PSY 525 EXAM 1

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _____ measures, but only lightly on _____ measures.

. behavioral and physiological; self-report

To adapt optimally, people need a motivational repertoire that features:

. just as many avoidance-based motives as approach-based motives.

The human brain contains about _____ neurons.

100 billion

Which of the following statements is most true?

A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior.

Wanting (needing something) and liking (experiencing pleasure) typically go hand-in-hand and complement one another. But, the two motivational experiences can diverge apart from one another, and that is typically what happens during:

Addiction

Which of the following brain structures detects, learns about, and responds to the stimulus properties of environmental objects, including both reward-eliciting and threat-eliciting properties?

Amygdala

Which of the following is an example of using hormonal activity to measure motivation?

Cortisol release into the bloodstream

Which scientific event opened the intellectual door for psychologists to study the instinct as a potential grand theory of motivation?

Darwin's biological determinism

According to Clark Hull, __________ is a pooled energy source comprised of all current physiological (biological) disturbances.

Drive

Which of the following motivational states can be experimentally manipulated and changed in a laboratory setting?

Drive

Which of the following succinctly characterize Hull's drive theory?

Drive, Cue, Response, Reward

_________ are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being.

Needs

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation?

Psychophysiological

Many antidepressants work by making which of the following more readily available?

Serotonin

Which of the following historical figures actively promoted drive as a grand theory to explain motivation?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following is an example of motivation as an intervening variable?

Social context - Motivation - Outcome

Which of the following statements best supports the conclusion that types of motivations exist?

Some types of motivation yield a higher quality of experience and better outcomes than do other types.

The textbook concludes that contemporary motivation study is in a new paradigm. What is so new about the new paradigm?

The contemporary landscape is more like an intellectual democracy of ideas than it is like the kingship of the grand theories' era.

The following example reveals the importance of which theme in the study of motivation? The worker who has an interesting job and works with supportive co-workers will perform better and be happier on the job than will the worker who has a boring job and works with conflictual co-workers.

To flourish, motivation needs supportive conditions.

Which of the following questions is not a key part of understanding motivation study's basic question, "What causes behavior?"

What is the difference between one type of behavior and another?

Can theories of motivation be used to recommend practical applications to improve people's lives?

Yes, once validated, theories can be used to recommend practical applications.

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to focus on applied, socially relevant research?

a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory.

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:

a force that energizes and directs behavior.

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to embrace the cognitive revolution?

an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs

One function of the left prefrontal cerebral cortex is to generate:

approach motivation and emotion.

If a person took a personality inventory and scored high on the BAS (Behavior Activating Style) and low on the BIS (Behavior Inhibition System) scales, what sort of personality would you expect from this person?

happy but not neurotic

The _____ is involved in processing both one's own feelings (e.g., intrinsic motivation) as well as the feelings and emotions of other people (e.g., empathy).

insular cortex

The _____ monitors bodily states (e.g., changes in pain, temperature, heart rate) to produce "gut-felt" feelings.

insular cortex

A grand theory of motivation is one that

is all-encompassing and seeks to explain the full range of all motivated action

The will failed as a grand theory of motivation primarily because:

it proved to be as mysterious and difficult to explain as was the motivation it supposedly generated.

The duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given the opportunity to do so (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called:

latency.

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the subjective experience of "Yes, I like this; I want to."?

left prefrontal cerebral cortex

If you scanned a person's brain activity to find how much more chronic right-side asymmetry was in the activity of the right prefrontal cortex than in that of the left prefrontal cortex, you could expect the person's personality to be characterized as:

neurotic.

Given the following scenario, what brain structure would be expected to be highly active? The person looks at a menu, trying to decide which item to order. As she considers the options listed in front of her, her awareness of her past experiences with the various items informs her decision to choose option A over option B.

orbitofrontal cortex

The _____ stores and processes reward-related value information of environmental objects and events to formulate preferences and to make choices between options.

orbitofrontal cortex

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:

practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation.

Which of the following structures plays a key role in arousal, alertness, and the process of awakening the brain so to process incoming sensory information?

reticular formation

Which of the following structures is involved in generating avoidance motivation?

right prefrontal cortex

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation. Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status?

social engagement

In the early philosophical study of human motivation, the tripartite mind was reduced to a dualism. Which of the following aspects of motivation was not included as part of that dualism?

socially referenced standards

In Clark Hull's sEr = sHr x D x K formula, what does the sEr stand for?

strength of behavior

The brain's reward center. It responds to signals of reward to produce pleasure, wanting, liking, and approach.

striatum

One crucial conclusion a historical study of motivation teaches us is that:

the forces that direct behavior are as important as the forces that energize it.

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to emphasize the active nature of the person?

the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.

The first grand theory of motivation study was:

the will.

Theories help motivation researchers:

understand the complex phenomena they study.

For Descartes, the essence of an emotion was that it was a(n):

uproar—a strong bodily reaction.

The anatomical starting point in the brain's dopamine-based reward system is the:

ventral tegmental area

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except:

How is food digested?

The ____ controls the autonomic nervous system, hence the body's fight-or-flight system (from sympathetic and parasympathetic activation).

Hypothalamus