PSY 456 Chapter 2
A mature concept of death involves
1. universality 2. irreversibility 3. empiricism 4. causality 1,2,4
The non empirical ideas about death deal mainly with the notion that
human beings survive in some form beyond the death of the physical body
T/F The role of religion is not affiliated to providing a basis for mortality and human relationships
False
The story of Little Red Riding Hood in Chinese tradition differs from the Western version in which of the following ways?
The 3 children in the Chinese version work together as a group to kill the wolf
A person may not become fully aware of the impact of childhood experiences with death until
adulthood
Jean Piaget's model of development emphasizes
cognitive transformations
In Erickson's model, approximately what age marks the beginning of the child's moral sense?
preschool and kindergarten years
By what age do most children understand that death is a changed state?
preschool years
tactical socialization
strategies that (hospice caregivers) informally teach people about death and dying involves actively attempting to change people's perception and behaviors about some aspect of their social world
Lullabies and nursery rhymes often contain
themes of death and violence
Agents of socialization include
1. family and peers. 2. school. 3. employers. 4. religion. 1,2,4
Formal operational
12+ years -reasons logically about abstract ideas and experiences -can think hypothetically about things never experiences -deductive and inductive reasoning -complexity of knowledge -many answers to questions -interest in ethics, politics, social sciences
Sensorimotor
Birth-2 years -Senses and motor abilities -object permanence -mental representation (begins to remember and imagine ideas and experiences)
___ is a fifth component of death that makes explicit the understanding not only that all living things die, but also that each living thing will die.
Personal mortality "I will die"
The term used to describe the learning of new rules and behaviors when one become a member of a smaller group within the larger society is __ __
Secondary socialization
T/F According to Piaget, we construct our knowledge based on what we already know.
True
T/F Personal mortality is subcomponent of universality
True
Surviving a close death may result in ___ in an adolescent.
a more rapid growing up
accommodation
adjusting or modifying our current schemes to handle new information
A "teachable moment is one in which
an opportunity arises out of ordinary experiences
Eirkson's toddlerhood (1-3 years) child grapples with issues of __ vs __ positive outcome:
autonomy vs shame and doubt positive outcome: will The death a (primary caregiver) affects the child's task of pursuing independence and may cause regression to earlier behaviors, such as clinging, crying, and being more demanding.
schema/scheme
basic unit of understanding "a pattern of knowing something"
In early school years, children come to understand that death affects all living things and that it is characterized by
bodily processes ceasing to function
One of the death related fears that might manifest in a child in early childhood is ___
body mutilation
Common grief reactions during adolescence include:
denial, depression, anger, somatization (conversion of mental state to physical symptoms), mood swings, and philosophical questioning.
socialization
developmental process of acquiring a mature understanding of death individual becomes identified as a member of a particular culture, learning and internalizing the norms, values, rules, and behaviors of society
Words that are indicative of honest and accurate terminology for communicating death-related issues
died, dead, sorrow, funeral
3 stages of adolescence early adolescence middle adolescence late adolescence
early: 11-14, begins with puberty and involves a shift in attachment from parents to peers. middle: 15-17, development of individual self-image, experimentation, and striving for competency, mastery, and control. late: 18-early 20s, distinguished by increased self-acceptance, concern for others, and an increasingly future-oriented view of the world
ID different ways in which peer group and other social networks exert a powerful influence on socialization through the life course
educational and work settings clubs and organizations leisure pursuits friends and neighbors
The ___ is the foundational social institution in all societies.
family
In the context of mature concept of death, death is envisioned as a __
fundamentally biological event that inevitably happens to all living things
Erikson's-- Middle adulthood (40-60/65) characterized by the crisis of __ vs __ positive outcome:
generatively vs stagnation and self absorption positive outcome: care characterized by widening commitment to take care of the people, things, and ideas on has learned to care for.
Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
getting married
The way we learn about death tends to be a result of __ rather than a systematic instruction
happenstance
Children who have had first-hand encounters with death tend to
have a developmentally more mature understanding of death
Erikson's model: adolescence is marked by the crisis of __ vs __
identity vs (role) confusion/ identity diffusion positive outcome: fidelity (identity "the way in which we adopt certain strategies of action to maintain a connection with others, with our past, and with our own aspirations")
ad hoc basis
in disorganized and impromptu fashion
In the context of developmental stages of death, children tend to first acknowledge death ___
in the preschool years
Erikson's model: 6 years-beginning of puberty correspond to the stage of __vs__. The positive outcome of this stage is ___.
industry vs. inferiority positive outcome: competence "industrial age" (child is busy in school, interacting with peers.)
Eirkson's model, the preschool/kindergarten years (3-6 years), involve ____ vs ______ term-39 positive outcome is:
initiative vs guilt positive outcome: purpose. (child know she's a person, need to find out what kind of person she is going to be.)
Late adulthood (eight and final stage), the crisis to be resolved is that of ___ vs ___ positive outcome:
integrity vs despair positive outcome: wisdom (people must live with what they have built over their lifetime. If the middle-ages adult is aware of mortality in a general sense, the older person can be described as aware of his own finitude.
Early adulthood (19-40) is represented by tension between __ and __ positive outcome:
intimacy vs isolation positive outcome: love Involves various forms of commitment and interaction- sex, friendship, cooperation, partnership, affiliation. "time of looking outward, of beginning families and a career" because mature love takes risk of commitment, the death of a loved one may be the most devastating during this stage and the next.
___ signals a lack of generativity during middle adulthood
lack of psychological growth "Faith in the future, a belief in the species, and the ability to care about others see to be prerequisites for development in this stage." Whereas self indulgence, boredom, and lack of psychological growth signal lack of generativity.
emerging adulthood
late teens through 20s. not a teen, but not yet an adult. prevalence of risk behavior (unprotected sex, substance abuse, risky driving, binge drinking, etc.) "beyond death" invulnerability "it can't happen to me" attitude like adolescents
Only after children begin to think purposefully about the biological functions of life-sustaining body parts do they become ___
life theorizers -able to reason that without these parts, one would die
What subcomponent of universality makes explicit the understanding not only that all living things die but also that each living thing will die?
personal mortality
Identify a circumstance under which the loss of a pet can result in grief for a longer duration
pet is run over by car
When asked, "What makes things die?" a child responds, "You can die if you swallow a dirty bug." According to Piaget's theory, this child is probably in which developmental stage?
pre operational
The death of a parent during the school-age years is likely to deprive a child of an important source of __
recognition
Resocialization
refers to the "uprooting and restructuring of basic attitudes, values, or identities." occurs when adults take on new roles that require replacing their existing values and modes of behavior (i.e., religious conversion, new job, getting married, having children, surviving death of mate. widowhood) increasingly necessary for everyone in a fast-paced and ever-changing world in which life spans seven or more decades.
Each stage in Erickson's psychosocial development involves a crisis, or turning point, that _____ to gain mastery over various issues and further develop a sense of identity
requires a response
What term refers to the uprooting and restructuring of basic attitudes, values, or identities?
resocialization
With respect to a child's understanding of death, paying attention to the __ of the child is more reliable than correlating stages of understating to age.
sequence of development
Books chosen to educate a child about death __
should be appropriate for a particular situation
The acquisition of a mature understanding of death is part of the developmental process known as
socialization
While more young people than ever claim no religion, there seems to be a growing interest in
spirituality
The model of human development devised by Erikson focuses on
stages of psychosocial development
A phrase used by educators to describe opportunities for learning that arise out of ordinary experiences is called _ _.
teachable moment
"Pet parents" may experience feelings of guilt and direct responsibility for a companion animal's death by euthanasia because __
the animal cannot communicate its wish to die
The main phases of socialization are developed ___
through childhood years
assimilation
we apply our current schemes to new information and incorporate this information into existing schemes.
What are the four main components of death?
-Universality: all living things must eventually die. death is all-inclusive, inevitable, and unavoidable -Irreversibility: Death is irrevocable and final. Organisms that die cannot be made alive again. -Non-functionality: Death involves the cessation of all physiological functioning. -Causality: There are biological reasons for the occurrence of death. Includes recognition of both internal (disease) and external (physical trauma).
Pre operational
2-7 years development of symbolic thinking and language to understand the world. (2-4): preconceptual subperiod: sense of magical omnipotence; self as center of the world; egocentric thought; all natural objects have feelings and intention (will) (4-6) pre logical subperiod: beginning problem solving; seeing is believing; trial and error; understanding of other points of view; more socialized speech; gradual decentering of self and discovery of correct relationships.
3 developmental stages in children's understanding of death: 3-5 5-9 9+
3-5: children understood death as somehow being less alive. The dead "live on" under changed circumstances and can return to normal life. 5-9: children understood death as final but as avoidable and lacking inevitability and personal reference. 9+: children recognized death as the result of a biological process that is final, inevitable, universal, and personal
Concrete operational
7-12 years -logical abilities to understanding concrete ideas -organizes and classifies information -manipulates ideas and experiences symbolically -able to think backward and forward -notion of reversibility -can think logically about things experienced
