuracy when judging adherence of patients is --. a. only slightly better than chance b. the best report of patients' adherence c. very reliable d. very valid

a. only slightly better than chance

Richard is a graduate student who works in a research lab to study morphine and heroin; both of which are __. a. opiate drugs b. stimulant drugs c. are opiates and used medically to relieve pain d. used medically to relieve pain

a. opiate drugs

Jackson was a first responder at the World Trade Center attacks. He suffers from recurrent intrusive memories of his experiences and he also has unpleasant dreams that replay some of these experiences. Jackson is most likely suffering from __. a. post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) b. transcendent psychosis c. schizophrenia d. clinical depression

a. post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Alcohol consumption is associated with many negative effects. A "direct hazard" of alcohol consumption is __. a. progressive liver damage from long-term heavy drinking b. an association between consumption and aggression c. alcohol's effect on coordination and cognitive functions d. increased consumption leading to increased accidents

a. progressive liver damage from long-term heavy drinking

__ appears to matter more that __ in determining the quality of life of someone who is coping with a chronic illness. a. psychological functioning; physical functioning b. psychological functioning; environmental functioning c. physical functioning; psychological functioning d. physical functioning; emotional functioning

a. psychological functioning; physical functioning

Hank is conducting research in __; he will study the interactions among behavior, the endocrine system, the immune system, and the nervous system. a. psychoneruoimmunology b. behavioral medicine c. transactional analysis d. health psychology

a. psychoneruoimmunology

Which of the following is NOT one of the main sections of a research report based on the American Psychological Association guidelines? a. rationale b. none; all are main sections c. introduction d. results e. discussion f. methods

a. rationale

Bob did not feel well and experienced pain in the arm that was actually generated by a heart attack. This is called __. a. referred pain b. prechronic pain c. chronic recurrent pain d. phantom limb pain

a. referred pain

In the "Secrets of the Mind" video clip, Derek experienced a sensation in his missing arm when Dr. Ramachandron stroked Derek's cheek. According to Dr. Ramachandron, one possible explanation involves __. a. reorganization of the somatosensory cortex b. an opening of "gates" in the spinal cord c. reorganization of spinal cord tissue d. changes in afferent myelinated axons

a. reorganization of the somatosensory cortex

Glucagon acts to __, and insulin acts to __. a. stimulate the release of glucose; take glucose into cells b. decrease blood sugar levels; increase blood sugar level c. increase hunger; decrease hunger d. stimulate the stomach; stimulate the pancreas

a. stimulate the release of glucose; take glucose into cells

Susan has been diagnosed with breast cancer that has not yet metastasized. __ is/are most likely to be recommended. a. surgery b. chemotherapy and/or radiation c. immunotherapy d. hormonal therapy

a. surgery

Which of these industrialized nations has the greatest restrictions on access to health care? a. the United States b. China c. Germany d. France

a. the United States

Although there are many actors that contribute to an increase in life expectancy in the United States, the single most important factor is __. a. the decrease in the infant mortality rate b. advancement in medical care c. advancement in medical technology d. the increase in infant mortality rate e. the increase in individuals' beliefs in the importance of exercise

a. the decrease in the infant mortality rate

Hormones are to __ as neurotransmitters are to __. a. the endocrine system; nervous system b. the nervous system; the circulatory system c. efferent signals; afferent signals d. lymph nodes; the HPA axis

a. the endocrine system; nervous system

Which of the following is not correct? Research on the topic of emotional disclosure has demonstrated its effectiveness __. a. with psychological but no physical problems b. is enhanced if people find some positive aspect of their experience c. in reducing the symptoms of asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer d. for people who experience more stress compared to people who experience less stress

a. with psychological but no physical problems

Which group of U.S. citizens has the longest life expectancy? a. European Americans b. Asian Americans c. Hispanic Americans d. African Americans

b. Asian Americans

Which of the following is true about cognitive behavioral therapy? a. it focuses primarily on consequences such as positive reinforcement and ignores psychological processes b. CBT is consistent with changing perceived control and coping abilities c. it is the least effective therapy for stress management d. all of the options are consistent with CBT

b. CBT is consistent with changing perceived control and coping abilities

Kaposi's sarcoma is a cancer that occurs most frequently n the United States as a result of __. a. suppression of emotion b. HIV infection c. UV light d. Type A behavior pattern

b. HIV infection

Lisa felt fine in the morning, but as the day progressed, she started sneezing, coughing, and she developed a severe headache. Lisa called her mother for advice and checked a couple of internet resources. She thought that it might be a cold, in which case, she would probably feel better in a week. However, based on previous experiences, she knew that it could be a sinus infection, in which case she would require antibiotics. One week later, because the severity of Lisa's symptoms increased, she went to the doctor. Lisa was diagnosed with a sinus infection and after reliably taking antibiotics, her symptoms subsided. (Check all that apply) a. Lisa's efforts to consult with her mother and internet sources are examples of sick role behavior b. The diagnosis of sinus infection altered Lisa's behavior to sick role behavior c. Adhering to taking antibiotics as prescribed is an example of sick role behavior d. According to Alexander Segall (1997) Lisa's illness behavior includes the right to be exempt from normal duties e. By providing labels of either a "cold" or a "sinus infection", Lisa engaged in the component of conceptualizing the disease f. Severity of symptoms influenced Lisa's illness behavior

b. The diagnosis of sinus infection altered Lisa's behavior to sick role behavior c. Adhering to taking antibiotics as prescribed is an example of sick role behavior e. By providing labels of either a "cold" or a "sinus infection", Lisa engaged in the component of conceptualizing the disease f. Severity of symptoms influenced Lisa's illness behavior

The ratio of the incidence or prevalence of that disease in the unexposed group is called __. a. dose-response relationship b. a relative risk c. causation d. a risk factor

b. a relative risk

With extra weight carried around her __, Bethany has an increased risk for myocardial infarction. a. chest b. abdomen c. hips d. thighs

b. abdomen

Seeking medical care is an important health behavior. However, __ , which is a person's willingness and ability to follow recommended health practice is critical. a. perceived behavioral control b. adherence c. intention d. behavior

b. adherence

The issue of __ is a problem in making necessary lifestyle changes to manage diabetes. a. stress management b. adherence c. weight control d. exercise

b. adherence

The largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease is __. a. all of the options b. age c. genetics d. body weight

b. age

As a health psychologist, Andrew's involvement with diabetes includes __. a. understanding how diabetics conceptualize their illness b. all of these have been included in health psychology's involvement c. understanding the effects of stress on blood glucose metabolism d. helping diabetics understand requirements for managing diabetes

b. all of these have been included in health psychology's involvement

Alex attributes his health (good or otherwise) to his lifestyle and behaviors, and he engages in health-promoting behavior. Which of the following best describes Alex's point of view? a. a low level of self-esteem b. an internal locus of control c. a low level of self-efficacy d. an external locus of control

b. an internal locus of control

Although according to the transtheoretical model, people with __ are not ready to change, one study (Resnicow et al., 2001) found __ effective for facilitating changes in their health-promoting behaviors. a. a lower risk profile; biofeedback b. an optimistic bias; motivational interviewing c. a lower motivation; motivational interviewing d. a pessimistic bias; cognitive behavioral treatment

b. an optimistic bias; motivational interviewing

Ischemia in __ in the brain can prevent __ blood from the heart from reaching neurons, which can result in massive cell death very quickly. a. veins; deoxygenated b. arteries; oxygenated blood c. veins; oxygenated blood d. arteries; deoxygenated

b. arteries; oxygenated blood

Karen participated in real time fMRI to learn how to suppress cravings. This __ intervention strategy focuses on __. a. autogenics; change in the rate of breathing b. biofeedback; immediate information on biological system status c. CAM; an understanding of how and why the process occurs d. CBT; change in the heart rate

b. biofeedback; immediate information on biological system status

Based on reviews of research into mindfulness meditation, college students and others __. a. can alleviate depression, but not prevent relapse into it b. can manage stress better, as well as stress-related disorders c. benefit the same regardless of how much they practice it d. experience a increase in anxiety but a decrease in tension

b. can manage stress better, as well as stress-related disorders

Many different chemicals function as signals or messages, however, the chemicals secreted by immune system cells to signal the nervous system are called __. a. antigens b. cytokines c. leukocytes d. phagocytes

b. cytokines

Gus knows that behavioral factors contribute to cancer. He recently quit smoking after learning that the leading cause of lung cancer deaths continues to be smoking. However, he is also planning to change other behaviors after learning that __ is another important behavioral risk for all other cancers in the United States. a. unsafe sex b. diet c. stressful life events d. alcohol

b. diet

Mason had his first cigarette when, at the age of 15, he attended a party with friends who were smokers. Like Mason, many of the adolescents who begin smoking __. a. are unaware of the dangers from smoking b. do not believe that the hazards apply to them c. do because adults tell them not to smoke d. do out of an unconscious death wish

b. do not believe that the hazards apply to them

The behavioral model of adherence __. a. has very little research evidence to support it b. emphasizes reinforcement of compliant behaviors c. incorporates the concept of subjective norms d. emphasizes punishment of noncompliant behaviors

b. emphasizes reinforcement of compliant behaviors

As one of the two systems of communication in the human body, the nervous system produces chemicals called neurotransmitters such as __, which can decrease pain, and __, which can increase the experience of pain. a. serotonin; dynorphin b. endorphins; glutamate c. substance P; serotonin d. endorphins; enkephalins

b. endorphins; glutamate

If individuals undergo a ritual in which they are subjected to trauma, they likely In Marie's culture, quiet acceptance is expected. Thus, when Marie experiences a traumatic event in which most people would experience pain, she will likely a. perceive the event as a completely psychological event b. feel pain, but not show it c. feel no pain during traumatic initiation rituals d. feel little or no pain from accidental injuries

b. feel pain, but not show it

In terms of the nervous system, sympathetic is to __ as parasympathetic is to __. a. rest & digest; conserves energy b. fight or flight; rest & digest c. fight or flight; uses energy d. rest & digest; fight or flight

b. fight or flight; rest & digest

To maximize her fitness goals, Sara includes exercise programs like yoga and tai chi, which can help provide muscle __. a. fitness b. flexibility c. endurance d. strength

b. flexibility

Amy experiences a great deal of stress and anxiety. As a student in a health psychology course, she learned that mindfulness meditation teaches people to __. a. receive information about their internal biological functioning b. focus nonjudgmentally on thoughts or sensations as they occur c. attempt to discover ad correct their irrational cognitions d. receive spiritual advice from their therapists

b. focus nonjudgmentally on thoughts or sensations as they occur

As a college student, you might find it interesting that researchers have found that having more education provides benefits a. for longer life expectancy, but not for better health b. for people who live in various nations of the world c. for better health, but not for longer life expectancy d. for people who live in the United States, primarily

b. for people who live in various nations of the world

As a clinical health psychologist, you are likely to encourage your patients to follow a diet high in __ to decrease risk of cardiovascular disease. a. monounsaturated fats b. fruits, vegetables, and fish c. high-fiber cereals and grains d. foods that are high in oxidants

b. fruits, vegetables, and fish

Why did Lance Armstrong put off seeking medical care for the symptoms he noticed? a. he was concerned about the expenses of medical care b. he was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain c. he knew an illness would have no impact on his career d. he did not know how to get a referral to a specialist

b. he was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain

African Americans have __ rates of hypertension and __ rates of cardiovascular mortality compared with European Americans. a. lower; lower b. higher; higher c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

b. higher; higher

It was Haley's turn to give a presentation in front of a class of 50 students. She was so anxious that she wanted to run out of the room, but she knew that she had to stay and do her best. Which of the following would not be part of the fight-or-flight response that Haley experienced? a. increased heart rate b. increased digestive activity c. increased blood pressure d. decreased salivary activity

b. increased digestive activity

Beth feels that she is treated unfairly at her place of work due to her sexual orientation, and this perception increases her experience of stress. Which of the following best describes possible consequences (for Beth) due to perceived circumstances or treatment at work. a. increased stress, which harms physical health but has little ability to produce psychological distress b. increased risk of health problems, including cardiovascular disease c. increased stress, but not likely to harm physical health d. not likely to cause any adverse issues

b. increased risk of health problems, including cardiovascular disease

Health psychology deals with behavior change. Which behavior(s) protect the largest number of people against HIV? a. avoiding people who have AIDS entirely b. limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms c. avoiding drug use and avoiding homosexuals d. avoiding giving blood and having blood transfusions

b. limiting the number of sex partners and using condoms

Treatment and lifestyle changes contribute to decreases in cancer. However, __ has not decreased in recent years. a. lung cancer b. liver cancer c. breast cancer d. prostate cancer

b. liver cancer

Beth has tried many different weight loss strategies. Her conclusion is consistent with a recent study which found that dieters who __ lost twice as much weight as those on the same program that did not. a. attended therapy sessions b. maintained a food diary c. maintained a food diary and exercised 30 minutes once a week d. exercised twice a week

b. maintained a food diary

Although life expectancy differs by country, all of the following are factors in life expectancy in the United States EXCEPT: a. ethnicity b. mother's personality c. age d. education

b. mother's personality

According to the health action process approach of behavior change models, intention is critical in the __ and planning is critical for __. a. motivational phase; the self-efficacy phase b. motivational phase; the volitional phase c. volitional phase; the motivational phase d. self-efficacy phase; the intentional phase

b. motivational phase; the volitional phase

Using positive reinforcement to increase desirable behaviors, while also withholding reinforcers to decrease pain behaviors is the major component of behavior modification techniques in __. a. cognitive learning strategies b. operant conditioning principles c. classical conditioning concepts d. observational learning theory

b. operant conditioning principles

A recent study by Milling and colleagues (2005) examined the efficacy of hypnosis as a treatment and compared hypnotic suggestion to non-hypnotic suggestion. Results indicated that pain was reduced for __. a. patients who were under hypnosis only b. patients who expected their treatment to be effective c. patients who were not hypnotized only

b. patients who expected their treatment to be effective

Many theories have been proposed to explain stages of terminal illness. Research has indicated that __. a. the stage of denial has the longest duration among the five stages b. people experience described stages, but not in the proposed order c. most people are likely to skip over the stage of bargaining d. most people never do arrive at the stage of acceptance

b. people experience described stages, but not in the proposed order

High blood pressure and high serum cholesterol are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Barrett is 80 pounds overweight and has both conditions. However, it has never occurred to Barrett that he might be a candidate for CVD if he does not change his lifestyle. According to Prochaska's transtheoretical model, Martin is the __ stage. a. final b. precontemplation c. contemplation d. maintenance

b. precontemplation

As discussed in Chapter 6, the immune system protects the body from foreign substances. In doing so, production of proteins called __ can function to increase pain sensitivity, along with increasing fatigue ad sickness. a. endorphins & opiates b. proinflammatory cytokines c. opiates d. endorphins

b. proinflammatory cytokines

In terms of locus of control, internal is to external as __ is to __. a. other; self b. self; other c. fate; powerful other d. powerful other; self

b. self; other

Although digestion starts with enzymes in saliva, digestion of most types of nutrients occurs in the __. a. stomach b. small intestine c. large intestine d. gall bladder

b. small intestine

After stepping o a sharp tack, the sensation of pain is signaled first by neural signals traveling to the __. a. muscles in the foot b. spinal cord c. cranial nerves d. brain

b. spinal cord

Although the stress response can be adaptive in the short term, research suggests that __. a. stress can correlate with but not contribute to CVD or precipitate heart attacks b. stress can precipitate heart attacks and also can contribute to developing CVD c. stress can precipitate heart attacks but does not contribute to developing CVD d. stress can contribute to developing CVD does not precipitate heart attacks

b. stress can precipitate heart attacks and also can contribute to developing CVD

During a routine check up, the doctor found a lump in Alex's lymph node. She did a biopsy to determine if the tumor was benign or malignant. The difference between the classifications is __. a. the size of the tumor each produces b. that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues c. the ability of benign tumors to metastasize d. that benign tumors attack nearly any tissue, whereas malignancies are specific to animal (including human) tissue cells

b. that malignant cells can invade surrounding tissues

Mason has his first cigarette when, at the age of 15, he attended a party with friends who were smokers. The reinforcement explanation of smoking assumes that if Mason continues to smoke, __. a. the negative stimulus of one's first attempt at smoking arouses a corresponding positive process b. the positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences c. the positive stimulus of one's first attempt at smoking arouses a corresponding negative process d. the individual has not experienced any negative consequences

b. the positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences

Which of the following have researchers implicated in health disparities for African Americans? a. limitations in health literacy b. these have all been named c. discrimination in treatment d. inadequate medical treatment

b. these have all been named

Suppose Martin completes a self-report questionnaire about his level of anxiety. The doctor also measures Martin's blood cortisol levels as a measure of anxiety and Martin's wife independently completes a questionnaire about Martin's anxiety-related behaviors at home. If the results of Martin's self-report questionnaire are consistent with the physiological measure of cortisol and his wife's independently completed questionnaire, then the self-report questionnaire for Martin has __. a. internal consistency b. validity c. test-retest reliability d. homogeneity

b. validity

Myelinated, A-delta fibers are to __ as unmyelinated C fibers are to __. a. "slow pain" response; "fast pain" response b. "no pain" response; "fast pain" response c. "fast pain" response; "slow pain" response d. "no pain" response; "slow pain" response

c. "fast pain" response; "slow pain" response

Approximately __ % of deaths in the U.S. are due to __. a. 50; cardiovascular disease including stroke and heart attack b. 20; stroke c. 30; cardiovascular disease d. 30; myocardial infarction

c. 30; cardiovascular disease

Although life expectancy has increased over the past century, health care costs increased __ per person, per year, between 1970 and 2013. a. To more than ten times what it was b. To more than five times what it was c. To more than seven times what it was d. To more than three times what it was

c. To more than seven times what it was

Kevin has has diabetes for the past six years, is overweight, and manages his diabetes by attempting to eat healthier and taking daily medication. Kevin most likely has __. a. insulin-dependent diabetes b. gestational diabetes c. Type 2 diabetes d. Type 1 diabetes

c. Type 2 diabetes

Jackson was referred to an alternative medicine specialist where the clinician treated him by inserting needles into specific points on his body and stimulating those points. Jackson's treatment is called __. a. qi gong b. pressure point therapy c. acupuncture d. ayurveda

c. acupuncture

The strongest inherent risk factor for cancer is __. a. ethnic background b. family history c. advancing age d. gender

c. advancing age

Adverse health conditions that are positively correlated with obesity included __. a. Type 2 diabetes b. cardiovascular disease c. all of these health risks d. high blood pressure

c. all of these health risks

Which of the following is NOT characteristics of central control triggers? a. CCTs can explain, in part, the effectiveness of CBT b. efferent signals due to psychological and environmental influences c. ascending signals derived from nociceptors d. have the capacity to enhance or diminish pain perception

c. ascending signals derived from nociceptors

Maggie believes she caught the cold by being exposed to the virus from others at school. Megan believes she succumbed to the "cold" virus because she was exposed to the virus and she did not get enough sleep. Thus, Maggies' view is consistent with the __ model while Megan's view is consistent with the __ model of health. a. biopsychosocial; biomedical b. psychosomatic medicine; biopsychosocial c. biomedical; biopsychosocial d. biochemical; psychosomatic medicine

c. biomedical; biopsychosocial

After performing a coronary calcium scan (heart scan), Monica's doctor showed her images of early plaque formation in coronary arteries. Which if the following s the explanation the doctor most likely shared with Monica? a. build up of plaques, due in part to excess HDL, could result in reduced blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium if arteries become occluded b. build up of plaques, due in part to build up of cholesterol and other materials, could be protective against cardiovascular disease c. build up of plaques, due in part to build up of cholesterol and other materials, could result in atherosclerosis which could result in reduced blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium if arteries become occluded d. build up of plaques, due in part to build up of cholesterol and other materials, is called arteriosclerosis, which could result in reduced blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium if arteries become occluded

c. build up of plaques, due in part to build up of cholesterol and other materials, could result in atherosclerosis which could result in reduced blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium if arteries become occluded

Richard has a type of skin cancer; Barb has cancer i mucous membrane; and Liz has cancer in her stomach lining. These patients all have what kind of cancer? a. sarcoma b. lymphoma c. carcinoma d. leukemia

c. carcinoma

Evidence is clearest that physical activity against __ cancer in both men and women. a. lung b. skin c. colon d. stomach

c. colon

According to David Mechanic, which of these symptom characteristics is LEAST likely to determine people's response to illness? a. perceived severity of the illness b. visibility of the symptoms c. cost of treatment and hospitalization d. the extent to which the symptoms interfere with normal daily functioning

c. cost of treatment and hospitalization

Many individuals can consume alcohol as casual, social drinkers and experience little effects. However, for Victor, alcohol has become incorporated into the functioning of his body's cells and thus, alcohol becomes necessary for "normal" functioning. __ has occurred. a. withdrawal b. tolerance c. dependence d. death

c. dependence

Martin's anger is a(n) __ accompanied by physiological arousal, whereas his hostility is a negative __ toward others. a. attitude; reaction b. reaction; emotion c. emotion; attitude d. attitude; emotion

c. emotion; attitude

You have likely heard the misguided question "Is it nature (genetics) or nurture (environment)?" However, studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that it is both, nature AND nurture, but __. a. genetic factors are more important for women, and environmental factors are more important for men in determining weight b. environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining weight c. genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution d. genetic factors are more important for men, and environmental factors are more important for women in determining weight

c. genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution

Jason's psychologist uses a technique in which Jason is asked to imagine a peaceful pastoral scene and then concentrate on that scene during any anxiety-provoking situation. From this description it appears that Jason's psychologist is using __. a. meditative relaxation b. hypnosis c. guided imagery d. progressive muscle relaxation

c. guided imagery

Although many factors affect an individual's likelihood of following medical advice. In general, individuals with chronic conditions such as HIV show __ adherence rates where those with diabetes tend to show __ adherence rates. a. low; high b. high; high c. high; low d. low; low

c. high; low

In certain spots, isometric exercise may be desired since it is designed to __. a. increase in muscle endurance b. increase lung capacity c. increase muscle strength d. increase cardiovascular fitness

c. increase muscle strength

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are neurodegenerative diseases with __ death rates, which reflects __ in the United States? a. declining; a fall in healthy lifestyle behaviors b. increasing; an increase in environmental toxins c. increasing; an increase in the aging population d. declining; a decrease in socioeconomic levels

c. increasing; an increase in the aging population

By completing your "Check Your Health Risk" Assessment for cancer and reading Chapter 10, you learned that __ risk factors for cancer include genetics and family history, whereas __ risk factors include smoking and diet. a. behavioral; environmental b. inherent; environmental c. inherent; behavioral d. behavioral; inherent

c. inherent; behavioral

The example of Justine in the video clip 'Worlds Apart' is consistent with the finding that those who do not share the cultural beliefs of Western medicine __. a. are more likely to comply with the advice of a nurse than with that of a physician b. are just as likely as those who do to comply with the advice of a physician c. may comply not with advice from physicians, but from practitioners of their cultural traditions d. are likely to be members of ethnic minorities and are less compliant than European Americans

c. may comply not with advice from physicians, but from practitioners of their cultural traditions

Isaiah suffers from chronic pain and is considering mindfulness-based intervention to help manage it. Based on research findings, what should he consider? a. mindfulness can reduce perceived pain, but not improve mood b. mindfulness is less expensive but also less effective than drugs c. mindfulness helps pain by avoiding catastrophizing judgments mindfulness is less effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy

c. mindfulness helps pain by avoiding catastrophizing judgments

In a study about medical costs (Himmel-stein et al., 2009), researchers found that __. a. people who had catastrophic illnesses never needed to file bankruptcy b. only people without health insurance were bankrupted by medical costs c. more than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs d. medical costs caused hardship but not bankruptcy for most Americans

c. more than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs

Death rates, or __, for hypertension, cancer, and stroke __ from 1990 to 2010. a. morbidity rates; decreased b. morbidity rates; increased c. mortality rates; decreased d. mortality rates; increased

c. mortality rates; decreased

Laboratory research suggests that stress may affect the immune system through activating the sympathetic nervous system. The impact of this stress is: a. damaging initially, but positive if ongoing b. positive, both initially and also if ongoing c. positive initially, but damaging if ongoing d. damaging, whether it is initial or ongoing

c. positive initially, but damaging if ongoing

As a health psychologist, your involvement in cancer would primarily focus on __. a. diagnosis and prevention b. diagnosis and cure c. prevention and helping patients to cope d. neoplastic research and prevention

c. prevention and helping patients to cope

Madison's friend recommended a vegetarian diet with the benefit of low fat and high fiber food, which is believed to be helpful to __. a. non of the options b. reduce the risk of cold and flu c. reduce high cholesterol d. reduce the risk for osteoarthritis

c. reduce high cholesterol

After learning that she has the mutated form of the BRCA 1 gene, Paula realizes that she is as much as __ as likely to develop __ cancer as someone who has the non-mutated form of the gene. a. twice; lung b. twice; breast c. seven times; breast d. seven times; lung

c. seven times; breast

Anxiety and mood disorders, by definition, involve behavioral differences. However, in terms of adherence, the effects of anxiety on failure to comply are __ , and the effects of depression are __. a. small; also small b. large; small c. small; large d. large; also large

c. small; large

Anxiety and mood disorders, by definition, involve behavioral differences. However, in terms of adherence, the effects of anxiety on failure to comply are __, and the effects of depression are __. a. small; also small b. large; small c. small; large d. large; also large

c. small; large

There are several theories and research findings about the effects of stress on health outcomes. The diathesis-stress model hypothesizes that __. a. some people learn to cope with stress but not with stressful life events b. stress is most likely to produce illness in a healthy person c. some people are more inherently vulnerable to the effects of stress d. stress and psychological functioning interact to produce better health

c. some people are more inherently vulnerable to the effects of stress

Josh wishes to increase fitness known as flexibility, which is best increased by __. a. jogging b. short, fast runs c. stretching d. weight lifting

c. stretching

Health psychologists __. a. develop interventions to change criminal behaviors b. all of the options c. study and/or implement interventions that address biological, psychological, and social factors related to change in health behavior d. prescribe pharmacological medications to change health outcomes

c. study and/or implement interventions that address biological, psychological, and social factors related to change in health behavior

Suppose you are a research assistant in Dr. PhD's lab, and you are asked to design a new instrument to measure motivation. If we ask participants to complete the same instrument of motivation over several days, we are testing this new instrument's __. a. predictive validity b. external validity c. test-retest reliability d. interrater reliability

c. test-retest reliability

As many baby boomers approach retirement, the term well-year, which refers to __, becomes more meaningful. a. the wellness behaviors associated with preventive health care b. the life expectancy of a person at birth c. the equivalent of a year of life free of health-related problems d. the number of positive health practices a person performed in a calendar year

c. the equivalent of a year of life free of health-related problems

Individuals respond to medical symptoms differently. Among factors influencing how people respond to medical symptoms, which of these is NOT classified as a personal factor? a. the person's perception of his/her body b. the amount of stress the person is under c. the ethnic group the person belongs to d. the person's personality traits

c. the ethnic group the person belongs to

Researchers have identified a number of variables involved with causation and increased risk of ulcers. Which of these is considered a more indirect factor than the others? a. the influence of releasing stress hormones b. the influence of an infection with H.pylori c. the influence of undergoing chronic stress d. the influence of immune function changes

c. the influence of undergoing chronic stress

Suppose Lisa's blood pressure is 145/78, which of the following best describe her situation? a. the pressure reflecting elasticity of blood vessel walls is low and pressure reflecting heart muscles contractions is slightly elevated. She would be diagnosed with prehypertension b. the pressure reflecting elasticity of blood vessel walls is normal but pressure reflecting heart muscle contractions is high. She would not be diagnosed with hypertension c. the pressure reflecting elasticity of blood vessel walls is normal but pressure reflecting heart muscle contractions is high. She would be diagnosed with hypertension d. the pressure reflecting elasticity of blood vessel walls is high but pressure reflecting heart muscles contractions is normal. She would be diagnosed with hypertension

c. the pressure reflecting elasticity of blood vessel walls is normal but pressure reflecting heart muscle contractions is high. She would be diagnosed with hypertension

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. according to the textbook, there are more adult men smokers compared to adult women smokers in the U.S. b. in the U.S., education and smoking are negatively correlated c. there is a positive correlation between smoking and wealth in the U.S. d. nicotine influences neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems

c. there is a positive correlation between smoking and wealth in the U.S.

Research has found that people who experienced the greatest benefits from physical activity were: a. those who changed from an active to a more active lifestyle b. children c. those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle d. women

c. those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle

Smoking damages the inner walls of arteries and speeds up plaque formation. Current smokers are __ to suffer a heart attack than people who have never smoked. a. just as likely b. twice as likely c. three times as likely d. ten times as likely

c. three times as likely

In the acronym F.A.S.T., the T stands for __. a. tissue b. tension c. time d. temperature e. tissue plasminogen activator

c. time

Although there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, patients are given drugs __. a. to achieve a positive placebo effect b. to reverse the cognitive impairment c. to delay the progress of impairment d. to prevent patients from wandering

c. to delay the progress of impairment

Your great aunt Inez is a healthy 85 year old who as led an essentially sedentary lifestyle. Now she is thinking about walking in the shopping mall and asks you for advice. What would you tell her? a "walking is not a sufficiently vigorous form of exercise. You should take up jogging instead." b. "Its too late for you to gain any benefits from physical activity at your age" c. " find a partner who will push you to raise your heart rate to 150 or higher" d. "see a trainer, who will likely tell you to start easy and gradually increase speed ad distance."

d. "see a trainer, who will likely tell you to start easy and gradually increase speed ad distance."

Marie regularly uses an indoor tannin bed. Compared to other young adults who do not use tanning beds, Marie is at a __ increased risk for melanoma. a. 45% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%

d. 75%

It was a Friday night party; alcohol and drugs flowed freely. After consuming a large amount of alcohol, Hank and his friends used cocaine. By using cocaine and alcohol together, __. a. all of these are things that apply to Traci's situation b. Hank would find that the effects of each one of these canceled out the other c. Hank was combining a depressant and a tranquilizer d. Hank's body would produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical

d. Hank's body would produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical

It is worth exploring the strategies for health behavior change in __, which is the nation that leads the world in number of years of healthy life expectancy. a. America b. Germany c. Canada d. Japan

d. Japan

Insurance coverage is an issue for many Americas. However, government programs were established in 1965 to provide substantial assistance such as __ for Americans over the age of 65, and __, which is based on low income and other criteria. a. the Health Maintenance Act; Medicare b. Medicaid; Medicare c. Medicare; Obama Care d. Medicare; Medicaid

d. Medicare; Medicaid

Which of these personal characteristics is generally the most accurate predictor of patient adherence? a. social class tends to predict most accurately b. sex is generally the most accurate predictor c. age is typically the most accurate predictor d. a combination of these is the most accurate

d. a combination of these is the most accurate

In terms of muscle strength and muscle endurance, a fitness instructor knows that __. a. a muscle needs a different exercise type for each b. a muscle needs each one of these to get the other c. a muscle may have endurance without strength d. a muscle may be strong but not have endurance

d. a muscle may be strong but not have endurance

Suppose a researcher measures two variables such as cortisol levels and heart rate, and statistical analysis reveals a correlation coefficient of -0.80. This indicates __. a. a weak positive relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable increase b. a weak negative relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable decrease c. a strong positive relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable increase d. a strong negative relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable decrease e. a strong negative relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable increase

d. a strong negative relationship such that as values on one variable increase, values for the other variable decrease

As discussed in previous chapters, stress can have negative effects on health. When dealing with stress associated with chronic illness, which type of coping strategies tend to produce the best results? a. emotional coping b. avoidant coping c. both emotional and avoidant coping d. active coping

d. active coping

Stress is a construct, and thus, it cannot be directly measured. However, measures such as __ can be used to infer the experience of stress. a. galvanic skin response b. cortisol c. heart rate d. all of the options e. epinephrine

d. all of the options

Of the following, which group is more likely to be current smokers? a. females compared to males b. highly educated compared to high-school educated c. older adults compared to younger adults d. american indians compared to asian americans

d. american indians compared to asian americans

Researchers designed a study to measure changes in cortisol levels of college students depending on exercise conditions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. This is __. a. an ex post facto design with age as a subject variable b. an ex post facto design with cortisol as a subject variable c. an experimental design with exercise as the dependent variable and cortisol level as the independent variable d. an experimental design with cortisol as the dependent variable and exercise as the independent variable

d. an experimental design with cortisol as the dependent variable and exercise as the independent variable

Harry is concerned about his weight since he learned in a health psychology class that obesity can result from ___. a. too little physical activity b. slow metabolism c. overeating d. any or all of these

d. any or all of these

William explored different alternative medical systems before seeking treatment for his chronic pain. He found that all alternative medical systems __. a. arose long ago & are now accepted by very few people b. emphasize physical factors & minimize psychological and emotional factors c. accept the importance of manipulation of the skin and organs in the healing process d. are holistic, considering psychological factors as well as physical factors in health

d. are holistic, considering psychological factors as well as physical factors in health

Integrative medicine __. a. attempts to integrate the use of medication and surgery to manage pain b. attempts to decrease the inequalities of health care treatment to ethnic minorities in the United States by establishing a series of facilities that treat people from all ethnic groups c. has been discussed but not attempted d. attempts to integrate conventional and alternative medicine to improve treatment success

d. attempts to integrate conventional and alternative medicine to improve treatment success

A major focus of health psychology stems from the fact that today more deaths in the United States are caused by __, whereas a century ago more deaths were due to __. a. pneumonia; cancer b. cancer; alcohol-related causes c. infectious diseases; chronic diseases d. chronic diseases; infections disease

d. chronic diseases; infections disease

Amy has learned to accept her pain while also focusing on valued goals. The process of learning to accept pain is important in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which is a type of __ which has been found effective for __. a. behavioral therapy; alleviating acute pain b. cognitive therapy; ameliorating acute pain c. relaxation training; managing chronic pain d. cognitive-behavioral therapy; chronic pain

d. cognitive-behavioral therapy; chronic pain

Thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency, which is sometimes found among chronic, heavy users of alcohol, can lead to Korsakoff syndrome, a disorder characterized by __. a. excessive trembling, sweating, anxiety, and hallucinations b. high blood pressure and rapid, irregular heartbeat c. nonfunctional scar tissue on the liver d. confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment

d. confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment

After suffering a myocardial infarction, Andrew experienced __, which is most likely psychological reaction after suffering a heart attack. a. anger b. social anxiety c. arteriosclerosis d. depression

d. depression

Sabine and Ashley participated in a study in which participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. Sabine, Ashley and the other participants did not know if they received the treatment or the placebo, and the experimenters did not know which group received treatment or placebo. The design is called __. a. naturalistic b. correlational c. confounding d. double-blind

d. double-blind

One route through which stress may affect the immune system is through __. a. any of these b. reverse peristalsis c. lowered epinephrine levels d. elevated cortisol levels

d. elevated cortisol levels

Donna is 71 years old. She smoked from the age of 15 until her retirement at the age of 65. Today, Donna can only walk a short distance without becoming short of breath. She suffers from the most common chronic lower respiratory disease called __, which occurs __. a. chronic bronchitis; when plaques build up in arteries b. acute bronchitis; due to infection c. lung cancer; when cells undergo uncontrolled cell division d. emphysema; when bronchi lose their elasticity

d. emphysema; when bronchi lose their elasticity

If researchers wished to study behaviors and outcomes associated with smoking, it would be unethical to randomly assign participants to a smoking or non-smoking condition. The research design that examines differences between groups without manipulating these groups is __. a. longitudinal b. experimental c. random assignment d. ex post facto

d. ex post facto

The emphasis on exercise as a factor in weight control programs has come about because of research that found that __. a. exercise acts differently on muscle tissue in the obese b. isometric exercise is the most advantageous type c. exercise burns more calories than previously believed d. exercise elevates the rate of the body's metabolism

d. exercise elevates the rate of the body's metabolism

Eating foods high in __ may increase appetite rather than lead to feelings of satiation. a. flavor b. calories c. carbohydrates d. fat and sugar

d. fat and sugar

Based on evolutionary perspective, what would be the advantage of a set-point for fat? a. fat helped protect individuals from injuries b. fat enhanced physical attractiveness and reproduction c. fat made individuals less attractive to predators d. fat helped protect people during food shortages

d. fat helped protect people during food shortages

Anna's shoe catches on the court while she is playing tennis, causing her to turn her ankle. She finishes the match, however, later discovers that her ankle is sprained. This scenario can best be described by the __. a. none of the above theories of pain b. delayed gratification theory of pain c. specificity theory of pain d. gate control theory of pain

d. gate control theory of pain

Demographic descriptions of anorexics and bulimics are similar in many ways. Which is NOT a similarity? a. being female b. childhood physical or sexual abuse c. having a desire to be thin d. having impulse control deficits

d. having impulse control deficits

Lance has been diagnosed with prostate cancer. Lance is LEAST likely to experience high levels of stress if __. a. his wife provides social support, but Leo does not notice her efforts b. he is unmarried c. his wife tries to protect him from the reality of his illness d. he perceives more social support available from his wife and others

d. he perceives more social support available from his wife and others

Many factors likely contribute to well-documented health disparities in the United States, including __, which is the ability to read and understand health information to make health-related decisions. a. health communication b. health expectancy c. health disparity d. health literacy

d. health literacy

After determining this research question, which was related to motivational and volitional phases of behavior change, the health psychology researchers selected a longitudinal study because such designs __. a. be completed with relatively few researchers b. determine causality c. be completed quickly d. help identify developmental trends and patterns

d. help identify developmental trends and patterns

Although many factors affect an individual's likelihood of following medical advice. In general, individuals with chronic conditions such as HIV show __ adherence rates where those with diabetes tend to show __ adherence rates. a. high; high b. low; low c. low; high d. high; low

d. high; low

An important take-away message for all of us is that in order for stress to cause illness, stress must affect physiological processes that produce illness. Thus, the most likely candidate for a mechanism is the __ system. a. nervous b. endocrine c. digestive d. immune

d. immune

In the Taylor et al. study, both physiological and self-report measures were used to assess the stress response. Which of the following is not an example of a dependent variable in this study? a. blood pressure b. self-report scale (upset and concerned) c. cortisol levels d. implicit versus explicit support conditions e. heart rate

d. implicit versus explicit support conditions

What one consumes appears to influence cellular metabolism such that high __ production leads to the intake of more glucose than cells can use, and the excess is stored as __. a. ghrelin; leptin b. insulin; ghrelin c. leptin; insulin d. insulin; fat

d. insulin; fat

Suppose two research assistants each independently code videos of participants who were videotaped during a stress study. If the scores for the two research assistants yielded a correlation coefficient of .90, then the measure or instrument __. a. has predictive validity b. is valid c. has test-retest validity d. is reliable

d. is reliable

There is strong evidence that __ levels fall when fat stores fall, which may provide a long-term signal to eat more. a. agouti-related principle b. ghrelin c. cholecystokinin (CCK) d. leptin

d. leptin

Jonathan has cancer that originated from his blood. Jonathan is likely to have a form of __. a. sarcoma b. carcinoma c. lymphoma d. leukemia

d. leukemia

Lucy has asthma. Thus, the critical factor in Lucy's treatment is __. a. early hospitalization b. smoking cessation c. changing the her environment d. maintaining adherence to medication

d. maintaining adherence to medication

After the death of their son, Chad and Laurie were able to find comfort in the fact that the donation of his heart saved the life of a young boy. This type of coping is: a. emotion-focused coping b. avoidance type of coping c. problem-focused coping d. meaning-focused coping

d. meaning-focused coping

In research literature reviews, which of the following alternative treatments has been found effective for preventing formerly depressed patients from relapsing? a. acupuncture b. St. John's Wort c. mindfulness-based stress reduction d. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

d. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Collecting data is a critical process in research and the saying "garbage in, garbage out" applies. Thus, an accurate psychometric testing instrument __. a. must be given with time limits b. may be valid but not reliable c. may be reliable but not valid d. must be both valid and reliable

d. must be both valid and reliable

The key ingredient of cigarettes that causes changes in the nervous system associated with addition is __. a. aldehydes b. carcinogens c. tars d. nicotine

d. nicotine

Carol's __ may be related to adjusting well to a 'diagnosis' of cancer, but not necessarily survival of cancer. a. physical energy b. social support c. hardiness d. optimism

d. optimism

When dealing with a terminal illness, arranging for home health care and medical facilities addresses the __ element of the dying role. Individuals with terminal illness often struggle when giving up duties they can no longer perform, such as spousal or parental duties. This is the __ element of the dying role. a. relational; personal b. personal; relational c. personal; practical d. practical; relational

d. practical; relational

A nine-year follow-up study of the Alameda County study, which is a(n) __ design, revealed that skipping breakfast and snacking between meals __ predict mortality. a. prospective; did b. cross-sectional; did not c. experimental; did not d. prospective; did not e. cross-sectional; did

d. prospective; did not

As discussed throughout the textbook, health disparities exist in the U.S. with the most documented health disparities of __. a. education and income disparities b. gender and sexual orientation disparities c. geographic location d. racial and ethnic disparities

d. racial and ethnic disparities

Jonas measured how strongly certain muscles could contract. Jonas was measuring muscle __. a. fitness b. endurance c. flexibility d. strength

d. strength

Health psychologists know that negative reinforcement __ behavior. a. does not change b. punishes c. weakens d. strengthens

d. strengthens

Although pharmacological treatments have decreased AIDS mortality rates, for those who do not survive, it is due to __. a. a direct effect of the deadliness of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) b. the tendency of those who are infected to avoid medical care until a critical stage of infection has already been reached c. poor medical care for those infected d. the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal

d. the destruction of the immune system, leaving people vulnerable to a variety of infections, any of which can be fatal

Theresa shares with her new friend that she has developed tolerance for a drug. This refers to __. a. a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug b. the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functions, making the drug necessary for normal functioning c. the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities d. the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect

d. the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect

The influences of environmental and social pressures on health behavior are accounted for better by __. a. self-efficacy theory b. all of these theories/models equally c. the health belief model d. the theory of planned behavior

d. the theory of planned behavior

Although there are may factors to consider when seeking medical care, which factor influencing interactions between a patient and medical practitioner do your text authors describe a possibly the most important? a. the personal characteristics of the patient b. the technical expertise of the practitioner c. the practitioner's personal characteristics d. the verbal communication between them

d. the verbal communication between them

After controlling for socioeconomic factors, what did Du and Colleagues (2007) find about cancer in ethnic minorities compared to in European Americans? a. their rates of cancers became equal b. their rates of survival became lower c. their rates of cancers became lower d. their rates of survival became equal

d. their rates of survival became equal

Which of the following 'accurately' reflects discrimination in the medical treatment of African Americans? a. they are more likely to receive no treatment for HIV infection than others are b. they are more likely to be referred to cardiologists than European Americans c. they are more likely to receive kidney dialysis than European American are d. they are more likely to have less aggressive coronary heart disease treatment

d. they are more likely to have less aggressive coronary heart disease treatment

When people combine conventional treatments such as analgesic drugs with alternative approaches such as massage, __. a. the combination of approaches will probably cancel each other out b. the diverse treatment approaches will be ineffective c. their conventional medicine practitioners often force them to make a choice between approaches d. they are using complementary medicine

d. they are using complementary medicine

Gary suffered stroke which resulted in damage to his right parietal lobe. He is least likely to have experienced which of the following? a. slurred speech b. blockage of blood vessel c. rupture of an aneurysm d. numbness on one side e. chest pain

e. chest pain

In terms of proposed views of the stress response, which of the following is most associated with perceived control? a. exhaustion b. resistance c. all of the options d. alarm e. secondary appraisal

e. secondary appraisal

People believing that the negative consequences of smoking will happen to other people but not to them demonstrate a/an __.

optimistic bias