PSY 422 Final Exam Study Guide

C) Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has notbeen used to explain this difference? A) Siblings only share a portion of their genes. B) Siblings may experience their family environment very differently. C) Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times. D) Siblings may have very different experiences outside the family.

D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development? A. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the transition to adulthood. B. Working interferes with other activities, such as school. C. Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

C. Because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.

According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools? A. Private school teachers are better trained and are generally better teachers than public school teachers. B. Teachers at private schools are more committed to the students than the teachers at private schools. C. Because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools. D. Private schools have more rigorous lesson plans and are in school more days a year than public schools.

A) personal; conventional

Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A) personal; conventional B) personal; moral C) conventional; personal D) moral; personal

D. better use of academic tracking.

All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except: A. close links between the schools and the students' families. B. more discipline. C. more homework. D. better use of academic tracking.

B. teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities.

All of the following changes in school environment when moving from elementary school to middle school or junior high school have been noted in research, except that A. middle and junior high schools are larger and more impersonal. B. teachers in middle and junior high schools feel more confident in their teaching abilities. C. teachers in middle and junior high schools are less likely to trust their students. D. teachers in middle and junior high schools are more likely to believe that students' abilities are not easily modified through instruction.

A. industrialization.

All of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except: A. industrialization. B. the expansion of the service sector. C. the expansion of the retail sector. D. a relatively short school day compared with other countries.

C) adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry.

All of the following statements accurately reflect research on adolescent-sibling relationships, except: A) companionship, nurturance, and support are regular features of adolescent-sibling relationships. B) adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships. C) adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a large increase in sibling rivalry. D) the quality of adolescent sibling relationships is affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship.

B) sleeper effect of divorce.

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the: A) deferred effect of divorce. B) sleeper effect of divorce. C) generation gap between adolescents and parents. D) sluggish adjustment of adolescence.

B) she blames herself for her parents' problems.

Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if: A) the conflict between her parents is covert. B) she blames herself for her parents' problems. C) her parents attempt to keep their relationship with her positive. D) her parents keep her out of their arguments.

C) their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that: A) G. Stanley Hall was correct in stating that adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B) the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C) their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D) Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.

A) asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except: A) encouraging discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships. B) asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues. C) engaging children and adolescents in verbal give-and-take. D) encouraging understanding of social systems, which helps in the development of reasoning, judgment, and empathy.

C. postsecondary education systems are composed of a wide variety of public and private two- and four-year institutions, some emphasizing a liberal arts education and others focusing more on technical, vocational, and pre-professional training

Based on the textbook, which of the following statements is not an accurate description of most other industrialized nations? A. postsecondary education is likely to be monopolized by monolithic public universities B. individuals are often separated into college- and non-college-bound tracks early in adolescence C. postsecondary education systems are composed of a wide variety of public and private two- and four-year institutions, some emphasizing a liberal arts education and others focusing more on technical, vocational, and pre-professional training D. all high school students are not housed in a comprehensive high school

D. students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that: A. small schools actually offer more varied curricula. B. students in large schools are more likely to participate in school activities. C. small schools have more material resources. D. students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

A. standardized test scores.

Debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. We would expect her to experience declines in all of the following, except her A. standardized test scores. B. academic performance. C. motivation. D. self-image.

A. comprehensive high school

During the 1920s, the _____ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people. A. comprehensive high school B. middle school C. vocational school D. parochial school

C. authoritative

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of? A. autocratic B. authoritarian C. authoritative D. permissive

B. student engagement.

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called: A. self-fulfilling prophecy. B. student engagement. C. tracking. D. desegregation.

C) even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that: A) authoritative parenting is most likely to be used by white and Asian-American families. B) ethnic minority families are less likely than white families to use an authoritative parenting style because they are less educated than white parents. C) even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups. D) authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes? A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem B. higher school achievement C. increasing their contact with adult role models D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

B. 600 and 900 students.

Experts agree that the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between: A. 200 and 600 students. B. 600 and 900 students. C. 900 and 1,200 students. D. 1,200 and 1,500 students.

A. As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries? A. As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students. B. Many low-class parents feel that it is inappropriate for their children to have jobs while attending school. C. There are not as many opportunities for part-time employment in European countries as there are in the United States. D. There are laws in many European countries that prevent schoolchildren from working.

A. Few teenagers exercise a great deal of responsibility in managing their own wages.

Given that the working teenager earns approximately $400 each month, in what way does this translate into increased knowledge for budgeting, saving, and using money? A. Few teenagers exercise a great deal of responsibility in managing their own wages. B. The majority of teenagers learn to budget their earnings and save for college. C. Many teenagers learn responsibility by contributing to the household expenses. D. Parents typically are able to exert influence on how teens' earnings are spent.

A. An American high school student spends less than 5 hours per week on homework, whereas adolescents in India, Taiwan, and Japan spend between 4 and 5 hours per day on homework.

How does an American student's use of free time compare to students in other countries? A. An American high school student spends less than 5 hours per week on homework, whereas adolescents in India, Taiwan, and Japan spend between 4 and 5 hours per day on homework. B. An American student spends about 4 to 5 hours per day on homework, whereas adolescents in most other industrialized countries spend between 1 and 2 hours per day. C. An American student spends nearly three times as many hours reading for pleasure compared to adolescents in European countries. D. An American student's use of free time for academics is higher than most other countries.

B. it places adolescents at an increased risk for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use

How is intensive employment (working more than 20 hours per week) related to adolescent problem behavior? A. it places adolescents at a decreased risk for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use B. it places adolescents at an increased risk for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use C. as the number of part-time hours increases, the risk of problem behavior decreases D. researchers found no relationship between hours worked and problem behavior

D. that such research findings are inconclusive, in that it is probably what takes place within a school that is most important, rather than the nature of funding and oversight.

In response to widespread disappointment over the state of public education in America, increasing numbers of parents explored charter schools, government-subsidized school vouchers, and schools run by private corporations. Research comparing traditional public education to these alternatives suggests: A. that charter schools are significantly more effective than traditional schools. B. that government subsidized voucher programs lead to superior schooling. C. that private corporations are more effective administrators of educational institutions than the states. D. that such research findings are inconclusive, in that it is probably what takes place within a school that is most important, rather than the nature of funding and oversight.

B) parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

It is important to be cautious against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development because: A) adolescent behavior may be a stronger determinant of family relationships than parents' behavior patterns. B) parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other. C) we cannot tell how parents' parenting patterns impact their adolescents' behavior until it is too late. D) genetic inheritance has a stronger impact on adolescent behavior than parenting practices.

A) authoritative

Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

B. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of: A. goodness-of-fit. B. the self-fulfilling prophecy. C. mainstreaming. D. higher-order thinking.

B. keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students.

Mrs. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her high school. As school principal, she should: A. make sure that no class has more than 25 students. B. keep remedial classes small, but not worry if other classes have as many as 40 students. C. keep class size between 35 and 40 students. D. merge with the neighboring high school so together they offer students more resources.

D) may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents: A) are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. B) seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at increasingly earlier ages. C) are often home too often and don't give their children adequate freedom. D) may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

B. greater engagement in school.

One study described in the textbook indicated that, among Black and Latino students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with all of the following except: A. greater disengagement from school. B. greater engagement in school. C. lower grades. D. more frequent absences.

A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect.

One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect. B. media is difficult to measure. C. the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly. D. adolescents are very secretive about their media use.

A. are dreary.

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs A. are dreary. B. offer good learning experiences. C. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility. D. pay well.

B. for elite youngsters.

Prior to the early twentieth century, high schools were designed: A. to keep delinquent children out of trouble. B. for elite youngsters. C. to offer vocational instruction. D. to provide general education.

A) if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear.

Research assessing the effects of stepfamilies on children's adjustment suggests that over time: A) if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear. B) boys continue to adjust better than girls to the remarriage. C) girls adjust better than boys to the remarriage. D) girls and boys both experience serious adjustment problems even if the remarriage lasts.

D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that A. two things can go hand in hand. B. that the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse). C. there is no statistically significant relation. D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

C) most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that: A) most adolescents experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents. B) most adolescents resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C) most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents. D) most adolescents become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them.

D. improving students' mental and physical health outcomes

Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools is associated with all except which of the following? A. the development of a more positive social environment B. inadvertently creating "schools" within the school that differ in their educational quality C. maintaining a more intimate emotional climate for students D. improving students' mental and physical health outcomes

A. taking more challenging courses.

Researchers have observed that some students who work a large amount often develop strategies for protecting their grades, which include all of the following, except A. taking more challenging courses. B. cutting corners on homework assignments. C. copying homework from friends. D. cheating on exams and quizzes.

A) sibling deidentification.

Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called: A) family decision making. B) family contextual transformations. C) sibling rivalry. D) sibling deidentification.

C. get a job at the local music store

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they notencourage him to do? A. join the high school baseball team B. run for student council C. get a job at the local music store D. joining the drama team and audition for the school play

C. adolescents' preferences and their media exposure are reciprocal and influence each other.

The Media Practice Model of how media impacts adolescent development suggests that: A. adolescents are directly influenced by the content to which they are exposed. B. adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed based on personal preferences. C. adolescents' preferences and their media exposure are reciprocal and influence each other. D. adolescents' preferences have nothing to do with the media to which they are exposed.

A. in most other industrialized countries the employment of children is associated with being poor, unlike in America where there is no stigma against teen employment.

The best explanation for differences between the United States and other industrialized nations regarding teenage employment is A. in most other industrialized countries the employment of children is associated with being poor, unlike in America where there is no stigma against teen employment. B. part-time employment opportunities are more readily available in other countries. C. many adolescents leave school early in other industrialized nations, allowing more of them to take jobs. D. schools in other industrialized nations require less out-of-school preparation, freeing up more time for the employment of their students.

D. allow adolescents to learn skills that would prepare youth for life in modern society.

The comprehensive high school was implemented in order to: A. make sure adolescents attended school until they were at least 16. B. provide technical training for youth who would contribute to the factory industry during World War II. C. ensure that all adolescents would receive an education grounded in core subject areas. D. allow adolescents to learn skills that would prepare youth for life in modern society.

B) the degree of conflict between parents.

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is: A) the educational level of the parent. B) the degree of conflict between parents. C) the age of the parents. D) the sex of the custodial parent.

B) personal taste.

The popular notion of a generation gap has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to: A) values and attitudes. B) personal taste. C) mother-daughter relationships. D) father-son relationships.

B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission.

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this? A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school. B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission. C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and qualified adults without jobs. D. The growth of new technologies during the first part of the twenty-first century expanded leisure opportunities for many teenagers.

A) the quality of their relationships at home

The text states that _________ is/are the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment. A) the quality of their relationships at home B) good schools C) financial security D) safe neighborhoods

A) by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting? A) by acting up to make their parents feel short-tempered, impatient, or distant B) by being aggressive, dependent, or psychosocially immature to elicit better parenting C) by providing parents with very little knowledge about their behavior or whereabouts, to encourage parental monitoring D) by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity

B) nonshared environment

What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up? A) shared environment B) nonshared environment C) genetic factors D) differentiated environment

C. The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects on adolescents' physical health.

What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use? A. Adolescents who use the Internet for socializing are at a high risk of being the victim of unwanted sexual attention. B. Adolescents who frequently use the Internet are highly likely to be contacted by sexual predators. C. The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity, which can have detrimental effects on adolescents' physical health. D. The increased time spent on the Internet has had a negative effect on adolescents' social development and relationships.

D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s? A. Boys had a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and girls had a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities. B. There was a significant decline in time devoted to homework among girls. C. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and leisure activities. D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

A. Adolescents who work long hours (20-plus hours weekly) are less engaged in school than those who work fewer hours.

What is the relationship between total hours of employment per week and disengagement from school? A. Adolescents who work long hours (20-plus hours weekly) are less engaged in school than those who work fewer hours. B. Adolescents who work fewer than 20 hours per week are less engaged in school than those who work longer hours. C. Adolescents who work long hours (20-plus hours weekly) are more engaged in school than those who work fewer hours. D. There is no significant difference in disengagement from school between students employed either for long or a short number of hours per week.

A) get along better because they feel unique.

When siblings are treated differently yet positively by parents, research shows that they are likely to: A) get along worse because they feel competition. B) perceive the discrepancy as being unfair. C) get along better because they feel unique. D) try to be more like one another.

B) Robert, a 13-year-old

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? A) Lee, an 8-year-old B) Robert, a 13-year-old C) Anthony, a 16-year-old D) Edward, an 18-year-old

D. European countries separate students into college and non-college-bound tracks early in adolescence.

Which of the following is an accurate description of European countries' school systems? A. European schools are more accessible to the general population. B. European schools are more diverse than American schools. C. European countries have shorter school years than American schools. D. European countries separate students into college and non-college-bound tracks early in adolescence.

A. discrimination against young workers

Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace? A. discrimination against young workers B. a need for workers who are more skilled and more reliable than children C. the strength needed to perform unskilled labor D. child labor laws

C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents? A) The quality of an adolescent's relationship with important adults in the adolescent's life is more important than the number of parents in the home. B) It is the process of going through a divorce, not the change in family structure, that most affects the adolescent's mental health. C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household. D) Some of the differences in the effects of divorce on adolescents are a result of genetic differences among individual adolescents.

C. Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the Internet.

Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is most supported by scientific research? A. Adolescents' online friendships are likely to displace in-person friendships. B. Most adolescents use the Internet to communicate with people that they have never met or that they do not see in person. C. Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the Internet. D. The majority of adolescents have not seen someone post something mean about someone else on the Internet.

A) because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, authoritarian parenting may actually be beneficial for these adolescents

Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles? A) because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, authoritarian parenting may actually be beneficial for these adolescents B) the distinction between authoritative parenting's positive outcomes for adolescents and authoritarian parenting's negative outcomes holds true across all cultures and ethnic groups C) authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among white middle-class families D) authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority adolescents, relative to their white adolescent counterparts

D. As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

Which of the following statements is true? A. As class size increases, academic achievement decreases. B. As class size increases, academic achievement increases. C. As school size increases, academic achievement increases. D. As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

D) Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true? A) The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980. B) African-American youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other adolescents. C) The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages. D) Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

D. increased intellectual abilities allowed students to finish schoolwork faster

Which one of the following did not contribute to the significant increase in the amount of free time available to adolescents in the first half of the twentieth century? A. the development of compulsory schooling B. adolescents were barred from the labor force to eliminate child labor C. the increased affluence of Americans after World War II D. increased intellectual abilities allowed students to finish schoolwork faster

B. along with a decline in grades, students' standardized test scores also decline

Which one of the following is not consistent with findings on the transition from elementary to middle school? A. students' self-esteem tends to decrease during the transition to middle school B. along with a decline in grades, students' standardized test scores also decline C. students are more engaged when their teachers themselves are more engaged in their work D. cultural stereotypes about adolescents may negatively bias teachers' attitudes toward students once they reach middle school age

C) Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than nonminority adolescents to experience conflict with their parents.

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false? A) Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. B) Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. C) Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than nonminority adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. D) The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.